硅酸盐熔体状态方程的理论模型和实验测定方法
摘要
硅酸盐熔体是地球和其他类地行星内部非常活跃的、物质和能量迁移的重要载体.测定硅酸盐熔体的状态方程,获得其摩尔体积(或密度)与温度、压强和成分之间精确的定量关系,对于模拟岩浆的产生、运移、喷发过程和地球及其他类地行星形成早期岩浆海阶段的演化过程,计算和模拟硅酸盐熔体参与的相平衡,以及揭示硅酸盐熔体的微观结构随压强的变化都至关重要.但由于硅酸盐岩石的液相线温度较高,而且熔体容易与样品仓物质发生反应而改变熔体成分,以及熔体易于流动,在高温高压实验中容易发生泄漏等一系列问题,在高温高压条件下原位测量其体积性质一直是实验的难题,目前积累的硅酸盐熔体高压密度数据仍然十分有限.近年来,相关高温高压实验技术得到了快速发展,不仅可达到的温度和压强范围扩大,测定结果的精确度提高,而且出现了新的原位测量方法.文章系统总结了目前广泛使用的硅酸盐熔体的常压和高压状态方程理论模型,并举例介绍了本领域内一些亟待解决的问题:(1)含铁和钛硅酸盐熔体的常压状态方程仍需要进一步完善;(2)含挥发组分硅酸盐熔体中的H_2O和CO_2组分的偏摩尔性质可能随熔体成分发生明显变化,其高压状态方程仍有待于进一步研究;(3)各种高压状态方程的形式和适用范围如何对应熔体结构和压缩机制的变化需要进一步研究.之后重点介绍了硅酸盐熔体状态方程的各种测定方法的基本原理和应用范围,对比了双球阿基米德法、熔融曲线分析、冲击压缩、沉浮法、落球法、X射线吸收、X射线衍射和超声干涉法的优缺点.本领域研究未来的发展趋势一方面是发展高温高压原位测量熔体密度或声速的实验技术,积累更多实验数据,另一方面是结合硅酸盐熔体微观结构和压缩机制方面的研究,改进熔体状态方程的理论模型.
引文
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