副语言的手势层面分析——以摊手为例
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摘要
目前语言多模态的研究很少涉及对副语言中具体手势的研究。本文从副语言的手势层面,以摊手为例,基于自然搜集法搜集到的汉语普通话多模态语料,利用标注工具,结合定性和定量的研究方法,对摊手这一手势的结构及功能进行全面分析。初步认为中国摊手按其结构可分三类,其功能各有侧重。第一类摊手(摊手1)承担纯副语言的功能,即伴言(co-speech)功能,这类手势只能伴随口语一起发生。第二类摊手(摊手2)作为象征手势,具备独立表意功能,可表否定、无奈或强调。第三类摊手(摊手3)似乎介于两者之间伴言功能兼有一定语用意义(如示意交出话轮),这种模糊象征义,体现如"邀请"。摊手这一手势的语义获得,源于人类的认知机制,与有声语言的认知机制相似。
Currently,the multimodal researches rarely involves into the gestures in paralanguage. This paper collects and labels the multimodal materials from Chinese mandarin based on naturalistic methodolgy. Then it adopts the quantified and qualified research methods to analyze the gesture of palm-up( PU) among the Chinese people. It is found that there are three types of palm-up according to its forms and functions. The first type( Palmup1)is a representational sign,which always accompanie the speech. The second and the third type( Palmp-up2 and Palm-up3) are symbolic signs,which challenge the simple classification of a specific gestural sign. To be specific,PU1 derives its meanings from"empty",PU2 means"give or take",and PU3 seems to be in between.It is argued that the meanings of PU are derived from the cognitive mechanism of human beings which is similar to that of spoken languages.
Currently,the multimodal researches rarely involves into the gestures in paralanguage. This paper collects and labels the multimodal materials from Chinese mandarin based on naturalistic methodolgy. Then it adopts the quantified and qualified research methods to analyze the gesture of palm-up( PU) among the Chinese people. It is found that there are three types of palm-up according to its forms and functions. The first type( Palmup1)is a representational sign,which always accompanie the speech. The second and the third type( Palmp-up2 and Palm-up3) are symbolic signs,which challenge the simple classification of a specific gestural sign. To be specific,PU1 derives its meanings from"empty",PU2 means"give or take",and PU3 seems to be in between.It is argued that the meanings of PU are derived from the cognitive mechanism of human beings which is similar to that of spoken languages.
引文
陈风华、弗朗西斯科·韦洛索2018多模态话语研究的过去、现在与未来---基于国内与国际核心期刊的可视化分析,《西南民族大学学报》(人文社科版)第2期。
程瑞兰、张德禄2017多模态话语分析在中国研究的现状、特点和发展趋势---以期刊成果为例,《中国外语》第3期。
胡壮麟2007社会符号学研究中的多模态化,《语言教学与研究》第1期。
林皓2015上海手语疑问句研究,复旦大学博士学位论文。
詹姆斯·马丁、米歇尔·扎帕维尼娅2018副语言意义研究---系统功能语言学视角,吴启竞、王振华译,《当代修辞学》第1期。
张德禄2009多模态话语分析综合理论框架探索,《中国外语》第1期。
张德禄2017多模态论辩修辞框架分析,《当代修辞学》第1期。
朱永生2007多模态话语分析的理论基础与研究方法,《外语学刊》第5期。
Brinton,Laurel J.&Elizabeth Closs Traugott 2005 Lexicalization and Language Change.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Emmorey,Karen1999 Do signers gesture?In:M essing,Lynn/Campbell,Ruth(eds.),G esture,Speech,and Sign.New York:Oxford University Press,133-159.
Kendon,Adam 2004 G esture:Visible Action as Utterance.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Langacker,Ronald W.1987 Foundation of Cognitive G rammar.Stanford,CA:Stanford University Press.
Heine,Bernd,1997.Cognitive foundations of grammar.Oxford University Press.
Taub,Sarah F.2001.Language from the body:Lconicity and metaphor in American Sign Language.Cambridge University Press.
Langacker,Ronald W.2008 Cognitive G rammar:A Basic Introduction.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
M c Kee,R.L.&S.Wallingford 2011“So,w ell,w hatever”:Discourse functions of palm-up in New Zealand Sign Language.Sign Language&Linguistics,14(2):213-247.
M c Neill,David 1992 Hand and Mind:What G estures Reveal about Thought.Chicago,IL:University of Chicago Press.
Stokoe,W.C.,D.C.Casterline&C.G.Croneberg 1965 A Dictionary of American Sign Language on Linguistic Principles.Washington,DC:Gallaudet College Press.
Tai James 2005 Conceptual structure and conceptualization in Chinese.Language and Linguistics,6(4):539-574.
程瑞兰、张德禄2017多模态话语分析在中国研究的现状、特点和发展趋势---以期刊成果为例,《中国外语》第3期。
胡壮麟2007社会符号学研究中的多模态化,《语言教学与研究》第1期。
林皓2015上海手语疑问句研究,复旦大学博士学位论文。
詹姆斯·马丁、米歇尔·扎帕维尼娅2018副语言意义研究---系统功能语言学视角,吴启竞、王振华译,《当代修辞学》第1期。
张德禄2009多模态话语分析综合理论框架探索,《中国外语》第1期。
张德禄2017多模态论辩修辞框架分析,《当代修辞学》第1期。
朱永生2007多模态话语分析的理论基础与研究方法,《外语学刊》第5期。
Brinton,Laurel J.&Elizabeth Closs Traugott 2005 Lexicalization and Language Change.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Emmorey,Karen1999 Do signers gesture?In:M essing,Lynn/Campbell,Ruth(eds.),G esture,Speech,and Sign.New York:Oxford University Press,133-159.
Kendon,Adam 2004 G esture:Visible Action as Utterance.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Langacker,Ronald W.1987 Foundation of Cognitive G rammar.Stanford,CA:Stanford University Press.
Heine,Bernd,1997.Cognitive foundations of grammar.Oxford University Press.
Taub,Sarah F.2001.Language from the body:Lconicity and metaphor in American Sign Language.Cambridge University Press.
Langacker,Ronald W.2008 Cognitive G rammar:A Basic Introduction.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
M c Kee,R.L.&S.Wallingford 2011“So,w ell,w hatever”:Discourse functions of palm-up in New Zealand Sign Language.Sign Language&Linguistics,14(2):213-247.
M c Neill,David 1992 Hand and Mind:What G estures Reveal about Thought.Chicago,IL:University of Chicago Press.
Stokoe,W.C.,D.C.Casterline&C.G.Croneberg 1965 A Dictionary of American Sign Language on Linguistic Principles.Washington,DC:Gallaudet College Press.
Tai James 2005 Conceptual structure and conceptualization in Chinese.Language and Linguistics,6(4):539-574.