基于不同肥源的棉花减氮施肥效果比较研究
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摘要
棉花生产中施氮量高、氮肥利用效率低的问题较为突出。以不施氮肥(CK)和当地习惯施肥(CF,施N 270kg/hm~2,普通复合肥)为对照,在田间条件下研究了生物有机复合肥(T1)、控释掺混肥(T2)、有机无机复混肥(T3)3种肥源减氮(N)20%对麦后移栽棉花生长、产量及氮素利用效率的影响。结果表明:T2处理整个生育期棉花最新完全展开叶净光合速率(P_n)均高于其他处理,且到花铃期显著高于CF。蕾期T1处理叶、茎、蕾干物质重显著高于其他处理,花铃期T2处理茎干物质重显著高于CK、T1和T3处理。花铃期棉株氮吸收量T2处理最高,分别比CF、T1、T3高27.0%、19.7%、36.5%,其中生殖器官(蕾、铃)氮吸收量亦是T2最高,分别比CF、T1、T3高46.1%、13.6%、35.3%。T2处理较CF显著增产3.4%,其氮肥表观利用率、氮肥偏生产力和氮肥农学利用率分别为28.6%、13.6kg/kg和5.6kg/kg,显著高于CF的19.0%、10.5kg/kg和4.1kg/kg,同时T2处理的产投比最大(3.7),净收入最大(13 925.5元/hm2)。
High nitrogen application rate and low utilization efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer are prominent problemsin the process of cotton production. Using no nitrogen fertilizer use(CK, no nitrogen fertilizer use) and local customfertilization(CF, use N 270 kg/hm~2, common compound fertilizer) as the control. A field plot design was used to studythe effecs of 3 fertilizer applications: reduced nitrogen by 20%, bio-organic complex fertilizer(T1), controlled-releasemixed fertilizer(T2), and organic-inorganic mixed fertilizer(T3) on the growth, yield and nitrogen use efficiency oftransplanted cotton. The net photosynthetic rate(P_n) of the newly fully developed cotton leaf of T2 was higher thanthat of the other treatments in the whole growth period, and it was significantly higher than CF at the flowering and bollsetting stage. The dry matter weight of T1 was significantly higher than that of the other treatments at cotton bud stage;At flowering and boll setting stage, the stem dry matter weight of T2 was significantly higher than that of the CK, T1 and T3, the nitrogen accumulation of T2 was the highest, which were 27.0%, 19.7% and 36.5% higher than that of CF,T1 and T3, respectively. The proportion of nitrogen in reproductive organs(bud and bell) of T2 was also the highest,which were 46.1%, 13.6%, and 35.3% higher than that of CF, T1 and T3, respectively at cotton flowering bud settingstage. T2 production increased by 3.4% significantly compared with CF. In addition, apparent recovery efficency ofnitrogen fertilizer, partial factor productivity of nitrogen fertilizer and agronomic use efficency of nitrogen fertilizerof T2 cotton were both the highest, which were 28.6%, 13.6 kg/kg and 5.6 kg/kg, respectively. At the same time, theoutput-input ratio of T2 was the highest(3.7), and the net income was also the greastest(13 925.5 yuan/hm2).
High nitrogen application rate and low utilization efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer are prominent problemsin the process of cotton production. Using no nitrogen fertilizer use(CK, no nitrogen fertilizer use) and local customfertilization(CF, use N 270 kg/hm~2, common compound fertilizer) as the control. A field plot design was used to studythe effecs of 3 fertilizer applications: reduced nitrogen by 20%, bio-organic complex fertilizer(T1), controlled-releasemixed fertilizer(T2), and organic-inorganic mixed fertilizer(T3) on the growth, yield and nitrogen use efficiency oftransplanted cotton. The net photosynthetic rate(P_n) of the newly fully developed cotton leaf of T2 was higher thanthat of the other treatments in the whole growth period, and it was significantly higher than CF at the flowering and bollsetting stage. The dry matter weight of T1 was significantly higher than that of the other treatments at cotton bud stage;At flowering and boll setting stage, the stem dry matter weight of T2 was significantly higher than that of the CK, T1 and T3, the nitrogen accumulation of T2 was the highest, which were 27.0%, 19.7% and 36.5% higher than that of CF,T1 and T3, respectively. The proportion of nitrogen in reproductive organs(bud and bell) of T2 was also the highest,which were 46.1%, 13.6%, and 35.3% higher than that of CF, T1 and T3, respectively at cotton flowering bud settingstage. T2 production increased by 3.4% significantly compared with CF. In addition, apparent recovery efficency ofnitrogen fertilizer, partial factor productivity of nitrogen fertilizer and agronomic use efficency of nitrogen fertilizerof T2 cotton were both the highest, which were 28.6%, 13.6 kg/kg and 5.6 kg/kg, respectively. At the same time, theoutput-input ratio of T2 was the highest(3.7), and the net income was also the greastest(13 925.5 yuan/hm2).
引文
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[16]李秀珍,朱宏民,彭华升,等.安徽东至县棉花缓控释肥高效施肥技术比较.棉花科学,2015,37(2):61-64.
[17]Dai J,Li W,Tang W,et al. Manipulation of dry matter accumulationand partitioning with plant density in relation to yield stability ofcotton under intensive management. Field Crops Research,2015,180:207-215.
[18]Zhang D,Li W,Xin C,et al. Lint yield and nitrogen use efficiencyof field-grown cotton vary with soil salinity and nitrogen applicationrate. Field Crops Research,2012,138(3):63-70.
[19]南建福,刘恩科,王计平,等.苗期干旱和施肥对棉花生长发育的影响.棉花学报,2005,17(6):339-342.
[20]李学刚,宋宪亮,孙学振,等.控释氮肥对棉花叶片光合特性及产量的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16(3):656-662.
[21]易妍睿,刘光文,胡启明,等.棉花追施包硫尿素试验初探.湖北农业科学,2006,45(1):49-51.
[22]Singh R P,Prasad P V V,Sunita K,et al. Influence of hightemperature and breeding for heat tolerance in cotton:a review.Advance in Agronomy,2007,93:315-385.
[23]李成亮,黄波,孙强生,等.控释肥用量对棉花生长特性和土壤肥力的影响.土壤学报,2014,51(2):296-305.
[2]胡德玉,成云峰,文汉标,等.江汉平原棉区棉花生产中存在的问题与对策.江西棉花,2007,29(2):6-8.
[3]湖北统计局.湖北省统计年鉴. http://www.stats-hb.gov.cn,2010-2016.
[4]余常兵,廖星.湖北省作物专用复混肥料农艺配方.北京:中国农业出版社,2014.
[5]段小丽,张富林,张继铭,等.江汉平原棉田地表径流氮磷养分流失规律.水土保持学报,2012,26(2):49-53.
[6]张敏敏,刘冬碧,吴茂前,等.江汉平原棉花合理施氮量研究.湖北农业科学,2016,55(24):6402-6405.
[7]薛晓萍,郭文琦,周治国.氮素对棉花氮素利用率和产量的影响.中国农学通报,2008,24(10):462-466.
[8]邹芳刚,郭文琦,王友华,等.施氮量对长江流域滨海盐土棉花氮素吸收利用的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(5):1150-1158.
[9]田绍仁.高产棉花群体构成及氮素调控研究.南京:南京农业大学,2012.
[10]张允昔,陈宜,崔爱花,等.不同施氮量对棉花产量和氮肥利用率的影响.江西农业大学学报,2014,36(6):1202-1206.
[11]田晓飞.控释氮肥、钾肥及生物炭对棉花生长和土壤养分状况的影响.济南:山东农业大学,2017.
[12]李伶俐,马宗斌,林同保,等.控释氮肥对棉花的增产效应研究.中国生态农业学报,2007,15(3):45-47.
[13]胡伟,张炎,胡国智,等.控释氮肥对棉花植株N素吸收、土壤硝态氮累积及产量的影响.棉花学报,2011,23(3):253-258.
[14]卢艳丽.糯玉米氮磷钾养分吸收利用效率的基因型差异.扬州:扬州大学,2006.
[15]黄丽娜,刘俊松.我国缓/控释肥发展现状及产业化存在的问题.资源开发与市场,2009,25(6):527-530.
[16]李秀珍,朱宏民,彭华升,等.安徽东至县棉花缓控释肥高效施肥技术比较.棉花科学,2015,37(2):61-64.
[17]Dai J,Li W,Tang W,et al. Manipulation of dry matter accumulationand partitioning with plant density in relation to yield stability ofcotton under intensive management. Field Crops Research,2015,180:207-215.
[18]Zhang D,Li W,Xin C,et al. Lint yield and nitrogen use efficiencyof field-grown cotton vary with soil salinity and nitrogen applicationrate. Field Crops Research,2012,138(3):63-70.
[19]南建福,刘恩科,王计平,等.苗期干旱和施肥对棉花生长发育的影响.棉花学报,2005,17(6):339-342.
[20]李学刚,宋宪亮,孙学振,等.控释氮肥对棉花叶片光合特性及产量的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16(3):656-662.
[21]易妍睿,刘光文,胡启明,等.棉花追施包硫尿素试验初探.湖北农业科学,2006,45(1):49-51.
[22]Singh R P,Prasad P V V,Sunita K,et al. Influence of hightemperature and breeding for heat tolerance in cotton:a review.Advance in Agronomy,2007,93:315-385.
[23]李成亮,黄波,孙强生,等.控释肥用量对棉花生长特性和土壤肥力的影响.土壤学报,2014,51(2):296-305.