新经济史革命的回顾与反思——基于“航海条例的负担”大讨论
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摘要
20世纪60年代开始,美国学术界兴起了"新经济史革命"。在这场革命中,学者围绕"航海条例的负担"问题展开广泛的探讨。哈珀(L.A.Harper)和托马斯(R.P.Thomas)是前期的代表学者,哈珀从史料出发,认为当时由于航海条例的颁布,给美殖民地带来的负担是非常沉重的。但是托马斯通过对当时经济贸易状况的估算,认为哈珀对负担的估算是夸大的。1969年以后,更多学者基于前人的争论,展开进一步的研究和讨论。他们藉由讨论"航海条例的负担"这一问题,分别表达了对新经济史的不同态度。对新经济史研究方法的反思,使得经济史的研究逐渐走向成熟。
In the 1960 s, the revolution of the new economic history began, "the burden of the Navigation Acts" became one of the most popular topics discussing by scholars in the Economic History field. L.A.Harper and R.P.Thomas are the representative figures. Based on historical materials, Harper believed that the burden of the Navigation Acts on the American colonies was extremely heavy. But Thomas used new counterfactual method, and then the the burden of conclusion is not as heavy as Harper said. This subtle burden is not powerful enough to be one of reason that case the American revolution. Since 1969, more scholars have joined in the discussion of the burden of Navigation Acts. During their research and study, they've brought up different opinions and attitudes towards "New Economic History". And the research methods of the New Economic History have been gradually mature and rational.
In the 1960 s, the revolution of the new economic history began, "the burden of the Navigation Acts" became one of the most popular topics discussing by scholars in the Economic History field. L.A.Harper and R.P.Thomas are the representative figures. Based on historical materials, Harper believed that the burden of the Navigation Acts on the American colonies was extremely heavy. But Thomas used new counterfactual method, and then the the burden of conclusion is not as heavy as Harper said. This subtle burden is not powerful enough to be one of reason that case the American revolution. Since 1969, more scholars have joined in the discussion of the burden of Navigation Acts. During their research and study, they've brought up different opinions and attitudes towards "New Economic History". And the research methods of the New Economic History have been gradually mature and rational.
引文
[1]赵凌云.探寻经济理论与经济史的结合---“新经济史革命”评析[J].东南学术,2001(1).
[2]郑备军.论新经济史革命的启示[J].浙江社会科学,2002(4).
[3]See studies by G.L.Beer(1907-13);L.A.Harper,The English Navigation Laws(1939,repr.1964);O.M.Dickerson,The Navigation Acts and the American Revolution(1951,repr.1974).转引自Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia,6th Edition.Q2 2016,p1-1.1p.
[4][32][33][34][35][37][38][39]L.Sawers.The Navigation Acts Revisited[J].The Economic History Review,1992(2):262-284.
[5]Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia,6th Edition.Q2 2016,p1-1.1p.
[6][8][9][10][11][12]L.A.Harper.The Effect of the Navigation Acts on the Thirteen Colonies[A],H.Scheiber,U-nited States Economic History:selected reading[C],Knopf,1964,48.48,47,62,68,70.
[7][13][14][15][16]R.P.Thomas.A Quantitative Approach to the Study of the Effects of British Imperial Policy upon Colonial Welfare:Some Preliminary Findings[J].Journal of E-conomic History,1965(4):615-638.
[17][18][19]L.Ransom,British Policy and Colonial Growth:Some Implications of the Burden from the Navigation Acts[J].The Journal of Economic History,1968(3):427-435,432,433.
[20][21]P.Mc Clelland.The Cost to America of British Imperial Policy[J].American Economic Review,1969(2),:370-381.
[22]J.Reid.On Navigating the Navigation Acts with Peter D.McClelland:Comment[J].American Economic Review,1970(5):949-955.
[23][24][40]G.Walton.The New Economic History and the Burdens of the Navigation Acts[J].The Economic History Review,1971(4):533-542.
[25][26][27][28][29][42][43]F.Broeze.The New Economic History,the Navigation Acts,and the Continental Tobacco Market,1770-1790[J].The Economic History Review,1973(4),pp.668-678.
[30]G M.Walton.The Burdens of the Navigation Acts:a reply[J].Economic History Review,1973(4):687-688.
[31][43]P.McClelland.The New Economic History and the Burdens of the Navigation Acts:a comment[J].The Economic History Review,1973(4):679-686.
[36]L.Sawers.The Navigation Acts Revisited[J].The Economic History Review,1992(2):262-284.
[44]D.Loschky.Studies of the Navigation Acts:new economic nonhistory?[J].The Economic History Review,1973(4):689-691.
[45]隋福民,经济史:一门经济分析的方法[J].中国经济史研究,2009(2).
(1)虽然有学者认为英国对美殖民地的造船业有很相当的保护,但是哈珀认为,这种保护非常有限。因为根据可考史料,虽然1650年航海条例已经规定在英国和美殖民地之间禁止使用其他国家的船只,但事实上到1786年才真正实现了全面禁止。
(2)L.A.Harper. The Effect of the Navigation Acts on the Thirteen Colonies[A] ,H.Scheiber, United States Economic History: selected reading[C], Knopf ,1964,p.68.
(3)R.P.Thomas. A Quantitative Approach to the Study of the Effects of British Imperial Policy upon Colonial Welfare: Some Preliminary Findings[J]. Journal of Economic History ,1965(4):615-638.
(4)R.P.Thomas. A Quantitative Approach to the Study of the Effects of British Imperial Policy upon Colonial Welfare: Some Preliminary Findings[J]. Journal of Economic History ,1965(4),pp.615-638.
(5)在计算人均收入时,南方的收入在101,000美元至108,000美元,而当时包括奴隶在内的南方人口数约为1,345,000.
(6)这里的3%,是国内总产值的3%,是上限的估计。
(7)F.Broeze. The New Economic History, the Navigation Acts, and the Continental Tobacco Market, 1770-1790[J]. The Economic History Review,1973(4): 668-678.
(8)P.McClelland. The New Economic History and the Burdens of the Navigation Acts: a comment[J]. The Economic History Review ,1973(4),pp.679-686.
(9)参与大西洋或者加勒比贸易的商人,不包括零售商人。他们大部分是北方殖民地的商业精英们。
(10)这几个典型的代表人物,几乎都是独立战争中的先锋人物,约翰·汉库克,大商人,爱国者,第二届大陆会议主席。托马斯·杰斐逊,美利坚合众国第三任总统,《独立宣言》主要起草人。乔治·华盛顿,独立战争大陆军总司令,美利坚第一任总统。本杰明·富兰克林,独立战争领导人,杰出的外交家、记者等。保罗·列维尔,美国早期革命家,独立战争领导人。托马斯·潘恩,思想家,政治家,其著作《常识》对美国独立战争影响深远。
[2]郑备军.论新经济史革命的启示[J].浙江社会科学,2002(4).
[3]See studies by G.L.Beer(1907-13);L.A.Harper,The English Navigation Laws(1939,repr.1964);O.M.Dickerson,The Navigation Acts and the American Revolution(1951,repr.1974).转引自Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia,6th Edition.Q2 2016,p1-1.1p.
[4][32][33][34][35][37][38][39]L.Sawers.The Navigation Acts Revisited[J].The Economic History Review,1992(2):262-284.
[5]Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia,6th Edition.Q2 2016,p1-1.1p.
[6][8][9][10][11][12]L.A.Harper.The Effect of the Navigation Acts on the Thirteen Colonies[A],H.Scheiber,U-nited States Economic History:selected reading[C],Knopf,1964,48.48,47,62,68,70.
[7][13][14][15][16]R.P.Thomas.A Quantitative Approach to the Study of the Effects of British Imperial Policy upon Colonial Welfare:Some Preliminary Findings[J].Journal of E-conomic History,1965(4):615-638.
[17][18][19]L.Ransom,British Policy and Colonial Growth:Some Implications of the Burden from the Navigation Acts[J].The Journal of Economic History,1968(3):427-435,432,433.
[20][21]P.Mc Clelland.The Cost to America of British Imperial Policy[J].American Economic Review,1969(2),:370-381.
[22]J.Reid.On Navigating the Navigation Acts with Peter D.McClelland:Comment[J].American Economic Review,1970(5):949-955.
[23][24][40]G.Walton.The New Economic History and the Burdens of the Navigation Acts[J].The Economic History Review,1971(4):533-542.
[25][26][27][28][29][42][43]F.Broeze.The New Economic History,the Navigation Acts,and the Continental Tobacco Market,1770-1790[J].The Economic History Review,1973(4),pp.668-678.
[30]G M.Walton.The Burdens of the Navigation Acts:a reply[J].Economic History Review,1973(4):687-688.
[31][43]P.McClelland.The New Economic History and the Burdens of the Navigation Acts:a comment[J].The Economic History Review,1973(4):679-686.
[36]L.Sawers.The Navigation Acts Revisited[J].The Economic History Review,1992(2):262-284.
[44]D.Loschky.Studies of the Navigation Acts:new economic nonhistory?[J].The Economic History Review,1973(4):689-691.
[45]隋福民,经济史:一门经济分析的方法[J].中国经济史研究,2009(2).
(1)虽然有学者认为英国对美殖民地的造船业有很相当的保护,但是哈珀认为,这种保护非常有限。因为根据可考史料,虽然1650年航海条例已经规定在英国和美殖民地之间禁止使用其他国家的船只,但事实上到1786年才真正实现了全面禁止。
(2)L.A.Harper. The Effect of the Navigation Acts on the Thirteen Colonies[A] ,H.Scheiber, United States Economic History: selected reading[C], Knopf ,1964,p.68.
(3)R.P.Thomas. A Quantitative Approach to the Study of the Effects of British Imperial Policy upon Colonial Welfare: Some Preliminary Findings[J]. Journal of Economic History ,1965(4):615-638.
(4)R.P.Thomas. A Quantitative Approach to the Study of the Effects of British Imperial Policy upon Colonial Welfare: Some Preliminary Findings[J]. Journal of Economic History ,1965(4),pp.615-638.
(5)在计算人均收入时,南方的收入在101,000美元至108,000美元,而当时包括奴隶在内的南方人口数约为1,345,000.
(6)这里的3%,是国内总产值的3%,是上限的估计。
(7)F.Broeze. The New Economic History, the Navigation Acts, and the Continental Tobacco Market, 1770-1790[J]. The Economic History Review,1973(4): 668-678.
(8)P.McClelland. The New Economic History and the Burdens of the Navigation Acts: a comment[J]. The Economic History Review ,1973(4),pp.679-686.
(9)参与大西洋或者加勒比贸易的商人,不包括零售商人。他们大部分是北方殖民地的商业精英们。
(10)这几个典型的代表人物,几乎都是独立战争中的先锋人物,约翰·汉库克,大商人,爱国者,第二届大陆会议主席。托马斯·杰斐逊,美利坚合众国第三任总统,《独立宣言》主要起草人。乔治·华盛顿,独立战争大陆军总司令,美利坚第一任总统。本杰明·富兰克林,独立战争领导人,杰出的外交家、记者等。保罗·列维尔,美国早期革命家,独立战争领导人。托马斯·潘恩,思想家,政治家,其著作《常识》对美国独立战争影响深远。