利用双波长方法对非均匀地形人工林蒸散的测量
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摘要
千米级地表蒸散通常利用遥感影像并结合经验或半经验模型进行估算,且估算结果还需结合地表实测数据进行验证,但实际中很难获得与遥感像元尺度匹配的实测数据.本研究在黄河小浪底森林生态系统定位研究站人工林的生长期(2016年7月1日—10月19日),基于近红外与微波联合观测技术进行千米级地表蒸散的观测分析.结果表明:近红外与微波联合技术在不同天气条件下均能表现出良好的日变化特征,且整体能量闭合率可达0.87.该技术对空气湿度的变化敏感,土壤湿度的变化对该项技术的结果影响较小.不同波文比条件和大气稳定度均会使该技术的观测产生不同程度的误差,与涡动相关方法相比,误差在合理范围.采用双波长方法研究得出,该区域的最大日蒸散量为3.5 mm,总蒸散量为162.4 mm.
Kilometer-scale evapotranspiration is usually estimated by remote sensing images, combined with empirical or semi-empirical models, with results being verified with empirical data. However, it is usually difficult to obtain real-time measurements which can match the pixel scale of remote sensing. We analyzed kilometer-scale evapotranspiration by the combination of near-infrared and microwave technique in the Ecosystem Research Station of the Yellow River in Xiaolangdi, during period of plantation growth(1 st July to 19 th October 2016). Results showed that the combination of near-infrared and microwave technique could obtain well diurnal cycles in different weather conditions, with the overall energy balance reaching 0.87. The technique was sensitive to the variation of relative humidity of air, but not sensitive to that of soil moisture. The error of estimation was resulted from Bowen ratios and atmospheric stability. Compared with the eddy covariance method, the error was within a reasonable range. As estimated by the two-wavelength method, the maximum daily and total evapotranspiration of the study area was 3.5 mm and 162.4 mm, respectively.
Kilometer-scale evapotranspiration is usually estimated by remote sensing images, combined with empirical or semi-empirical models, with results being verified with empirical data. However, it is usually difficult to obtain real-time measurements which can match the pixel scale of remote sensing. We analyzed kilometer-scale evapotranspiration by the combination of near-infrared and microwave technique in the Ecosystem Research Station of the Yellow River in Xiaolangdi, during period of plantation growth(1 st July to 19 th October 2016). Results showed that the combination of near-infrared and microwave technique could obtain well diurnal cycles in different weather conditions, with the overall energy balance reaching 0.87. The technique was sensitive to the variation of relative humidity of air, but not sensitive to that of soil moisture. The error of estimation was resulted from Bowen ratios and atmospheric stability. Compared with the eddy covariance method, the error was within a reasonable range. As estimated by the two-wavelength method, the maximum daily and total evapotranspiration of the study area was 3.5 mm and 162.4 mm, respectively.
引文
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[29] Meijninger WML,Green AE,Hartogensis OK,et al.Determination of area-averaged water vapor fluxes with large aperture and radio wave scintillometers over a heterogeneous surface Flevoland field experiment.Boundary-Layer Meteorology,2002,105:63-83
[30] Ward HC,Evans JG,Grimmond CSB,et al.Infrared and millimeter-wave scintillometry in the suburban environment Part 1:Structure parameters.Atmospheric Mea-surement Techniques,2015,7:1385-1405
[31] Mei SY,Pauwels VRN,Daly E,et al.A comparison of optical and microwave scintillometers with eddy cova-riance derived surface heat fluxes.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2015,213:226-239
[2] Yin J (尹剑),Ou Z-F (欧照凡),Fu Q (付强),et al.Review of current methodologies for regional evapotranspiration estimation:Inversion and data assimilation.Scientia Geographica Sinica (地理科学),2018,38(3):448-456 (in Chinese)
[3] Jiang C (蒋冲),Mu X-M (穆兴民),Ma W-Y (马文勇),et al.Spatial and temporal variation of absolute humidity and its relationship with potential evaporation in the northern and southern regions of Qinling Mountains.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2015,35(2):378-388 (in Chinese)
[4] Xin X-Z (辛晓洲),Tian G-L (田国良),Liu Q-H (柳钦火).A review of researches on remote sensing of land surface evapotranspiration.Journal of Remote Sen-sing (遥感学报),2003,7(3):233-240 (in Chinese)
[5] Wang W-G (王卫光),Li J-X (李进兴),Wei J-D (魏建德),et al.Runoff simulation by hydrological model based on the assimilated evapotranspiration.Advances in Water Science (水科学进展),2018,29(2):159-168 (in Chinese)
[6] Wang M-Z (王敏政),Zhou G-S (周广胜).Soil moisture estimation method based on both ground-based remote sensing data and air temperature in a summer maize ecosystem.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2016,27(6):1804-1810 (in Chinese)
[7] Zhang R-H (张荣华),Du J-P (杜君平),Sun R (孙睿).Review of estimation and validation of regional evapotranspiration based on remote sensing.Advances in Earth Sciences (地球科学进展),2012,27(12):1295-1307 (in Chinese)
[8] Wang J (王娟),Wang J-L (王建林),Liu J-B (刘家斌),et al.Parameters modification and evaluation of two evapotranspiration models based on Penman-Monteith model for summer maize.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2017,28(7):1917-1924 (in Chinese)
[9] Li X (李新),Liu S-M (刘绍民),Ma M-G (马明国),et al.HiWATER:An integrated remote sensing experiment on hydrological and ecological processes in the Heihe River basin.Advances in Earth Sciences (地球科学进展),2012,27(5):481-498 (in Chinese)
[10] Feng J-Z (冯景泽),Wang Z-J (王忠静).A review on evapotranspiration estimation models using remotely sensed data.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering (水利学报),2012,43(5):914-926 (in Chinese)
[11] Sun G-H (孙根厚),Hu Z-Y (胡泽勇),Wang J-M (王介民),et al.Comparison analysis of sensible heat fluxes at two spatial scales in Naqu area.Plateau Meteo-rology (高原气象).2016,35(2):285-296 (in Chinese)
[12] Zhang G (张功),Zheng N (郑宁),Zhang J-S (张劲松),et al.Advances in the study of regional-averaged evapotranspiration using the scintillation method.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2018,38(8):2625-2635 (in Chinese)
[13] Kohsiek W,Herben MHAJ.Evaporation derived from optical and radio-wave scintillation.Applied Optics,1983,22:2566-2570
[14] Hill RJ,Bohlander RA,Clifford SF,et al.Turbulence-induced millimeter-wave scintillation compared with micrometeorological measurements.IEEE Transactions on Geosciences and Remote Sensing,1988,26:330-342
[15] Lüdi A,Beyrich F,M?atzler C.Determination of the turbulent temperature-humidity correlation from scintillometric measurements.Boundary-Layer Meteorology,2005,117:525-550
[16] Meijninger WML,Beyrich F,Lüdi A,et al.Scintillo-meter-based turbulent fluxes of sensible and latent heat over a heterogeneous land surface:A contribution to LITFASS-2003.Boundary-Layer Meteorology,2006,121:89-110
[17] Ward HC,Evans JG,Grimmond CSB.Infrared and millimetrer-wave scintillometry in the suburban environment.Ⅱ.Large-area sensible and latent heat fluxes.Atmospheric Measurement Techniques,2015,8:1407-1424
[18] Zhang G (张功),Zhang J-S (张劲松),Meng P (孟平),et al.Application of two-wavelength bichromatic correlation method to calculate the average surface energy and water vapor fluxes in plantation north China.Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology (中国农业气象),2018,39(6):380-389 (in Chinese)
[19] Schmid HP,Grimmond CSB,Cropley F,et al.Mea-surements of CO2 and energy fluxes over a mixed hardwood forest in the mid-western United States.Agricultu-ral and Forest Meteorology,2000,103:357-374
[20] Zhang G (张功),Zheng N (郑宁),Zhang J-S (张劲松),et al.Turbulence micro-meteorological cha-racteristics over the plantation canopy.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2018,29(6):1787-1796 (in Chinese)
[21] Vickers D,Mahrt L.Quality control and flux sampling problems for tower and aircraft data.Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology,1997,14:514-526
[22] G?ckede MT,Markkanen BH,Charlotte T,et al.Update of a footprint-based approach for the characterisation of complex measurement sites.Boundary-Layer Meteorology,2006,118:635-655
[23] Kormann R,Meixner FX.An analytical footprint model for non-neutral stratification.Boundary-Layer Meteoro-logy,2001,99:207-224
[24] Huang B-X (黄彬香).Turbulence Characteristics and Turbulence Fluxes over a Typical Steppe Prairie in North China.PhD Thesis.Beijing:China Agricultural University,2014 (in Chinese)
[25] Tian Z-W (田志伟),Wang W-Z (王维真),Wang J-M (王介民).Analyzing the effects of energy storage terms in vegetation-atmosphere system on energy balance closure.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology (冰川冻土),2016,38(3):794-803 (in Chinese)
[26] Zhong Y-H (钟阳和),Shi S-J (施生锦),Huang B-X (黄彬香).Agricultural Meteorology.Beijing:China Meteorological Press,2009 (in Chinese)
[27] Hoedjes JCB,Chehbouni A,Ezzahar J,et al.Comparison of large aperture scintillometer and eddy covariance measurements:Can thermal infrared data be used to capture footprint-induced differences.Journal of Hydrometeorology,2007,8:144-159
[28] Li Z-Q (李正泉),Yu G-R (于贵瑞),Wen X-F (温学发),et al.Energy balance closure at ChinaFLUX sites.Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences (中国科学D:地球科学),2005,48(suppl.1):51-62 (in Chinese)
[29] Meijninger WML,Green AE,Hartogensis OK,et al.Determination of area-averaged water vapor fluxes with large aperture and radio wave scintillometers over a heterogeneous surface Flevoland field experiment.Boundary-Layer Meteorology,2002,105:63-83
[30] Ward HC,Evans JG,Grimmond CSB,et al.Infrared and millimeter-wave scintillometry in the suburban environment Part 1:Structure parameters.Atmospheric Mea-surement Techniques,2015,7:1385-1405
[31] Mei SY,Pauwels VRN,Daly E,et al.A comparison of optical and microwave scintillometers with eddy cova-riance derived surface heat fluxes.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2015,213:226-239