我国与欧美化肥重金属限量标准的比较和启示
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摘要
本文介绍了欧盟各国以及美国部分州的化肥重金属限量标准的制定过程和阈值,分析了我国相关标准制定中存在的不足。我国化肥重金属限量标准是针对肥料种类来制定的,肥料种类之间重金属限量值及限制的重金属种类均存在很大差异。限量标准有国家标准,也有行业标准。不少单质化肥及复合肥标准中没有重金属限量指标,但对由单质化肥配制的水溶性复混肥料则制定了非常严格的限量标准。我国重金属限量标准的制定缺乏理论依据和试验数据支撑,标准公布后也缺少制定依据的说明和解释。美国是根据磷肥及微量元素肥料种类和用量两方面来设定重金属限量标准,该标准由美国环保局(USEPA)等机构根据化肥中有害元素对人类健康风险评估模型制定的,并参考了长期的田间定位试验数据和食物中重金属的风险评估调查数据。美国植物食品控制管理协会(AAPFCO)根据上述风险评估结果提出了化肥中重金属的限量标准,美国各州则在参考该标准的基础上根据各州法律法规实施。欧盟目前没有统一的化肥重金属限量标准,各国各自规定了相关标准。建议我国参考发达国家的标准制定方式建立重金属的危害风险评价体系;根据大量、中量与微量元素肥料类别及施用量,区分不同重金属的限量,且所有化肥所含的重金属进入农田的限量标准应保持一致。建议制定标准应进行环境、食品安全等调查与长期定位试验,以科学数据为依据,制定适合我国国情的化肥重金属限量标准。
This paper briefly introduced the work out procession and the heavy metal limits in chemical fertilizers in some states of the United States and the Europe Union countries, and pointed out the shortages existed in the standards and the working out processions in China. The heavy metal limit standards for chemical fertilizers in China are fertilizer type specific, and greatly different among the fertilizers. The heavy metal limit standards are issued by different departments, including national and industrial standards. Some of the national standards for simple fertilizers and compound fertilizers lack heavy metal limits, but that for water-soluble fertilizers has quite strict limits for heavy metals. The limit standards for heavy metals do not have adequate theoretical and experimental data support, and have no necessary explanations for the basis of establishment after publication.The heavy metal limits in the United States are set up considering both the phosphate and micronutrient fertilizers and their application amounts. Several institutions(e.g. USEPA) in the United State made the standards using the evaluation models for the risks assessment of harmful elements in fertilizers for human health, and referring the data from long-term local field trials and the surveys for risk assessments in foods. The Association of American Plant Food Control Officials(AAPFCO) has proposed limits for heavy metals in chemical fertilizers based on these acceptable limits, and some states in the US are implementing the heavy metal standards based on their state laws and regulations. The EU countries do not have uniform heavy metal limits in chemical fertilizers, and they manage the fertilizers by their own laws and regulations. The standard settings for heavy metal limits relate to various benefits and public welfare issues in fertilizer production and application, soil health, water environmental protection, food safety, deserving our careful thinking and investigation. Suggestion: China should refer to the standard setting methods in developed countries to establish assessment system for hazard risk of heavy metals.The heavy metal limits should consider fertilizer types such as macronutrient, secondary and micronutrient fertilizers, and make one standard for all chemical fertilizers in China. Meanwhile, by referring to the existing research results from foreign countries, it is better to jointly formulate heavy metal limit standards for chemical fertilizers suitable for our national conditions by various departments based on investigation and long-term fixed experiment.
This paper briefly introduced the work out procession and the heavy metal limits in chemical fertilizers in some states of the United States and the Europe Union countries, and pointed out the shortages existed in the standards and the working out processions in China. The heavy metal limit standards for chemical fertilizers in China are fertilizer type specific, and greatly different among the fertilizers. The heavy metal limit standards are issued by different departments, including national and industrial standards. Some of the national standards for simple fertilizers and compound fertilizers lack heavy metal limits, but that for water-soluble fertilizers has quite strict limits for heavy metals. The limit standards for heavy metals do not have adequate theoretical and experimental data support, and have no necessary explanations for the basis of establishment after publication.The heavy metal limits in the United States are set up considering both the phosphate and micronutrient fertilizers and their application amounts. Several institutions(e.g. USEPA) in the United State made the standards using the evaluation models for the risks assessment of harmful elements in fertilizers for human health, and referring the data from long-term local field trials and the surveys for risk assessments in foods. The Association of American Plant Food Control Officials(AAPFCO) has proposed limits for heavy metals in chemical fertilizers based on these acceptable limits, and some states in the US are implementing the heavy metal standards based on their state laws and regulations. The EU countries do not have uniform heavy metal limits in chemical fertilizers, and they manage the fertilizers by their own laws and regulations. The standard settings for heavy metal limits relate to various benefits and public welfare issues in fertilizer production and application, soil health, water environmental protection, food safety, deserving our careful thinking and investigation. Suggestion: China should refer to the standard setting methods in developed countries to establish assessment system for hazard risk of heavy metals.The heavy metal limits should consider fertilizer types such as macronutrient, secondary and micronutrient fertilizers, and make one standard for all chemical fertilizers in China. Meanwhile, by referring to the existing research results from foreign countries, it is better to jointly formulate heavy metal limit standards for chemical fertilizers suitable for our national conditions by various departments based on investigation and long-term fixed experiment.
引文
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[3]黄青青,刘星,张倩,等.应用ICP-MS和AFS测定含磷肥料中重金属含量[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2014,(5):1403-1406.Huang Q Q, Liu X, Zhang Q, et al. Application of ICP-MS and AFS to detect heavy metals in phosphorus fertilizers[J]. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis, 2014,(5):1403-1406.
[4]芮玉奎,申建波,张福锁.应用ICP-MS测定两种氮肥中重金属含量[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2008, 28(10):2425-2427.Rui Y K, Shen J B, Zhang F S. Application of ICP-MS for determination of heavy metal content in two kinds of N fertilizer[J].Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis, 2008, 28(10):2425-2427.
[5]芮玉奎,申建波,张福锁,等.应用ICP-MS测定KCl肥料中重金属元素含量[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2008, 28(10):2428-2430.Rui Y K, Shen J B, Zhang F S, et al. Application of ICP-MS to detect heavy metals in KCl fertilizer[J]. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2008, 28(10):2428-2430.
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[7]刘树堂,赵永厚,孙玉林,等. 25年长期定位施肥对非石灰性潮土重金属状况的影响[J].水土保持学报,2005, 19(1):164-167.Liu S T, Zhao Y H, Sun Y L, et al. Effects of 25 years long-term located fertilization on status of heavy metals in non-calcareous fulve-aquic soil[J]. Journal of Soil Water Conservation, 2005, 19(1):164-167.
[8] GB437-2009.硫酸铜(农用)[S].GB437-2009. Copper sulfate(for crops use)[S].
[9] GB 535-1995.硫酸铵[S].GB 535-1995. Ammonium sulphate[S].
[10] GB/T 2946-2008.氯化铵[S].GB/T 2946-2008. Ammonium chloride[S].
[11] HG/T 4133-2010.工业磷酸二氢铵[S].HG/T 4132-2010. Diammonium phosphate for industrial use[S].
[12] GB/T2091-2008.工业磷酸[S].GB/T2091-2008. Phosphoric acid for industrial use[S].
[13] HG/T2321-1992.工业磷酸二氢钾[S].HG/T2321-1992. Monopotassium phosphate[S].
[14] HG/T 2326-2005.工业硫酸锌[S].HG/T 2326-2005. Zinc sulfate for industrial use[S].
[15] GB/T 17420-1998.微量元素叶面肥料[S].GB/T 17420-1998. Foliar microelement fertilizer[S].
[16] GB/T 17419-1998.含氨基酸叶面肥料[S].GB/T 17419-1998. Foliar fertilizer with amino acid[S].
[17] NY 1110-2010.水溶肥料汞、砷、镉、铅、铬的限量要求[S].NY 1110-2010. Water-soluble fertilizers content limits of mercury,arsenic, cadmium, lead and chromium content for fertilizers[S].
[18] GB/T 23349-2009.肥料中砷、镉、铅、汞生态指标[S].GB/T 23349-2009. Ecological index of arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury for fertilizers[S].
[19] GB2440-2001.尿素[S].GB 2440-2001. Urea[S].
[20] GB 2945-1989.硝酸铵[S].GB 2945-1989. Ammonium nitrate[S].
[21] GB 3559-2001.农业用碳酸氢铵[S].GB 3559-2001. Ammonium bicarbonate for agricultural use[S].
[22] GB 20412-2006.钙镁磷肥[S].GB 20412-2006. Calcium magnesium phosphate[S].
[23] GB20413-2006.过磷酸钙[S].GB20413-2006. Superphosphate[S].
[24] GB 21634-2008.重过磷酸钙[S].GB 21634-2008. Triple superphorate[S].
[25] GB6549-2011.氯化钾[S].GB 6549-2011. Potassium chloride[S].
[26] GB 20406-2006.农业用硫酸钾[S].GB 20406-2006. Potassium sulfate for agricultural use[S].
[27] GB/T 20937-2007.硫酸钾镁肥[S].GB/T 20937-2007. Potassium magnesium of sulphate fertilizer[S].
[28] GB/T 2025-2009.磷酸一铵、磷酸二铵[S].GB/T 2025-2009. Monoammonium phosphate and diammonium phosphate[S].
[29] GB/T 20784-2013.农业用硝酸钾[S].GB/T 20784-2013. Potassium nitrate for agricultural use[S].
[30] GB/T 15063-2009.复混肥料(复合肥料)[S].GB/T 15063-2009. Compound fertilizer(complex fertilizer)[S].
[31] GB 21633-2008.掺混肥料(BB肥)[S].GB 21633-2008. Bulk blending fertilizer[S].
[32] GB/T 23348-2009.缓释肥料[S].GB/T 23348-2009. Slow release fertilizer[S].
[33]唐莲,何权,李昆,等.四川主要肥料中重金属元素的含量与评价[J].四川农业与农机,2016,(5):38-42.Tang L, He Q, Li K, et al. Contents and evaluation of heavy metal elements in main fertilizers in Sichuan[J]. Sichuan Agriculture and Agricultural Machinery, 2016,(5):38-42.
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[35]陈林华,倪吾钟,李雪莲,等.常用肥料重金属含量的调查分析[J].浙江理工大学学报,2009, 26(2):224-226.Chen L H, Ni W Z, Li X L, et al. Investigation of heavy metal concentrations in commercial fertilizers commonly-used[J]. Journal of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, 2009, 26(2):224-226.
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[2]封朝晖,刘红芳,王旭.我国主要肥料产品中有害元素的含量与评价[J].中国土壤与肥料,2009,(4):44-47.Feng Z H, Liu H F, Wang X. Toxic substances contents in fertilizers and its environmental risk assessment in China[J]. Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China, 2009,(4):44-47.
[3]黄青青,刘星,张倩,等.应用ICP-MS和AFS测定含磷肥料中重金属含量[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2014,(5):1403-1406.Huang Q Q, Liu X, Zhang Q, et al. Application of ICP-MS and AFS to detect heavy metals in phosphorus fertilizers[J]. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis, 2014,(5):1403-1406.
[4]芮玉奎,申建波,张福锁.应用ICP-MS测定两种氮肥中重金属含量[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2008, 28(10):2425-2427.Rui Y K, Shen J B, Zhang F S. Application of ICP-MS for determination of heavy metal content in two kinds of N fertilizer[J].Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis, 2008, 28(10):2425-2427.
[5]芮玉奎,申建波,张福锁,等.应用ICP-MS测定KCl肥料中重金属元素含量[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2008, 28(10):2428-2430.Rui Y K, Shen J B, Zhang F S, et al. Application of ICP-MS to detect heavy metals in KCl fertilizer[J]. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2008, 28(10):2428-2430.
[6]国家统计局. 2016年我国农用化肥用量[DB/OL].[2018-01-06]. http://data.stats.gov.cn/National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. Theamount of the agricultural fertilizer in China in 2016[DB/OL].[2018-01-06]. http://data.stats.gov.cn/
[7]刘树堂,赵永厚,孙玉林,等. 25年长期定位施肥对非石灰性潮土重金属状况的影响[J].水土保持学报,2005, 19(1):164-167.Liu S T, Zhao Y H, Sun Y L, et al. Effects of 25 years long-term located fertilization on status of heavy metals in non-calcareous fulve-aquic soil[J]. Journal of Soil Water Conservation, 2005, 19(1):164-167.
[8] GB437-2009.硫酸铜(农用)[S].GB437-2009. Copper sulfate(for crops use)[S].
[9] GB 535-1995.硫酸铵[S].GB 535-1995. Ammonium sulphate[S].
[10] GB/T 2946-2008.氯化铵[S].GB/T 2946-2008. Ammonium chloride[S].
[11] HG/T 4133-2010.工业磷酸二氢铵[S].HG/T 4132-2010. Diammonium phosphate for industrial use[S].
[12] GB/T2091-2008.工业磷酸[S].GB/T2091-2008. Phosphoric acid for industrial use[S].
[13] HG/T2321-1992.工业磷酸二氢钾[S].HG/T2321-1992. Monopotassium phosphate[S].
[14] HG/T 2326-2005.工业硫酸锌[S].HG/T 2326-2005. Zinc sulfate for industrial use[S].
[15] GB/T 17420-1998.微量元素叶面肥料[S].GB/T 17420-1998. Foliar microelement fertilizer[S].
[16] GB/T 17419-1998.含氨基酸叶面肥料[S].GB/T 17419-1998. Foliar fertilizer with amino acid[S].
[17] NY 1110-2010.水溶肥料汞、砷、镉、铅、铬的限量要求[S].NY 1110-2010. Water-soluble fertilizers content limits of mercury,arsenic, cadmium, lead and chromium content for fertilizers[S].
[18] GB/T 23349-2009.肥料中砷、镉、铅、汞生态指标[S].GB/T 23349-2009. Ecological index of arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury for fertilizers[S].
[19] GB2440-2001.尿素[S].GB 2440-2001. Urea[S].
[20] GB 2945-1989.硝酸铵[S].GB 2945-1989. Ammonium nitrate[S].
[21] GB 3559-2001.农业用碳酸氢铵[S].GB 3559-2001. Ammonium bicarbonate for agricultural use[S].
[22] GB 20412-2006.钙镁磷肥[S].GB 20412-2006. Calcium magnesium phosphate[S].
[23] GB20413-2006.过磷酸钙[S].GB20413-2006. Superphosphate[S].
[24] GB 21634-2008.重过磷酸钙[S].GB 21634-2008. Triple superphorate[S].
[25] GB6549-2011.氯化钾[S].GB 6549-2011. Potassium chloride[S].
[26] GB 20406-2006.农业用硫酸钾[S].GB 20406-2006. Potassium sulfate for agricultural use[S].
[27] GB/T 20937-2007.硫酸钾镁肥[S].GB/T 20937-2007. Potassium magnesium of sulphate fertilizer[S].
[28] GB/T 2025-2009.磷酸一铵、磷酸二铵[S].GB/T 2025-2009. Monoammonium phosphate and diammonium phosphate[S].
[29] GB/T 20784-2013.农业用硝酸钾[S].GB/T 20784-2013. Potassium nitrate for agricultural use[S].
[30] GB/T 15063-2009.复混肥料(复合肥料)[S].GB/T 15063-2009. Compound fertilizer(complex fertilizer)[S].
[31] GB 21633-2008.掺混肥料(BB肥)[S].GB 21633-2008. Bulk blending fertilizer[S].
[32] GB/T 23348-2009.缓释肥料[S].GB/T 23348-2009. Slow release fertilizer[S].
[33]唐莲,何权,李昆,等.四川主要肥料中重金属元素的含量与评价[J].四川农业与农机,2016,(5):38-42.Tang L, He Q, Li K, et al. Contents and evaluation of heavy metal elements in main fertilizers in Sichuan[J]. Sichuan Agriculture and Agricultural Machinery, 2016,(5):38-42.
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