降雨强度和坡度对裸露铁尾矿砂坡面产流产沙的影响
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摘要
采用室内人工模拟降雨技术,研究短历时暴雨和坡度对裸露铁尾矿砂坡面产流产沙的影响。结果表明:(1)不同降雨强度条件下,不同坡度间的坡面径流量、产沙量及径流泥沙含量均呈现随着降雨历时的增加而增加的动态变化趋势,不同的是径流量在15～24 min后逐渐趋于稳定。(2)不同降雨强度条件下,裸露铁尾矿砂坡面径流量及产沙量与坡度相关关系均存在临界降雨强度,该临界降雨强度约为90 mm/h。(3)不同降雨强度条件下,不同坡度间的产沙量及径流泥沙含量随着降雨强度的增加,二者与坡度的关系均由负相关逐渐转变为正相关。(4)当降雨强度从60 mm/h增加到120 mm/h的过程中,不同坡度条件下的径流量及产沙量与降雨强度总体上呈逐渐上升的趋势,局部存在特殊情况。当坡度从25°增加到35°的过程中,不同降雨强度条件下的径流量及产沙量与坡度的关系均不明显;但同一坡度条件下,随着降雨强度的增加,径流量和产沙量均逐渐增加。研究成果为揭示降雨强度和坡度对裸露铁尾矿砂产流产沙机理提供参考。
Effects of short-duration rainstorm and slope gradients on the runoff and sediment yield were studied in bare iron tailings slope using the indoor artificial rainfall simulation method. The results showed that:(1) Under different rainfall intensities, the runoff, sediment yield, and runoff sediment content of different slope gradients show a dynamic trend with the increase of rainfall duration. The difference was that the runoff gradually stabilizes after 15～24 minutes.(2) Under different rainfall intensities, the relationship between runoff, sediment yield, and slope gradients of bare iron tailings slope had a critical rainfall intensity, and the range of this critical rainfall intensity was about 90 mm/h, and the range value of specific critical rainfall intensity needed further studies and determination.(3) Under different rainfall intensities, the sediment yield and runoff sediment content between different slope gradients increased with the rainfall intensity, and the relationship between them and slope gradually changed from negative correlation to positive correlation.(4) When the rainfall intensity increased from 60 mm/h to 120 mm/h, the runoff and sediment yield with rainfall intensity under different slope conditions showed a generally gradual upward trend, and there were local special cases. When the slope increased from 25° to 35°, the relationship between runoff and sediment yield under different rainfall intensities was not obvious; but under the same slope gradient condition, the runoff and sediment yield basically increased with the increase of rainfall intensity. The research results provide reference for the study on the mechanism of rainfall intensity and slope on the abortion sand production of bare iron tailings.
Effects of short-duration rainstorm and slope gradients on the runoff and sediment yield were studied in bare iron tailings slope using the indoor artificial rainfall simulation method. The results showed that:(1) Under different rainfall intensities, the runoff, sediment yield, and runoff sediment content of different slope gradients show a dynamic trend with the increase of rainfall duration. The difference was that the runoff gradually stabilizes after 15～24 minutes.(2) Under different rainfall intensities, the relationship between runoff, sediment yield, and slope gradients of bare iron tailings slope had a critical rainfall intensity, and the range of this critical rainfall intensity was about 90 mm/h, and the range value of specific critical rainfall intensity needed further studies and determination.(3) Under different rainfall intensities, the sediment yield and runoff sediment content between different slope gradients increased with the rainfall intensity, and the relationship between them and slope gradually changed from negative correlation to positive correlation.(4) When the rainfall intensity increased from 60 mm/h to 120 mm/h, the runoff and sediment yield with rainfall intensity under different slope conditions showed a generally gradual upward trend, and there were local special cases. When the slope increased from 25° to 35°, the relationship between runoff and sediment yield under different rainfall intensities was not obvious; but under the same slope gradient condition, the runoff and sediment yield basically increased with the increase of rainfall intensity. The research results provide reference for the study on the mechanism of rainfall intensity and slope on the abortion sand production of bare iron tailings.
引文
[1] 魏瑞丽.钢铁工业主要固体废弃物资源化利用的技术现状分析研究[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2010.
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[3] Cai S, Yang P. Tailings problems and tailings utilization and treatments in the metal mines[J].Engineering Science,2000,2(4):89-92.
[4] 杨佐涛.齐大山铁矿尾矿矿砂对环境污染的风洞实验[J].中国沙漠,1992,12(2):53-57.
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[7] Qian F, Cheng D, Ding W, et al. Hydraulic characteristics and sediment generation on slope erosion in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China[J].Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics,2016,64(3):237-245.
[8] He J J, Cai Q G, Liu S B. Effects of slope gradient on slope runoff and sediment yield under different single rainfall conditions[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2012,23(5):1263-1268.
[9] 耿晓东,郑粉莉,张会茹.红壤坡面降雨入渗及产流产沙特征试验研究[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(4):39-43.
[10] He J J, Sun L Y, Gong H L, et al. The characteristics of rill development and their effects on runoff and sediment yield under different slope gradients[J].Journal of Mountain Science, 2016,13(3):397-404.
[11] 蒋荣,张兴奇,纪启芳,等.坡度和雨强对喀斯特地区坡面产流产沙的影响[J].环境保护科学,2012,38(5):13-17.
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[13] Ma Y, Xie H H, Li C. Experimental analysis on runoff and sediment from sloping lands in Karst region[J].Advanced Materials Research,2015,1073/1076:1624-1629.
[14] Liu D, She D, Yu S, et al. Rainfall intensity and slope gradient effects on sediment losses and splash from a saline-sodic soil under coastal reclamation[J].Catena,2015,128:54-62.
[15] 代数,蒋光毅,夏清,等.坡度和雨强对重庆市黄壤旱坡地产流产沙特征的影响[J].水土保持学报,2011,25(4):1-5.
[16] 张汉雄.黄土高原的暴雨特性及其分布规律[J].地理学报,1983,38(4):416-425.
[17] 彭旭东,戴全厚,李昌兰,等.模拟雨强和地下裂隙对喀斯特地区坡耕地养分流失的影响[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(2):131-140.
[18] 程琴娟,蔡强国,廖义善.土壤表面特性与坡度对产流产沙的影响[J].水土保持学报,2007,21(2):9-11.
[19] 王秀英,曹文洪,陈东.土壤侵蚀与地表坡度关系研究[J].泥沙研究,1998(2):36-41.
[20] 胡尧,侯雨乐,李懿.模拟降雨入渗对岷江流域红壤坡面产流产沙的影响[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(2):62-67.
[21] 卫喜国,严昌荣,魏永霞,等.坡度和降雨强度对坡耕地入渗的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2009,28(4):114-116.
[22] 吴发启,范文波.土壤结皮对降雨入渗和产流产沙的影响[J].中国水土保持科学,2005,3(2):97-101.
[23] Moore D C, Singer M J. Crust formation effects on soil erosion processes[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal, 1990,54(4):1117-1123.
[24] 蔡强国,王贵平,陈永宗.黄土高原小流域侵蚀产沙过程与模拟[M].北京:科学出版社,1998.
[25] Levy G J, Levin J, Shainberg I. Seal formation and interrill soil erosion[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1994,58(1):203-209.
[26] 卜崇峰,蔡强国,张兴昌,等.黄土结皮的发育机理与侵蚀效应研究[J].土壤学报,2009,46(1):16-23.
[27] 高燕,郑粉莉,王彬,等.土壤结皮对黑土区坡面产流产沙的影响[J].水土保持研究,2014,21(4):17-20.
[28] 唐泽军,雷廷武,张晴雯,等.雨滴溅蚀和结皮效应对土壤侵蚀影响的试验研究[J].土壤学报,2004,41(4):632-635.
[29] 倪九派,魏朝富,谢德体,等.坡度对三峡库区紫色土坡面径流侵蚀的影响分析[J].泥沙研究,2009(2):29-33.
[2] 黄勇刚.我国铁尾矿资源的利用现状及展望[J].资源与产业,2013,15(3):40-44.
[3] Cai S, Yang P. Tailings problems and tailings utilization and treatments in the metal mines[J].Engineering Science,2000,2(4):89-92.
[4] 杨佐涛.齐大山铁矿尾矿矿砂对环境污染的风洞实验[J].中国沙漠,1992,12(2):53-57.
[5] 田景松.铁尾矿砂混凝土的配制与应用研究[D].北京:清华大学,2010.
[6] Wu L, Peng M, Qiao S, et al. Effects of rainfall intensity and slope gradient on runoff and sediment yield characteristics of bare loess soil[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research International,2018,25(4):3480-3487.
[7] Qian F, Cheng D, Ding W, et al. Hydraulic characteristics and sediment generation on slope erosion in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China[J].Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics,2016,64(3):237-245.
[8] He J J, Cai Q G, Liu S B. Effects of slope gradient on slope runoff and sediment yield under different single rainfall conditions[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2012,23(5):1263-1268.
[9] 耿晓东,郑粉莉,张会茹.红壤坡面降雨入渗及产流产沙特征试验研究[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(4):39-43.
[10] He J J, Sun L Y, Gong H L, et al. The characteristics of rill development and their effects on runoff and sediment yield under different slope gradients[J].Journal of Mountain Science, 2016,13(3):397-404.
[11] 蒋荣,张兴奇,纪启芳,等.坡度和雨强对喀斯特地区坡面产流产沙的影响[J].环境保护科学,2012,38(5):13-17.
[12] Zhao X, Wu P, Chen X, et al. Runoff and sediment yield under simulated rainfall on hill slopes in the Loess Plateau of China[J].Soil Research,2013,51(1):50-58.
[13] Ma Y, Xie H H, Li C. Experimental analysis on runoff and sediment from sloping lands in Karst region[J].Advanced Materials Research,2015,1073/1076:1624-1629.
[14] Liu D, She D, Yu S, et al. Rainfall intensity and slope gradient effects on sediment losses and splash from a saline-sodic soil under coastal reclamation[J].Catena,2015,128:54-62.
[15] 代数,蒋光毅,夏清,等.坡度和雨强对重庆市黄壤旱坡地产流产沙特征的影响[J].水土保持学报,2011,25(4):1-5.
[16] 张汉雄.黄土高原的暴雨特性及其分布规律[J].地理学报,1983,38(4):416-425.
[17] 彭旭东,戴全厚,李昌兰,等.模拟雨强和地下裂隙对喀斯特地区坡耕地养分流失的影响[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(2):131-140.
[18] 程琴娟,蔡强国,廖义善.土壤表面特性与坡度对产流产沙的影响[J].水土保持学报,2007,21(2):9-11.
[19] 王秀英,曹文洪,陈东.土壤侵蚀与地表坡度关系研究[J].泥沙研究,1998(2):36-41.
[20] 胡尧,侯雨乐,李懿.模拟降雨入渗对岷江流域红壤坡面产流产沙的影响[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(2):62-67.
[21] 卫喜国,严昌荣,魏永霞,等.坡度和降雨强度对坡耕地入渗的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2009,28(4):114-116.
[22] 吴发启,范文波.土壤结皮对降雨入渗和产流产沙的影响[J].中国水土保持科学,2005,3(2):97-101.
[23] Moore D C, Singer M J. Crust formation effects on soil erosion processes[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal, 1990,54(4):1117-1123.
[24] 蔡强国,王贵平,陈永宗.黄土高原小流域侵蚀产沙过程与模拟[M].北京:科学出版社,1998.
[25] Levy G J, Levin J, Shainberg I. Seal formation and interrill soil erosion[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1994,58(1):203-209.
[26] 卜崇峰,蔡强国,张兴昌,等.黄土结皮的发育机理与侵蚀效应研究[J].土壤学报,2009,46(1):16-23.
[27] 高燕,郑粉莉,王彬,等.土壤结皮对黑土区坡面产流产沙的影响[J].水土保持研究,2014,21(4):17-20.
[28] 唐泽军,雷廷武,张晴雯,等.雨滴溅蚀和结皮效应对土壤侵蚀影响的试验研究[J].土壤学报,2004,41(4):632-635.
[29] 倪九派,魏朝富,谢德体,等.坡度对三峡库区紫色土坡面径流侵蚀的影响分析[J].泥沙研究,2009(2):29-33.