基于木本泥炭快速构建红壤新垦耕地优质耕作层技术与效果
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摘要
为了探究木本泥炭对红壤岗地新垦耕地优质耕作层构建的机理以及木本泥炭相对于其他有机物料对红壤新垦耕地的改良效果,采用田间小区试验的方法,研究添加不同有机物料对红壤新垦耕地0—20cm耕作层土壤理化性质和微生物生物量以及水稻产量的影响。试验共设6个不同处理:CK(不添加改良材料)、M30FS(木本泥炭30t/hm2+腐熟秸秆3t/hm2+石灰石粉3.75t/hm2)、M15FS(木本泥炭15t/hm2+腐熟秸秆3t/hm2+石灰石粉3.75t/hm2)、CFS(生物炭15t/hm2+腐熟秸秆3t/hm2+石灰石粉3.75t/hm2)、OFS(有机肥15t/hm2+腐熟秸秆3t/hm2+石灰石粉3.75t/hm2)和FS(腐熟秸秆3t/hm2+石灰石粉3.75t/hm2)。结果表明:(1)与对照相比,添加木本泥炭与有机物料处理显著降低了耕作层土壤容重,提高了土壤总孔隙度和pH,且添加木本泥炭与有机物料处理中土壤肥力均有不同程度提高,其中土壤有机质、全氮、全磷和全钾含量分别提高了36.41%～88.53%,2.22%～37.78%,6.25%～93.75%和27.57%～85.60%,土壤硝态氮、铵态氮、有效磷和有效钾含量分别提高了17.21%～134.85%,1.42%～72.76%,8.71%～156.79%和12.99%～332.39%。(2)添加木本泥炭与有机物料处理对耕作层土壤微生物生物量影响比较明显,与对照相比,各处理中土壤微生物量碳和氮含量分别显著增加了52.95%～219.00%和121.45%～548.73%。(3)添加木本泥炭与有机物料处理中水稻产量均明显提高,其中M30FS增产效果最明显,增幅为39.53%。(4)利用聚类分析方法将添加不同有机物料处理下新垦耕地耕作层土壤质量等级划分为3级,分别为:一级(M30FS)、二级(M15FS,OFS,CFS)、三级(FS,CK),其中经M30FS处理后土壤质量水平等级最高。添加木本泥炭与有机物料可显著降低新垦耕地耕作层土壤容重,提高土壤总孔隙度和pH,解决了红壤黏重和酸化的特征,且土壤养分和微生物量碳、氮含量均得到了提高,改善了土壤理化性状和生物学特征,提高了水稻产量,其中添加30t/hm2木本泥炭对红壤新垦耕地优质耕作层构建效果最明显。
In order to explore the mechanism of woody peat cultivation on the high-quality tillage layer in the newly cultivated land in red soil and the improvement effects of woody peat over other organic materials on the new cropland in red soil,a field experiment was conducted to study the effects of different organic materials addition on soil physicochemical properties,microbial biomass in 0—20 cm red soil of arid land and rice yield.Six different treatments included:CK(without adding modified material),M30 FS(woody peat 30 t/hm2+straw decay 3 t/hm2+limestone powder 3.75 t/hm2),M15 FS(woody peat 15 t/hm2+straw decay 3 t/hm2+limestone powder 3.75 t/hm2),CFS(biochar 15 t/hm2+straw decay 3 t/hm2+limestone powder 3.75 t/hm2),OFS(organic fertilizer 15 t/hm2+straw decay 3 t/hm2+limestone powder 3.75 t/hm2),FS(straw decay 3 t/hm2+limestone powder 3.75 t/hm2).The results showed that:(1)Compared with the control,the addition of woody peat and organic materials significantly reduced the soil bulk density in tillage layer,improved the soil total porosity and pH.Soil fertilities were also increased after addition of woody peat and organic materials with the varying degrees of improvement,the contents of soil organic matter,total nitrogen,total phosphorus and total potassium increased by 36.41%to 88.53%,2.22%to 37.78%,6.25%to 93.75% and 27.57% to 85.60%,respectively,and ammonium nitrogen,available phosphorus and available potassium increased by 17.21%～134.85%,1.42%～72.76%,8.71%～156.79% and 12.99%～332.39%,respectively.(2)Adding woody peat and organic materials had a significant effect on soil microbial biomass in tillage layer.Compared with the control,the soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen increased significantly by 52.95% to 219.00% and 121.45% to 548.73% respectively.(3)The rice yield increased significantly with the application of woody peat and organic materials,of which M30 FS gave the biggest increase of 39.53%in production.(4)The soil quality of cultivated land under different treatment was divided into3 grades by cluster analysis:first grade(M30 FS),second grade(M15 FS,OFS,CFS),and third grade(FS,CK),among which soil quality level was the highest under M30 FS.The addition of woody peat and organic materials could significantly reduce soil bulk density in tillage cultivated layer,alleviate the viscous and acidification in red soil through improving soil total porosity and pH,and increase the soil nutrient and microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen contents,improve soil physical,chemical and biological properties,and finally increase rice yield.In a word,the addition of 30 t/hm2 of woody peat had the most obvious effect on the construction of high-quality tillage layers of new cropland in red soil.
In order to explore the mechanism of woody peat cultivation on the high-quality tillage layer in the newly cultivated land in red soil and the improvement effects of woody peat over other organic materials on the new cropland in red soil,a field experiment was conducted to study the effects of different organic materials addition on soil physicochemical properties,microbial biomass in 0—20 cm red soil of arid land and rice yield.Six different treatments included:CK(without adding modified material),M30 FS(woody peat 30 t/hm2+straw decay 3 t/hm2+limestone powder 3.75 t/hm2),M15 FS(woody peat 15 t/hm2+straw decay 3 t/hm2+limestone powder 3.75 t/hm2),CFS(biochar 15 t/hm2+straw decay 3 t/hm2+limestone powder 3.75 t/hm2),OFS(organic fertilizer 15 t/hm2+straw decay 3 t/hm2+limestone powder 3.75 t/hm2),FS(straw decay 3 t/hm2+limestone powder 3.75 t/hm2).The results showed that:(1)Compared with the control,the addition of woody peat and organic materials significantly reduced the soil bulk density in tillage layer,improved the soil total porosity and pH.Soil fertilities were also increased after addition of woody peat and organic materials with the varying degrees of improvement,the contents of soil organic matter,total nitrogen,total phosphorus and total potassium increased by 36.41%to 88.53%,2.22%to 37.78%,6.25%to 93.75% and 27.57% to 85.60%,respectively,and ammonium nitrogen,available phosphorus and available potassium increased by 17.21%～134.85%,1.42%～72.76%,8.71%～156.79% and 12.99%～332.39%,respectively.(2)Adding woody peat and organic materials had a significant effect on soil microbial biomass in tillage layer.Compared with the control,the soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen increased significantly by 52.95% to 219.00% and 121.45% to 548.73% respectively.(3)The rice yield increased significantly with the application of woody peat and organic materials,of which M30 FS gave the biggest increase of 39.53%in production.(4)The soil quality of cultivated land under different treatment was divided into3 grades by cluster analysis:first grade(M30 FS),second grade(M15 FS,OFS,CFS),and third grade(FS,CK),among which soil quality level was the highest under M30 FS.The addition of woody peat and organic materials could significantly reduce soil bulk density in tillage cultivated layer,alleviate the viscous and acidification in red soil through improving soil total porosity and pH,and increase the soil nutrient and microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen contents,improve soil physical,chemical and biological properties,and finally increase rice yield.In a word,the addition of 30 t/hm2 of woody peat had the most obvious effect on the construction of high-quality tillage layers of new cropland in red soil.
引文
[1]陶朋闯,陈效民,靳泽文,等.生物质炭与氮肥配施对旱地红壤微生物量碳、氮和碳氮比的影响[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(1):231-235.
[2]沈建国,王忠,李丹,等.余杭区新垦红壤耕地肥力特征及地力评价[J].土壤通报,2018,49(1):55-60.
[3] Caires E F,Joris H A W,Churka S.Long-term effects of lime and gypsum additions on no-till corn and soybean yield and soil chemical properties in southern Brazil[J].Soil Use and Management,2015,27(1):45-53.
[4]朱同彬,孙盼盼,党琦,等.淹水添加有机物料改良退化设施蔬菜地土壤[J].土壤学报,2014,51(2):335-341.
[5]高译丹,梁成华,裴中健,等.施用生物炭和石灰对土壤镉形态转化的影响[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(2):258-261.
[6]章明奎,唐红娟,常跃畅.不同改良剂降低矿区土壤水溶态重金属的效果及其长效性[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(5):144-148.
[7]宓文海,吴良欢,马庆旭,等.有机物料与化肥配施提高黄泥田水稻产量和土壤肥力[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(13):103-108.
[8]王中堂,彭福田,唐海霞,等.不同有机物料覆盖对桃园土壤理化性质及桃幼树生长的影响[J].水土保持学报,2011,25(1):142-146.
[9]俞巧钢,杨艳,邹平,等.有机物料对稻田土壤团聚体及有机碳分布的影响[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(6):170-175.
[10]杨尚东,李荣坦,谭宏伟,等.长期单施化肥和有机无机配合条件下红壤蔗区土壤生物学性状及细菌多样性差异[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2016,22(4):1024-1030.
[11]鲁艳红,杨曾平,郑圣先,等.长期施用化肥、猪粪和稻草对红壤水稻土化学和生物化学性质的影响[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(4):921-929.
[12]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].3版.北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[13] Liang B,Yang X,He X,et al.Effects of 17-year fertilization on soil microbial biomass C and N and soluble organic C and N in loessial soil during maize growth[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,2011,47(2):121-128.
[14] Wardle D A.Controls of temporal variability of the soil microbial biomass:A global-scale synthesis[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1998,30(13):1627-1637.
[15]李秋霞,陈效民,靳泽文,等.生物质炭对旱地红壤理化性状和作物产量的持续效应[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(3):208-213.
[16] Wang X,Tang C,Baldock J A,et al.Long-term effect of lime application on the chemical composition of soil organic carbon in acid soils varying in texture and liming history[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,2016,52(3):295-306.
[17]颜雄,彭新华,张杨珠,等.长期施肥对红壤旱地玉米生物量及养分吸收的影响[J].水土保持学报,2013,27(2):120-125.
[18]李春越,党廷辉,王万忠,等.腐殖酸对农田土壤磷素吸附行为的影响研究[J].水土保持学报,2011,25(3):77-82.
[19]周爽,其力莫格,谭钧,等.腐植酸提高土壤氮磷钾养分利用效率的机制[J].腐植酸,2015(2):1-8.
[20] Rutigliano F A,Romano M,Marzaioli R,et al.Effect of biochar addition on soil microbial community in a wheat crop[J].European Journal of Soil Biology,2014,60(2):9-15.
[21] Chen C,Chen D,Lam S K.Simulation of nitrous oxide emission and mineralized nitrogen under different straw retention conditions using a denitrification-decomposition model[J].Clean-Soil Air Water,2015,43(4):577-583.
[22] Chen H L,Yao J,Wang F,et al.Study on the toxic effects of diphenol compounds on soil microbial activity by a combination of methods[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,167(1/3):846-851.
[23] Yang K,Zhu J,Zhang M,et al.Soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in forest ecosystems of Northeast China:A comparison between natural secondary forest and larch plantation[J].Journal of Plant Ecology,2010,3(3):175-182.
[24]张成霞,南志标.土壤微生物生物量的研究进展[J].草业科学,2010,27(6):50-57.
[25]芮绍云,袁颖红,周际海,等.改良剂对旱地红壤微生物量碳、氮及可溶性有机碳、氮的影响[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(5):260-265.
[26] Costa C H M D,Crusciol C A C.Long-term effects of lime and phosphogypsum application on tropical no-till soybean-oat-sorghum rotation and soil chemical properties[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2016,74:119-132.
[27]王笃超,吴景贵,李建明.不同有机物料对连作大豆土壤养分含量及生物性状的影响[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(3):258-262.
[28]李健鹏,陈清,谭钧,等.木本泥炭腐植酸钾的田间应用效果[J].腐植酸,2017(1):41-48.
[2]沈建国,王忠,李丹,等.余杭区新垦红壤耕地肥力特征及地力评价[J].土壤通报,2018,49(1):55-60.
[3] Caires E F,Joris H A W,Churka S.Long-term effects of lime and gypsum additions on no-till corn and soybean yield and soil chemical properties in southern Brazil[J].Soil Use and Management,2015,27(1):45-53.
[4]朱同彬,孙盼盼,党琦,等.淹水添加有机物料改良退化设施蔬菜地土壤[J].土壤学报,2014,51(2):335-341.
[5]高译丹,梁成华,裴中健,等.施用生物炭和石灰对土壤镉形态转化的影响[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(2):258-261.
[6]章明奎,唐红娟,常跃畅.不同改良剂降低矿区土壤水溶态重金属的效果及其长效性[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(5):144-148.
[7]宓文海,吴良欢,马庆旭,等.有机物料与化肥配施提高黄泥田水稻产量和土壤肥力[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(13):103-108.
[8]王中堂,彭福田,唐海霞,等.不同有机物料覆盖对桃园土壤理化性质及桃幼树生长的影响[J].水土保持学报,2011,25(1):142-146.
[9]俞巧钢,杨艳,邹平,等.有机物料对稻田土壤团聚体及有机碳分布的影响[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(6):170-175.
[10]杨尚东,李荣坦,谭宏伟,等.长期单施化肥和有机无机配合条件下红壤蔗区土壤生物学性状及细菌多样性差异[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2016,22(4):1024-1030.
[11]鲁艳红,杨曾平,郑圣先,等.长期施用化肥、猪粪和稻草对红壤水稻土化学和生物化学性质的影响[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(4):921-929.
[12]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].3版.北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[13] Liang B,Yang X,He X,et al.Effects of 17-year fertilization on soil microbial biomass C and N and soluble organic C and N in loessial soil during maize growth[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,2011,47(2):121-128.
[14] Wardle D A.Controls of temporal variability of the soil microbial biomass:A global-scale synthesis[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1998,30(13):1627-1637.
[15]李秋霞,陈效民,靳泽文,等.生物质炭对旱地红壤理化性状和作物产量的持续效应[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(3):208-213.
[16] Wang X,Tang C,Baldock J A,et al.Long-term effect of lime application on the chemical composition of soil organic carbon in acid soils varying in texture and liming history[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,2016,52(3):295-306.
[17]颜雄,彭新华,张杨珠,等.长期施肥对红壤旱地玉米生物量及养分吸收的影响[J].水土保持学报,2013,27(2):120-125.
[18]李春越,党廷辉,王万忠,等.腐殖酸对农田土壤磷素吸附行为的影响研究[J].水土保持学报,2011,25(3):77-82.
[19]周爽,其力莫格,谭钧,等.腐植酸提高土壤氮磷钾养分利用效率的机制[J].腐植酸,2015(2):1-8.
[20] Rutigliano F A,Romano M,Marzaioli R,et al.Effect of biochar addition on soil microbial community in a wheat crop[J].European Journal of Soil Biology,2014,60(2):9-15.
[21] Chen C,Chen D,Lam S K.Simulation of nitrous oxide emission and mineralized nitrogen under different straw retention conditions using a denitrification-decomposition model[J].Clean-Soil Air Water,2015,43(4):577-583.
[22] Chen H L,Yao J,Wang F,et al.Study on the toxic effects of diphenol compounds on soil microbial activity by a combination of methods[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,167(1/3):846-851.
[23] Yang K,Zhu J,Zhang M,et al.Soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in forest ecosystems of Northeast China:A comparison between natural secondary forest and larch plantation[J].Journal of Plant Ecology,2010,3(3):175-182.
[24]张成霞,南志标.土壤微生物生物量的研究进展[J].草业科学,2010,27(6):50-57.
[25]芮绍云,袁颖红,周际海,等.改良剂对旱地红壤微生物量碳、氮及可溶性有机碳、氮的影响[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(5):260-265.
[26] Costa C H M D,Crusciol C A C.Long-term effects of lime and phosphogypsum application on tropical no-till soybean-oat-sorghum rotation and soil chemical properties[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2016,74:119-132.
[27]王笃超,吴景贵,李建明.不同有机物料对连作大豆土壤养分含量及生物性状的影响[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(3):258-262.
[28]李健鹏,陈清,谭钧,等.木本泥炭腐植酸钾的田间应用效果[J].腐植酸,2017(1):41-48.