减氮对豫北限水灌溉冬小麦冠层结构和光合特性的影响
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摘要
为了解节水栽培条件下冬小麦光合对减氮的反应,以豫北地区冬小麦为研究对象,在限水灌溉(春浇一水)条件下,以当地冬小麦生产中常规施氮量(底施氮量+追施氮量:120+210 kg·hm~(-2))为对照,设置不同减氮处理(底施氮量+追施氮量分别为120+150、120+90、120+0、0+0 kg·hm~(-2)),研究减氮对冬小麦冠层叶片和非叶器官形态特征、冠层光分布和光合速率的影响。结果表明,随施氮量的减少,小麦开花期单茎叶面积、上三叶面积及旗叶节以上非叶绿色器官面积均呈下降趋势,降幅分别为9.7%～28.0%、10.6%～30.3%和5.2%～16.8%,叶器官面积和上三叶面积下降幅度均高于旗叶节以上非叶绿色器官面积的下降幅度。减氮处理下,开花期上三叶长和宽分别减少4.4%～8.8%和11.8%～15.6%,叶片变窄变短,而倒四叶叶型无明显变化。另外,上三叶平均比叶重随氮肥减少总体呈增加趋势,表明适量减氮有助于改善上三叶叶片质量。随施氮量的减少,花后各叶层透光率呈增加趋势,其中灌浆中前期(开花至花后20 d)减氮处理的倒四叶层、倒三叶层、倒二叶层和旗叶层透光率分别比对照高39.0%、38.0%、23.8%和9.4%。随施氮量的减少,花后上三叶光合速率总体均呈先略升后降的趋势,其中旗叶和倒二叶光合速率在花后均以120+210 kg·hm~(-2)、120+150 kg·hm~(-2)和120+90 kg·hm~(-2)处理较高,且处理间差异较小,而倒三叶光合速率在开花至花后18 d均以120+150 kg·hm~(-2)和120+90 kg·hm~(-2)处理较高,分别比对照高38.7%和24.7%。这说明,减氮减少了冬小麦单茎叶面积,增加了非叶器官面积占单茎总光合面积的比例,且上三叶叶片变小,叶片质量提高,增加了花后冠层下部叶片受光比率,改善了冠层下部叶片的受光状况,有利于提高冠层下部叶片的光合速率。
Canopy structure and photosynthesis of winter wheat grown in Northern Henan province were studied under limited irrigation conditions(only irrigation at elongation).Five nitrogen(N) treatments: N4(120+210 kg·hm~(-2), means pre-sowing N and top-dressed N at elongation), N3(120+150 kg·hm~(-2)), N2(120+90 kg·hm~(-2)), N1(120+0 kg·hm~(-2)) and N0(0+0 kg·hm~(-2)) were conducted, and the N rate of N4 treatment was traditional N application rate during wheat growing season.Results showed that the decrease of N rate reduced leaf area per stem, the area of top three leaf blades, and the area of non-leaf organs above flag leaf node by 9.7%-28.0%, 10.6%-30.3% and 5.2%-16.8%, respectively, indicating leaf area per stem and the area of top three leaf blades were decreased more than the area of non-leaf organs above flag leaf node with decreased N application.Moreover, the decrease of N rate reduced the proportion of green leaf organs area to total green area but increased the proportion of green non-leaf organs area to total green area, and also increased the proportion the area of non-leaf organs above flag leaf node to the area of top three leaf blades.The decrease of N rate reduced the length and width of top three leaf blades by 4.4%-8.8% and 11.8%-15.6%, respectively, while the length and width of top four leaves were not affected by the decrease of N rate, suggesting the decrease of leaf area per stem was mainly attributed to the decrease of the area of top three leaf blades, whilst the decrease of the area of top three leaf blades was mainly contributed to the decrease of leaf length and width and also related to leaf width.The average specific leaf weight of top three leaf blades was increased with the decease of N application, which indicted that low nitrogen application may improve the quality of top three leaf blades.After anthesis, light transmission rate in each leaf layer was increased with the decrease of N rate.From anthesis to 20 days after anthesis, the light transmission rate of top 4 th leaf layer, top 3 rd leaf layer, top 2 nd leaf layer, and flag leaf layer were increased by 39.0%, 38.0%, 23.8%, and 9.4%, respectively, under lower N treatments compared to those under N4 treatment, indicating the light distribution in lower and middle canopy was improved by lower nitrogen application.Photosynthetic rate of top three leaf blades first increased slightly then decreased with the decrease of N rate after anthesis, and the photosynthetic rate of flag leaf and top 2 nd leaf were greater under N4, N3, and N2 treatments than those under other N treatments during grain filling period, while from anthesis to 18 days after anthesis, the photosynthetic rate of top 3 rd leaf under N3 and N2 were increased by 38.7% and 24.7%, respectively, in comparison with that of N4, which indicated that lower nitrogen application did not decline the photosynthetic rate in top leaf blades, but also increased the photosynthetic rate in lower leaf blades, which were associated with enhanced light distribution in lower canopy under lower nitrogen application.The results indicated that lower nitrogen application reduced leaf area per stem and increased the percentage of non-leaf area to total green area in stem.Meanwhile, higher light transmission ratio in the lower canopy was achieved with decreasing N rate, which were mainly attributed to smaller size and high quality top leaf blades.Moreover, lower nitrogen application increased the photosynthetic rate in lower leaf blades, which was associated with enhanced light distribution in lower canopy under lower nitrogen application.
Canopy structure and photosynthesis of winter wheat grown in Northern Henan province were studied under limited irrigation conditions(only irrigation at elongation).Five nitrogen(N) treatments: N4(120+210 kg·hm~(-2), means pre-sowing N and top-dressed N at elongation), N3(120+150 kg·hm~(-2)), N2(120+90 kg·hm~(-2)), N1(120+0 kg·hm~(-2)) and N0(0+0 kg·hm~(-2)) were conducted, and the N rate of N4 treatment was traditional N application rate during wheat growing season.Results showed that the decrease of N rate reduced leaf area per stem, the area of top three leaf blades, and the area of non-leaf organs above flag leaf node by 9.7%-28.0%, 10.6%-30.3% and 5.2%-16.8%, respectively, indicating leaf area per stem and the area of top three leaf blades were decreased more than the area of non-leaf organs above flag leaf node with decreased N application.Moreover, the decrease of N rate reduced the proportion of green leaf organs area to total green area but increased the proportion of green non-leaf organs area to total green area, and also increased the proportion the area of non-leaf organs above flag leaf node to the area of top three leaf blades.The decrease of N rate reduced the length and width of top three leaf blades by 4.4%-8.8% and 11.8%-15.6%, respectively, while the length and width of top four leaves were not affected by the decrease of N rate, suggesting the decrease of leaf area per stem was mainly attributed to the decrease of the area of top three leaf blades, whilst the decrease of the area of top three leaf blades was mainly contributed to the decrease of leaf length and width and also related to leaf width.The average specific leaf weight of top three leaf blades was increased with the decease of N application, which indicted that low nitrogen application may improve the quality of top three leaf blades.After anthesis, light transmission rate in each leaf layer was increased with the decrease of N rate.From anthesis to 20 days after anthesis, the light transmission rate of top 4 th leaf layer, top 3 rd leaf layer, top 2 nd leaf layer, and flag leaf layer were increased by 39.0%, 38.0%, 23.8%, and 9.4%, respectively, under lower N treatments compared to those under N4 treatment, indicating the light distribution in lower and middle canopy was improved by lower nitrogen application.Photosynthetic rate of top three leaf blades first increased slightly then decreased with the decrease of N rate after anthesis, and the photosynthetic rate of flag leaf and top 2 nd leaf were greater under N4, N3, and N2 treatments than those under other N treatments during grain filling period, while from anthesis to 18 days after anthesis, the photosynthetic rate of top 3 rd leaf under N3 and N2 were increased by 38.7% and 24.7%, respectively, in comparison with that of N4, which indicated that lower nitrogen application did not decline the photosynthetic rate in top leaf blades, but also increased the photosynthetic rate in lower leaf blades, which were associated with enhanced light distribution in lower canopy under lower nitrogen application.The results indicated that lower nitrogen application reduced leaf area per stem and increased the percentage of non-leaf area to total green area in stem.Meanwhile, higher light transmission ratio in the lower canopy was achieved with decreasing N rate, which were mainly attributed to smaller size and high quality top leaf blades.Moreover, lower nitrogen application increased the photosynthetic rate in lower leaf blades, which was associated with enhanced light distribution in lower canopy under lower nitrogen application.
引文
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