我国乡村生态系统的功能、问题及对策
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摘要
当前,全国上下正在全力实施乡村振兴战略,积极推进乡村生态系统向前发展。本文从生态学、农业生态学角度,对我国乡村生态系统的主要功能、当前面临的突出问题,以及应采取的对策和措施进行探讨,以期为助力实施乡村振兴战略、推进乡村生态系统的可持续发展提供参考。我国乡村生态系统具有承载人口、改善环境、提供产品、增加收入、扩大就业、观光旅游、传承文化、科普教育、培养人才,以及为城市居民养老提供场所等多方面的作用与功能。当前,我国乡村生态系统尚存在多方面的问题与挑战,如:生态破坏、资源浪费、环境污染、自然灾害、经济贫困、科教文卫落后、公共服务缺失、社会风气不良、村民流失和村庄消失。为促进乡村振兴战略的实施,推进我国乡村生态系统可持续发展,应遵循"三效"并举原则、循序渐进原则、综合治理原则、因地制宜原则和久久为功原则,并采取以下措施:增强认识、搞好规划、整治环境、优化结构、提升功能、改善条件、强化公共服务、完善法律法规、加大投入力度和加速人才培养。
At present, the whole country is fully implementing rural revitalization strategy and actively promoting rural ecosystems development in China. From the perspective of ecology and agroecology, this paper discussed the main functions of rural ecosystems in China, the outstanding problems faced at present, and the countermeasures and measures to be taken to provide references for promoting the implementation of the strategy of rural revitalization and the sustainable development of rural ecosystems. Rural ecosystem has multi-functions in China, including carrying capacity for population, improving environment, providing products, increasing farmers' income, expanding employment and tourism, inheriting culture, popularizing science and technology, education of talents and providing places for urban aged residents. There are still many problems and challenges to rural ecosystems in China,including ecological destruction, resource waste, environmental pollution, natural disasters, poverty, backward science and education,laggard culture and health, lack of public services, bad social morality, loss of villagers and demise of villages. In order to promote implementation strategy of rural revitalization and sustainable development of rural ecosystems in China, the principles of"tri-effects", gradual progress, comprehensive governance, adaptation to local conditions and long-term success should be followed.Eventually, the following measures were suggested: 1) enhancing awareness; 2) planning well; 3) improving environment; 4) optimizing ecological structure; 5) improving ecological functions; 6) improving ecological conditions; 7) strengthening public services;8) improving laws and regulations; 9) improving great investment; 10) accelerating personnel training.
At present, the whole country is fully implementing rural revitalization strategy and actively promoting rural ecosystems development in China. From the perspective of ecology and agroecology, this paper discussed the main functions of rural ecosystems in China, the outstanding problems faced at present, and the countermeasures and measures to be taken to provide references for promoting the implementation of the strategy of rural revitalization and the sustainable development of rural ecosystems. Rural ecosystem has multi-functions in China, including carrying capacity for population, improving environment, providing products, increasing farmers' income, expanding employment and tourism, inheriting culture, popularizing science and technology, education of talents and providing places for urban aged residents. There are still many problems and challenges to rural ecosystems in China,including ecological destruction, resource waste, environmental pollution, natural disasters, poverty, backward science and education,laggard culture and health, lack of public services, bad social morality, loss of villagers and demise of villages. In order to promote implementation strategy of rural revitalization and sustainable development of rural ecosystems in China, the principles of"tri-effects", gradual progress, comprehensive governance, adaptation to local conditions and long-term success should be followed.Eventually, the following measures were suggested: 1) enhancing awareness; 2) planning well; 3) improving environment; 4) optimizing ecological structure; 5) improving ecological functions; 6) improving ecological conditions; 7) strengthening public services;8) improving laws and regulations; 9) improving great investment; 10) accelerating personnel training.
引文
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[12]中华人民共和国国家统计局.中国统计年鉴-2013[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2013National Bureau of Statistics of the People’s Republic of China.China Statistical Yearbook-2013[M].Beijing:China Statistics Press,2013
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[14]朱林.赶在古村落消失之前[N].工人日报,2018-03-31(04)ZHU L.Before the ancient village disappeared[N].Workers Daily,2018-03-31(04)
[15]万俊毅,曾丽军,周文良.乡村振兴与现代农业产业发展的理论与实践探索--“乡村振兴与现代农业产业体系构建”学术研讨会综述[J].中国农村经济,2018,(3):138-144WAN J Y,ZENG L J,ZHOU W L.An exploration of rural revitalization and industrial development of modern agriculture in theory and practice:A workshop review[J].Chinese Rural Economy,2018,(3):138-144
[2]2018年中央一号文件--中共中央国务院关于实施乡村振兴战略的意见[EB/OL].(2018-01-02)[2018-02-05].http://www.chinagrain.cn/nh/2018/2/5/2018258155368006.shtml Central Document No.1,2018-Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China,the State Council on implementing the strategy of rural revitalization[EB/OL].(2018-01-02)[2018-02-05].http://www.chinagrain.cn/nh/2018/2/5/2018258155368006.shtml
[3]黄国勤.论建设社会主义新农村[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2007HUANG G Q.The Theory of Building Socialism New Countryside[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Press,2007
[4]王亚华,苏毅清.乡村振兴--中国农村发展新战略[J].中央社会主义学院学报,2017,(6):49-55WANG Y H,SU Y Q.Rural revitalization-China’s new rural development strategy[J].Journal of the Central Institute of Socialism,2017,(6):49-55
[5]祝乃娟.以创业带动就业[N].21世纪经济报道,2018-05-09(004)ZHU N J.Job creation and encourage entrepreneurship to create more employment opportunities[N].21st Century Economics Report,2018-05-09(004)
[6]肖艳玲.中日两国乡村旅游发展比较研究[J].改革与战略,2018,34(5):61-66XIAO Y L.A comparative analysis of rural tourism between China and Japan[J].Reformation&Strategy,2018,34(5):61-66
[7]王永良.乡村旅游美了山村富了农民[N].陇南日报,2018-03-17(002)WANG Y L.The countryside is beautiful and the village is rich[N].Longnan Daily,2018-03-17(002)
[8]张勇.实施乡村振兴战略建设幸福养老田园[J].江苏农村经济,2018,(1):20-23ZHANG Y.Implement the country revitalization strategy,building a happy retirement home[J].Jiangsu Rural Economy,2018,(1):20-23
[9]尹芳,张无敌,赵兴玲,等.农业面源污染对农业可持续发展影响分析[J].灾害学,2018,33(2):151-153YIN F,ZHANG W D,ZHAO X L,et al.Analysis on impact of non-point source pollution on agricultural sustainable development[J].Journal of Catastrophology,2018,33(2):151-153
[10]苏超,刘延明,方崇.甘肃舟曲特大山洪泥石流灾害成因与防治对策[J].安徽农业科学,2011,39(23):14194-14196SU C,LIU Y M,FANG C.Analysis on the causes of extreme debris flow disaster and control measures in Zhouqu County[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2011,39(23):14194-14196
[11]国家发展和改革委员会.关于2017年国民经济和社会发展计划执行情况与2018年国民经济和社会发展计划草案的报告--2018年3月5日在第十三届全国人民代表大会第一次会议上[J].中国经贸导刊,2018,(10):4-28The National Development and Reform Commission.About2017 plan for national economic and social development of implementation plans for national economic and social development in 2018 of the draft report-March 5,2018 in the thirteenth session of the National People’s Congress Conference for the First Time[J].China Economic&Trade Herald,2018,(10):4-28
[12]中华人民共和国国家统计局.中国统计年鉴-2013[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2013National Bureau of Statistics of the People’s Republic of China.China Statistical Yearbook-2013[M].Beijing:China Statistics Press,2013
[13]范建华.乡村振兴战略的时代意义[J].行政管理改革,2018,(2):16-21FAN J H.The era significance of rural revitalization strategy[J].Administration Reform,2018,(2):16-21
[14]朱林.赶在古村落消失之前[N].工人日报,2018-03-31(04)ZHU L.Before the ancient village disappeared[N].Workers Daily,2018-03-31(04)
[15]万俊毅,曾丽军,周文良.乡村振兴与现代农业产业发展的理论与实践探索--“乡村振兴与现代农业产业体系构建”学术研讨会综述[J].中国农村经济,2018,(3):138-144WAN J Y,ZENG L J,ZHOU W L.An exploration of rural revitalization and industrial development of modern agriculture in theory and practice:A workshop review[J].Chinese Rural Economy,2018,(3):138-144