拔节期追氮对鲜食糯玉米产量和花后养分积累转运的影响
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摘要
以苏玉糯5号和渝糯7号为材料,2013～2016年于扬州大学实验农场研究拔节期追氮量(0、150、300 kg/hm2)对鲜食糯玉米产量(鲜果穗和鲜子粒)、干物质和氮素积累和转运的影响。结果表明,鲜食糯玉米子粒产量和果穗产量均随追氮量的增加呈先升后降趋势,在追氮150 kg/hm2时产量最高。干物质和氮素积累量随着追氮量的增加表现趋势与产量一致。氮素利用率以子粒作为收获产品时随追氮量增加逐渐降低,以果穗作为收获产品时,在150和300 kg/hm2时无显著差异,低于不追氮处理。在鲜食糯玉米生产中,拔节期适量追氮150 kg/hm2可有效增加鲜食糯玉米产量、后期干物质和氮素积累量以及氮素利用效率,提高产量的同时降低环境风险。
The effects of N rates(0, 150 and 300 kg/ha) of topdressing at jointing stage on the fresh waxy maize yield(ear and grain) as well as the accumulation and translocation of dry matter and N post-flowering were studiedusing the control varieties in south China(Suyunuo 5 and Yunuo 7) as materials at Yangzhou experimental farm, Ji-angsu, China in 2013-2016. The fresh waxy maize ear and grain yield rose first and fall later and peaked at 150 Nkg/ha. The change tends of dry matter and N accumulation under different N rates was similar to yield. The N use ef-ficiency gradually reduced with the increase of N rates when the harvest product was grain, while the value was simi-lar between N rates 150 kg/ha and 300 kg/ha and lower at N0 when the harvest product was ear. So, in fresh waxymaize production, the appropriate N topdressing at jointing stage was about 150 kg/ha, which increased the yield offresh waxy maize(ear or grain) as well as the dry matter and N accumulation post-flowering, ultimately increased the yield and reduced environmental risks.
The effects of N rates(0, 150 and 300 kg/ha) of topdressing at jointing stage on the fresh waxy maize yield(ear and grain) as well as the accumulation and translocation of dry matter and N post-flowering were studiedusing the control varieties in south China(Suyunuo 5 and Yunuo 7) as materials at Yangzhou experimental farm, Ji-angsu, China in 2013-2016. The fresh waxy maize ear and grain yield rose first and fall later and peaked at 150 Nkg/ha. The change tends of dry matter and N accumulation under different N rates was similar to yield. The N use ef-ficiency gradually reduced with the increase of N rates when the harvest product was grain, while the value was simi-lar between N rates 150 kg/ha and 300 kg/ha and lower at N0 when the harvest product was ear. So, in fresh waxymaize production, the appropriate N topdressing at jointing stage was about 150 kg/ha, which increased the yield offresh waxy maize(ear or grain) as well as the dry matter and N accumulation post-flowering, ultimately increased the yield and reduced environmental risks.
引文
[1] Ciampitti I A, Vyn T J. Physiological perspectives of changes overtime in maize yield dependency on nitrogen uptake and associatednitrogen efficiencies:A review[J]. Field Crop Research, 2012, 133:48-67.
[2] Meng Q F, Yue S C, Hou P, et al. Improving yield and nitrogen useefficiency simultaneously for maize and wheat in China:A Review[J]. Pedosphere, 2016, 26:137-147.
[3] Hou P, Gao Q, Xie R Z, et al. Grain yields in relation to N require-ment:Optimizing nitrogen management for spring maize grown inChina[J]. Field Crop Research, 2012, 129:1-6.
[4] Chen X P, Cui Z L, Vitousek P M, et al. Integrated soil-crop systemmanagement for food security[J]. Proceedings of the National Acade-my of Sciences, 2011, 108:6399-6404.
[5] Sinclari T R, Rufty T W. Nitrogen and water resources commonlylimit crop yield increases, not necessarily plant genetics[J]. GlobFood Security, 2012, 1:94-98.
[6] Yan P, Yue S, Qiu M, et al. Using maize hybrids and in-season nitro-gen management to improve grain yield and grain nitrogen concentra-tions[J]. Field Crops Research, 2014, 166:38-45.
[7] Cui Z, Zhang F, Mi G, et al. Interaction between genotypic differ-ence and nitrogen management strategy in determining nitrogen useefficiency of summer maize[J]. Plant Soil, 2009, 317, 267-276.
[8] LüP, Zhang J, Jin L, et al. Effects of nitrogen application stage ongrain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of high-yield summer maize[J]. Plant Soil Environment, 2012, 58:211-216
[9] Vitousek P M, Naylor R, Crews T, et al. Nutrient imbalances in agri-cultural development[J]. Science, 2009, 324:1519-1520.
[10] Tilman D, Cassman K G, Matson P A, et al. Agricultural sustain-ability and intensive production practices[J]. Nature, 2002, 418:671-677.
[11]王宜伦,李潮海,谭金芳,等.氮肥后移对超高产夏玉米产量及氮素吸收和利用的影响[J].作物学报,2011,37(2):39-347.Wang Y L, Li C H, Tan J F, et al. Effect of postponing N applica-tion on yield, nitrogen absorption and utilization in super-high-yield summer maize[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2011, 37(2):339-347.(in Chinese)
[12]陆大雷,孙旭利,王鑫,等.基肥配比和拔节期追氮对鲜食糯玉米子粒物性的影响[J].作物学报,2013,39(3):557-562.Lu D L, Sun X L, Wang X, et al. Effects of basic fertilizer and nitro-gen topdressing treatments at jointing stage on grain textural char-acteristics of fresh waxy maize[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2013,39(3):557-562.(in Chinese)
[13]陆大雷,郭换粉,董策,等.拔节期追氮对鲜食糯玉米粉糊化和热力学特性的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2011,17(1):48-54.Lu D L, Guo H F, Dong C, et al. Effects of nitrogen topdressing atjointing stage on pasting and thermal properties of fresh waxymaize flour[J]. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2011, 17(1):48–54.(in Chinese)
[14]田志刚,刘志增,田俊芹,等.氮肥追施量和比例对夏玉米产量的影响[J].玉米科学,2007(3):122-126.Tian Z G, Liu Z Z, Tian J Q, et al. Effect of N fertilizer rate appliedand its ratio on yield of summer maize[J]. Journal of Maize Sciences2007(3):122-126.(in Chinese)
[15]王西娜,王朝辉,李生秀.施氮量对夏季玉米产量及土壤水氮动态的影响[J].生态学报,2007(1):197-204.Wang X N, Wang Z H, Li S X. The effect of nitrogen fertilizer rateon summer maize yield and soil water-nitrogen dynamics[J]. ActaEcologica Sinica, 2007(1):197-204.(in Chinese)
[16]隽英华,汪仁,孙文涛,等.春玉米产量、氮素利用及矿质氮平衡对施氮的响应[J].土壤学报,2012,49(3):544-551.Jun Y H, Wang R, Sun W T, et al. Response of spring maize to ni-trogen application in grain yield, nitrogen utilization and mineral ni-trogen balance[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica 2012.(in Chinese)
[17]赵洪祥,边少锋,孙宁,等.氮肥运筹对玉米氮素动态变化和氮肥利用的影响[J].玉米科学,2012,20(3):122-129.Zhao H X, Bian S F, Sun N, et al. Effects of nitrogen application onnitrogen dynamic changes and nitrogen use efficiency in maize[J].Journal of Maize Sciences 2012, 20(3):122-129.(in Chinese)
[18]吕丽华,赵明,赵久然,等.不同施氮量下夏玉米冠层结构及光合特性的变化[J].中国农业科学,2008(9):2624-2632.Li L H, Zhao M, Zhao J R, et al. Canopy structure and photosynthe-sis of summer maize under different nitrogen fertilizer applicationrates[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2008(9):2624-2632.(in Chi-nese)
[19]赵营,同延安,赵护兵.不同施氮量对夏玉米产量、氮肥利用率及氮平衡的影响[J].土壤肥料,2006(2):30-33.Zhao Y, Tong Y A, Zhao H B. Effect of different N rates on yield ofsummer maize, fertilizer N recovery and N balance[J]. Soil&Fertil-izer Sciences in China, 2006(2):30-33.(in Chinese)
[20]刘永花,郝建平,杜天庆,等.施氮水平和追氮时间对玉米子粒产量的影响[J].山西农业大学学报(自然科学版),2012,32(6):498-501.Liu Y H, Hao J P, Du T Q, et al. Effect of nitrogen application lev-els and top application time on grain yield of maize[J]. Journal ofShanxi Agricultural University, 2012, 32(6):498-501.(in Chinese)
[21] Ciampitti I A, Vyn T J. A comprehensive study of plant density con-sequences on nitrogen uptake dynamics of maize plants from vege-tative to reproductive stages[J]. Field Crops Research, 2011, 121:2-18.
[22] Guo J, Wang Y, Blaylock A D, et al. Mixture of controlled releaseand normal urea to optimize nitrogen management for high-yielding(>15 mg/ha)maize[J]. Field Crops Research, 2017, 204:23-30.
[23]吕鹏,张吉旺,刘伟,等.施氮量对超高产夏玉米产量及氮素吸收利用的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2011,17(4):852-860.LüP, Zhang J W, Liu W, et al. Effects of nitrogen application onyield and nitrogen use efficiency of summer maize under super-high yield conditions[J]. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2011, 17(4):852-860.(in Chinese)
[24] Plénet D, Lemaire G. Relationships between dynamics of nitrogenuptake and dry matter accumulation in maize crops. Determinationof critical N concentration[J]. Plant Soil, 2000, 216:65-82.
[25] Massignam A M, Chapman S C, Hammer G L, et al. Physiologicaldeterminants of maize and sunflower grain yield as affected by ni-trogen supply[J]. Field Crops Research, 2009, 113:256-267.
[26] Mi G, Liu J, Chen F, et al. Nitrogen uptake and remobilization inmaize hybrids differing in leaf senescence[J]. J Plant Nutrition,2003, 26:237-247.
[27] Dordas C. Variation in dry matter and nitrogen accumulation andremobilization in barley as affected by fertilization, cultivar, andsource–sink relations[J]. European Journal of Agronomy, 2012,37:31-42.
[28] Ercoli L, Lulli L, Mariotti M, et al. Post-anthesis dry matter and ni-trogen dynamics in durum wheat as affected by nitrogen supply andsoil water availability[J]. European Journal of Agronomy, 2008, 28:138-147.
[29]陈晓璐,李耕,刘鹏,等. 6-苄氨基嘌呤(6-BA)对不同氮素水平下玉米叶片衰老过程中光系统II性能的调控效应[J].作物学报,2013,39(6):1111-1118.Chen X L, Li G, Liu P, et al. Effects of exogenous hormone 6 ben-zyl adenine(6-BA)on photosystem II performance of maize duringprocess of leaf senescence under different nitrogen fertilization lev-els[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2013, 39(6):1111-1118.(in Chi-nese)
[30]王祥宇,魏珊珊,董树亭,等.氮素对灌浆期夏玉米叶片蛋白质表达的调控[J].中国农业科学,2015,48(9):1727-1736.Wang X Y, Wei S S, Dong S T, et al. Regulation of nitrogen on pro-tein expression of summer maize(Zea mays L.)leaves at filling stage[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2015, 48(9):1727-1736.(in Chi-nese)
[31]刘艳,汪仁,华利民,等.施氮量对玉米生育后期叶片衰老与保护酶系统的影响[J].玉米科学,2012,20(2):124-127.Liu Y, Wang R, Hua L M, et al. Effect of N application rates on leafsenescence and protective enzyme system at later stage of maize[J].Journal of Maize Sciences, 2012, 20(2):124-127.(in Chinese)
[32]何萍,金继运,林葆.氮肥用量对春玉米叶片衰老的影响及其机理研究[J].中国农业科学,1998,31(3):1-4.He P, Jin J Y, Lin B. Effect of N application rates on leaf senes-cence and its mechanism in spring maize[J]. Scientia AgriculturaSinica, 1998, 31(3):1-4.(in Chinese)
[33]张经廷,刘云鹏,李旭辉,等.夏玉米各器官氮素积累与分配动态及其对氮肥的响应[J].作物学报,2013,39(3):506-514.Zhang J T, Liu Y P, Li X H, et al. Dynamic responses of nitrogenaccumulation and remobilization in summer maize organs to nitro-gen fertilizer[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2013, 39(3):506-514.(in Chinese)
[2] Meng Q F, Yue S C, Hou P, et al. Improving yield and nitrogen useefficiency simultaneously for maize and wheat in China:A Review[J]. Pedosphere, 2016, 26:137-147.
[3] Hou P, Gao Q, Xie R Z, et al. Grain yields in relation to N require-ment:Optimizing nitrogen management for spring maize grown inChina[J]. Field Crop Research, 2012, 129:1-6.
[4] Chen X P, Cui Z L, Vitousek P M, et al. Integrated soil-crop systemmanagement for food security[J]. Proceedings of the National Acade-my of Sciences, 2011, 108:6399-6404.
[5] Sinclari T R, Rufty T W. Nitrogen and water resources commonlylimit crop yield increases, not necessarily plant genetics[J]. GlobFood Security, 2012, 1:94-98.
[6] Yan P, Yue S, Qiu M, et al. Using maize hybrids and in-season nitro-gen management to improve grain yield and grain nitrogen concentra-tions[J]. Field Crops Research, 2014, 166:38-45.
[7] Cui Z, Zhang F, Mi G, et al. Interaction between genotypic differ-ence and nitrogen management strategy in determining nitrogen useefficiency of summer maize[J]. Plant Soil, 2009, 317, 267-276.
[8] LüP, Zhang J, Jin L, et al. Effects of nitrogen application stage ongrain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of high-yield summer maize[J]. Plant Soil Environment, 2012, 58:211-216
[9] Vitousek P M, Naylor R, Crews T, et al. Nutrient imbalances in agri-cultural development[J]. Science, 2009, 324:1519-1520.
[10] Tilman D, Cassman K G, Matson P A, et al. Agricultural sustain-ability and intensive production practices[J]. Nature, 2002, 418:671-677.
[11]王宜伦,李潮海,谭金芳,等.氮肥后移对超高产夏玉米产量及氮素吸收和利用的影响[J].作物学报,2011,37(2):39-347.Wang Y L, Li C H, Tan J F, et al. Effect of postponing N applica-tion on yield, nitrogen absorption and utilization in super-high-yield summer maize[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2011, 37(2):339-347.(in Chinese)
[12]陆大雷,孙旭利,王鑫,等.基肥配比和拔节期追氮对鲜食糯玉米子粒物性的影响[J].作物学报,2013,39(3):557-562.Lu D L, Sun X L, Wang X, et al. Effects of basic fertilizer and nitro-gen topdressing treatments at jointing stage on grain textural char-acteristics of fresh waxy maize[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2013,39(3):557-562.(in Chinese)
[13]陆大雷,郭换粉,董策,等.拔节期追氮对鲜食糯玉米粉糊化和热力学特性的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2011,17(1):48-54.Lu D L, Guo H F, Dong C, et al. Effects of nitrogen topdressing atjointing stage on pasting and thermal properties of fresh waxymaize flour[J]. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2011, 17(1):48–54.(in Chinese)
[14]田志刚,刘志增,田俊芹,等.氮肥追施量和比例对夏玉米产量的影响[J].玉米科学,2007(3):122-126.Tian Z G, Liu Z Z, Tian J Q, et al. Effect of N fertilizer rate appliedand its ratio on yield of summer maize[J]. Journal of Maize Sciences2007(3):122-126.(in Chinese)
[15]王西娜,王朝辉,李生秀.施氮量对夏季玉米产量及土壤水氮动态的影响[J].生态学报,2007(1):197-204.Wang X N, Wang Z H, Li S X. The effect of nitrogen fertilizer rateon summer maize yield and soil water-nitrogen dynamics[J]. ActaEcologica Sinica, 2007(1):197-204.(in Chinese)
[16]隽英华,汪仁,孙文涛,等.春玉米产量、氮素利用及矿质氮平衡对施氮的响应[J].土壤学报,2012,49(3):544-551.Jun Y H, Wang R, Sun W T, et al. Response of spring maize to ni-trogen application in grain yield, nitrogen utilization and mineral ni-trogen balance[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica 2012.(in Chinese)
[17]赵洪祥,边少锋,孙宁,等.氮肥运筹对玉米氮素动态变化和氮肥利用的影响[J].玉米科学,2012,20(3):122-129.Zhao H X, Bian S F, Sun N, et al. Effects of nitrogen application onnitrogen dynamic changes and nitrogen use efficiency in maize[J].Journal of Maize Sciences 2012, 20(3):122-129.(in Chinese)
[18]吕丽华,赵明,赵久然,等.不同施氮量下夏玉米冠层结构及光合特性的变化[J].中国农业科学,2008(9):2624-2632.Li L H, Zhao M, Zhao J R, et al. Canopy structure and photosynthe-sis of summer maize under different nitrogen fertilizer applicationrates[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2008(9):2624-2632.(in Chi-nese)
[19]赵营,同延安,赵护兵.不同施氮量对夏玉米产量、氮肥利用率及氮平衡的影响[J].土壤肥料,2006(2):30-33.Zhao Y, Tong Y A, Zhao H B. Effect of different N rates on yield ofsummer maize, fertilizer N recovery and N balance[J]. Soil&Fertil-izer Sciences in China, 2006(2):30-33.(in Chinese)
[20]刘永花,郝建平,杜天庆,等.施氮水平和追氮时间对玉米子粒产量的影响[J].山西农业大学学报(自然科学版),2012,32(6):498-501.Liu Y H, Hao J P, Du T Q, et al. Effect of nitrogen application lev-els and top application time on grain yield of maize[J]. Journal ofShanxi Agricultural University, 2012, 32(6):498-501.(in Chinese)
[21] Ciampitti I A, Vyn T J. A comprehensive study of plant density con-sequences on nitrogen uptake dynamics of maize plants from vege-tative to reproductive stages[J]. Field Crops Research, 2011, 121:2-18.
[22] Guo J, Wang Y, Blaylock A D, et al. Mixture of controlled releaseand normal urea to optimize nitrogen management for high-yielding(>15 mg/ha)maize[J]. Field Crops Research, 2017, 204:23-30.
[23]吕鹏,张吉旺,刘伟,等.施氮量对超高产夏玉米产量及氮素吸收利用的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2011,17(4):852-860.LüP, Zhang J W, Liu W, et al. Effects of nitrogen application onyield and nitrogen use efficiency of summer maize under super-high yield conditions[J]. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2011, 17(4):852-860.(in Chinese)
[24] Plénet D, Lemaire G. Relationships between dynamics of nitrogenuptake and dry matter accumulation in maize crops. Determinationof critical N concentration[J]. Plant Soil, 2000, 216:65-82.
[25] Massignam A M, Chapman S C, Hammer G L, et al. Physiologicaldeterminants of maize and sunflower grain yield as affected by ni-trogen supply[J]. Field Crops Research, 2009, 113:256-267.
[26] Mi G, Liu J, Chen F, et al. Nitrogen uptake and remobilization inmaize hybrids differing in leaf senescence[J]. J Plant Nutrition,2003, 26:237-247.
[27] Dordas C. Variation in dry matter and nitrogen accumulation andremobilization in barley as affected by fertilization, cultivar, andsource–sink relations[J]. European Journal of Agronomy, 2012,37:31-42.
[28] Ercoli L, Lulli L, Mariotti M, et al. Post-anthesis dry matter and ni-trogen dynamics in durum wheat as affected by nitrogen supply andsoil water availability[J]. European Journal of Agronomy, 2008, 28:138-147.
[29]陈晓璐,李耕,刘鹏,等. 6-苄氨基嘌呤(6-BA)对不同氮素水平下玉米叶片衰老过程中光系统II性能的调控效应[J].作物学报,2013,39(6):1111-1118.Chen X L, Li G, Liu P, et al. Effects of exogenous hormone 6 ben-zyl adenine(6-BA)on photosystem II performance of maize duringprocess of leaf senescence under different nitrogen fertilization lev-els[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2013, 39(6):1111-1118.(in Chi-nese)
[30]王祥宇,魏珊珊,董树亭,等.氮素对灌浆期夏玉米叶片蛋白质表达的调控[J].中国农业科学,2015,48(9):1727-1736.Wang X Y, Wei S S, Dong S T, et al. Regulation of nitrogen on pro-tein expression of summer maize(Zea mays L.)leaves at filling stage[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2015, 48(9):1727-1736.(in Chi-nese)
[31]刘艳,汪仁,华利民,等.施氮量对玉米生育后期叶片衰老与保护酶系统的影响[J].玉米科学,2012,20(2):124-127.Liu Y, Wang R, Hua L M, et al. Effect of N application rates on leafsenescence and protective enzyme system at later stage of maize[J].Journal of Maize Sciences, 2012, 20(2):124-127.(in Chinese)
[32]何萍,金继运,林葆.氮肥用量对春玉米叶片衰老的影响及其机理研究[J].中国农业科学,1998,31(3):1-4.He P, Jin J Y, Lin B. Effect of N application rates on leaf senes-cence and its mechanism in spring maize[J]. Scientia AgriculturaSinica, 1998, 31(3):1-4.(in Chinese)
[33]张经廷,刘云鹏,李旭辉,等.夏玉米各器官氮素积累与分配动态及其对氮肥的响应[J].作物学报,2013,39(3):506-514.Zhang J T, Liu Y P, Li X H, et al. Dynamic responses of nitrogenaccumulation and remobilization in summer maize organs to nitro-gen fertilizer[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2013, 39(3):506-514.(in Chinese)