校园欺凌中旁观者行为的作用机制
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摘要
校园欺凌是一种常见的现象,其中旁观者行为会影响欺凌的进程。当旁观者倾向于保护受害者时,欺凌行为就会相应地减少;而当旁观者袖手旁观或对欺凌行为推波助澜时,欺凌行为的强度就会增加,时间就会延长。因此,旁观者的干预在减少和降低校园欺凌事件中具有非常重要的作用。基于对国内外相关校园欺凌中旁观者行为的研究成果,本文介绍了旁观者行为的分类、影响旁观者行为的因素及心理机制,并提出了未来研究的发展方向,旨在更好地理解旁观者行为并为减少校园欺凌提供一些有价值的信息。
School Bullying is a common phenomenon in which bystander behavior will affect the process. When bystanders tend to protect the victim,bullying would be reduced. When bystanders stand by or encourage bullying,the intensity of bullying would increase and the time would increase. Therefore,bystanders play an important role in reducing school bullying. Based on the domestic and foreign related researches of bystander in bullying behavior,this paper introduces the classification,the influencing factors and the psychological mechanism of bystander behavior and provides the development direction of future research for understanding the bystander behavior and reduce school bullying better.
School Bullying is a common phenomenon in which bystander behavior will affect the process. When bystanders tend to protect the victim,bullying would be reduced. When bystanders stand by or encourage bullying,the intensity of bullying would increase and the time would increase. Therefore,bystanders play an important role in reducing school bullying. Based on the domestic and foreign related researches of bystander in bullying behavior,this paper introduces the classification,the influencing factors and the psychological mechanism of bystander behavior and provides the development direction of future research for understanding the bystander behavior and reduce school bullying better.
引文
高玲,张舒颉(2017).基于情境的青少年道德推脱发展特点研究.教育理论与实践,37(19),42-45.
任萍,张云运,周艳云(2018).校园欺负中的积极参与角色:保护者.心理科学进展,26(1),98-106.
宋雁慧(2014).关于校园暴力旁观者的研究综述.中国青年研究,(3),94-98.
吴妮(2009).旁观者群体对欺负行为影响的研究综述.中国校外教育:理论,(1),33.
王兴超,杨继平(2013).道德推脱与大学生亲社会行为:道德认同的调节效应.心理科学,36(4),904-909.
殷融(2018).旁观者对集体行动的支持:目标合理性、行动策略及目标实现预期的作用.心理学报,50(5),558-571.
赵红霞,孙昭(2015).初中生欺负参与者角色与同伴地位学业成绩的关系.中国学校卫生,36(9),1405-1407.
Bandura,A.(1999).Moral disengagement in the perpetration of inhumanities.Personality and Social Psychology Review,3(3),193-209.
Bandura,A.(2001).Social cognitive theory:An agentic perspective.Annual Review of Psychology,52,1-26.
Brendgen,M.,&Poulin,F.(2017).Continued bullying victimization from childhood to young adulthood:A longitudinal study of mediating and protective factors.Journal of Abnormal Child Psycholog y,46(2),1-13.
Cappadocia,M.C.,Pepler,D.,Cummings,J.G.,&Craig,W.(2012).Individual motivations and characteristics associated with bystander intervention during bullying episodes among children and youth.Canadian Journal of School Psychology,27(3),201-216.
Caravita,S.C.,Gini,G.,&Pozzoli,T.(2012).Main and moderated effects of moral cognition and status on bullying and defending.Aggressive Behavior,38(6),456-468.
Chen,L.M.,Chang,L.Y.C.,&Cheng,Y.Y.(2016).Choosing to be a defender or an outsider in a school bullying incident:Determining factors and the defending process.School Psychology International,37(3),289-302.
Copeland,W.E.,Wolke,D.,Angold,A.,&Costello,E.J.(2013).Adult psychiatric outcomes of bullying and being bullied by peers in childhood and adolescence.JAMA Psychiatry,70(4),419-426.
Datta,P.,Cornell,D.,&Huang,F.(2016).Aggressive attitudes and prevalence of bullying bystander behavior in middle school.Psychology in the Schools,53(8),804-816.
Edwards,K.M.,Sessarego,S.N.,Stanley,L.R.,Mitchell,K.J.,Eckstein,Kodenhizer,K.A.E.,...Banyard,V.L.(2017).Development and psychometrics of instruments to assess school personnels bystander action in situations of teen relationship abuse and sexual assault.Journal of Interpersonal Violence,33(20),3232-3253.
Fischer,P.,Krueger,J.I.,Greitemeyer,T.Vogrincic.C.,Kastenmüller,A.,Frey,D.,...Kainbacher,M.(2011).The bystander-effect:A meta-analytic review on bystander intervention in dangerous and non-dangerous emergencies.Psychological Bulletin,137(4),517-537.
Forsberg,C.,&Thornberg,R.(2016).The social ordering of belonging:Children's perspectives on bullying.International Journal of Educational Research,78,13-23.
Gini,G.,Albiero,P.,Benelli,B.,&Altoè,G.(2008).Determinants of adolescents'active defending and passive bystanding behavior in bullying.Journal of Adolescence,31(1),93-105.
Hellemans,C.,Cason,D.D.,&Casini,A.(2017).Helping behaviors from bystanders in response to workplace bullying.Functional Ecology,25(1),74-80.
Jenkins,L.N.,&Fredrick,S.S.(2017).Social capital and bystander behavior in bullying:Internalizing problems as a barrier to prosocial intervention.Journal Youth Adolescence,46(4),1-15.
Jenkins,L.N.,&Nickerson,A.B.(2017).Bullying participant roles and gender as predictors of bystander intervention.Aggressive Behavior,43(3),281-290.
Jungert,T.,Piroddi,B.,&Thornberg,R.(2016).Early adolescents'motivations to defend victims in school bullying and their perceptions of student-teacher relationships:A self-determination theory approach.Journal of Adolescence,53,75-90.
Kaufman,T.M.L.,Kretschmer,T.,Huitsing,G.,&Veenstra,R.(2018).Why does a universal anti-bullying program not help all children?Explaining persistent victimization during an intervention.Prevention Science,19(6),822-832.
Kretschmer,T.,Veenstra,R.,Branje,S.,Reijneveld,S.A.,Meeus,W.H.J.,Dekovi,M.,...Oldehinkel,A.J.(2018).How competent are adolescent bullying perpetrators and victims in mastering normative developmental tasks in early adulthood?Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,46(1),41-56.
Latané,B.,&Darley,J.M.(1968).Group inhibition of bystander intervention in emergencies.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,10(3),215-221.
Latané,B.,&Darley,J.M.(1970).The unresponsive bystander:Why doesn't he help?In the Unresponsive Bystander(pp.1-67).New York:Appleton-CenturyCrofts Press.
Ma,T.L.,&Chen,W.T.(2017).The benefits of being defended:Perceived bystander participant roles and victims'emotional and psychosocial adjustment.Journal of School Violence.16(4),1-38.
Mazzone,A.,Camodeca,M.,Salmivalli,C.(2018).Stability and change of outsider behavior in school bullying:The role of shame and guilt in a longitudinal perspective.Journal of Early Adolescence,38(2),164-177.
Nickerson,A.B.,Aloe,A.M.,Livingston,J.A.,&Feeley,T.H.(2014).Measurement of the bystander intervention model for bullying and sexual harassment.Journal of Adolescence,37(4),391-400.
Olweus,D.(1993).Bullying at school:What we know and what we can do.British Journal of Educational Studies,42(4),403-404.
Padgett,S.,&Notar,C.E.(2013).Bystanders are the key to stopping bullying.Universal Journal of Educational Research,1(2),33-41.
Peets K,P9yh9nen V,Juvonen J,&Salmivalli,C.(2015).Classroom norms of bullying alter the degree to which children defend in response to their affective empathy and power.Developmental Psychology,51(7),913-920.
Ploeg,R.V.D.,Kretschmer,T.,Salmivalli,C.,&Veenstra,R.(2017).Defending victims:What does it take to intervene in bullying and how is it rewarded by peers?Journal of School Psychology,65,1-10.
Pl9tner,M.,Over,H.,Carpenter,M.,&Tomasello,M.(2015).Young children show the bystander effect in helping situations.Psychological Science,26(4),499-506.
Polanin,J.R.,Espelage,D.L.,&Pigott,T.D.(2012).A meta-analysis of school-based bullying prevention programs effects on bystander intervention behavior.School Psychology Review,41(1),47-65.
Pouwels,J.L.,Salmivalli,C.,Saarento,S.,Yh,V.D.B.,Lansu,T.A.,&Cillessen,A.H.(2017).Predicting adolescents'bullying participation from developmental trajectories of social status and behavior.Child Development,89(4),1157-1176.
Pozzoli,T.,Ang,R.P.,&Gini,G.(2012).Bystanders'reactions to bullying:A cross-cultural analysis of personal
correlates among Italian and Singaporean students.Social Development,21(4),686-703.
Saarento,S.,Boulton,A.J.,&Salmivalli,C.(2015).Reducing bullying and victimization:Student-and-classroom level mechanisms of change.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,43(1),61-76.
Saarento,S.,&Salmivalli,C.(2015).The role of classroom peer ecology and bystanders'responses in bullying.Child Development Perspectives,9(4),201-205.
Salmivalli,C.(1999).Participant role approach to school bullying:Implications for interventions.Journal of Adolescence,22(4),453-459.
Salmivalli,C.(2014).Participant roles in bullying:How can peer bystanders be utilized in interventions?Theory into Practice,53(4),286-292.
Salmivalli,C.,Lagerspetz,K.,Bj9rkqvist,K.,sterman,K.,&Kaukiainen,A.(1996).Bullying as a group process:Participant roles and their relations to social status within the group.Aggressive Behavior,22(1),1-15.
Swift,L.E.,Hubbard,J.A.,Bookhout,M.K.,Grassetti,S.N.,Smith,M.A.,&Morrow,M.T.(2017).Teacher factors contributing to dosage of the KIVa antibullying program.Journal of School Psychology,65,102-115.
Tamm,A.,&Tulviste,T.(2015).The role of gender,values,and culture in adolescent bystanders'strategies.Journal of Interpersonal Violence,30(3),384-399.
Tardy,C.H.(1985).Social support measurement.American Journal of Community Psychology,13(2),187-202.
Ttofi,M.M.,&Farrington,D.P.(2011).Effectiveness of school-based programs to reduce bullying:A systematic and meta-analytic review.Journal of Experimental Criminology,7(1),27-56.
Twemlow,S.W.,Fonagy,P.,&Sacco,F.C.(2004).The role of the bystander in the social architecture of bullying and violence in schools and communities.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,1036(1),215-232.
Thornberg,R.,&Jungert,T.(2013).Bystander behavior in bullying situations:Basic moral sensitivity,moral disengagement and defender self-efficacy.Journal of Adolescence,36(3),475-483.
Thornberg,R.,Tenenbaum,L.,Varjas,K.,Meyers,J.,Jungert,T.,&Vanegas,G.(2012).Bystander motivation in bullying incidents:To intervene or not to intervene.Western Journal of Emergency Medicine,13(3),247-252.
Thornberg,R.,Wanstrom,L.,Hong,J.S.,&Espelage,D.L.(2017).Classroom relationship qualities and social-cognitive correlates of defending and passive bystanding in school bullying in Sweden:A multilevel analysis.Journal of School Psychology,63,49-62.
Wang,C.,Ryoo,J.H.,Swearer,S.M.,Turner,R.,&Goldberg,T.S.(2017).Longitudinal relationships between bullying and moral disengagement among adolescents.Journal of Youth Adolescence,46(6),1304-1317.
Wood,L.,Smith,J.,Varjas,K.,&Meyers,J.(2017).School personnel social support and nonsupport for bystanders of bullying:Exploring student perspectives.Journal of School Psychology,61,1-17.
Wójcik,M.,&Helka,A.M.(2018).Meeting the needs of young adolescents:ABBL anti-bullying program during middle school transition.Psychological Reports,121(5),831-856.
任萍,张云运,周艳云(2018).校园欺负中的积极参与角色:保护者.心理科学进展,26(1),98-106.
宋雁慧(2014).关于校园暴力旁观者的研究综述.中国青年研究,(3),94-98.
吴妮(2009).旁观者群体对欺负行为影响的研究综述.中国校外教育:理论,(1),33.
王兴超,杨继平(2013).道德推脱与大学生亲社会行为:道德认同的调节效应.心理科学,36(4),904-909.
殷融(2018).旁观者对集体行动的支持:目标合理性、行动策略及目标实现预期的作用.心理学报,50(5),558-571.
赵红霞,孙昭(2015).初中生欺负参与者角色与同伴地位学业成绩的关系.中国学校卫生,36(9),1405-1407.
Bandura,A.(1999).Moral disengagement in the perpetration of inhumanities.Personality and Social Psychology Review,3(3),193-209.
Bandura,A.(2001).Social cognitive theory:An agentic perspective.Annual Review of Psychology,52,1-26.
Brendgen,M.,&Poulin,F.(2017).Continued bullying victimization from childhood to young adulthood:A longitudinal study of mediating and protective factors.Journal of Abnormal Child Psycholog y,46(2),1-13.
Cappadocia,M.C.,Pepler,D.,Cummings,J.G.,&Craig,W.(2012).Individual motivations and characteristics associated with bystander intervention during bullying episodes among children and youth.Canadian Journal of School Psychology,27(3),201-216.
Caravita,S.C.,Gini,G.,&Pozzoli,T.(2012).Main and moderated effects of moral cognition and status on bullying and defending.Aggressive Behavior,38(6),456-468.
Chen,L.M.,Chang,L.Y.C.,&Cheng,Y.Y.(2016).Choosing to be a defender or an outsider in a school bullying incident:Determining factors and the defending process.School Psychology International,37(3),289-302.
Copeland,W.E.,Wolke,D.,Angold,A.,&Costello,E.J.(2013).Adult psychiatric outcomes of bullying and being bullied by peers in childhood and adolescence.JAMA Psychiatry,70(4),419-426.
Datta,P.,Cornell,D.,&Huang,F.(2016).Aggressive attitudes and prevalence of bullying bystander behavior in middle school.Psychology in the Schools,53(8),804-816.
Edwards,K.M.,Sessarego,S.N.,Stanley,L.R.,Mitchell,K.J.,Eckstein,Kodenhizer,K.A.E.,...Banyard,V.L.(2017).Development and psychometrics of instruments to assess school personnels bystander action in situations of teen relationship abuse and sexual assault.Journal of Interpersonal Violence,33(20),3232-3253.
Fischer,P.,Krueger,J.I.,Greitemeyer,T.Vogrincic.C.,Kastenmüller,A.,Frey,D.,...Kainbacher,M.(2011).The bystander-effect:A meta-analytic review on bystander intervention in dangerous and non-dangerous emergencies.Psychological Bulletin,137(4),517-537.
Forsberg,C.,&Thornberg,R.(2016).The social ordering of belonging:Children's perspectives on bullying.International Journal of Educational Research,78,13-23.
Gini,G.,Albiero,P.,Benelli,B.,&Altoè,G.(2008).Determinants of adolescents'active defending and passive bystanding behavior in bullying.Journal of Adolescence,31(1),93-105.
Hellemans,C.,Cason,D.D.,&Casini,A.(2017).Helping behaviors from bystanders in response to workplace bullying.Functional Ecology,25(1),74-80.
Jenkins,L.N.,&Fredrick,S.S.(2017).Social capital and bystander behavior in bullying:Internalizing problems as a barrier to prosocial intervention.Journal Youth Adolescence,46(4),1-15.
Jenkins,L.N.,&Nickerson,A.B.(2017).Bullying participant roles and gender as predictors of bystander intervention.Aggressive Behavior,43(3),281-290.
Jungert,T.,Piroddi,B.,&Thornberg,R.(2016).Early adolescents'motivations to defend victims in school bullying and their perceptions of student-teacher relationships:A self-determination theory approach.Journal of Adolescence,53,75-90.
Kaufman,T.M.L.,Kretschmer,T.,Huitsing,G.,&Veenstra,R.(2018).Why does a universal anti-bullying program not help all children?Explaining persistent victimization during an intervention.Prevention Science,19(6),822-832.
Kretschmer,T.,Veenstra,R.,Branje,S.,Reijneveld,S.A.,Meeus,W.H.J.,Dekovi,M.,...Oldehinkel,A.J.(2018).How competent are adolescent bullying perpetrators and victims in mastering normative developmental tasks in early adulthood?Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,46(1),41-56.
Latané,B.,&Darley,J.M.(1968).Group inhibition of bystander intervention in emergencies.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,10(3),215-221.
Latané,B.,&Darley,J.M.(1970).The unresponsive bystander:Why doesn't he help?In the Unresponsive Bystander(pp.1-67).New York:Appleton-CenturyCrofts Press.
Ma,T.L.,&Chen,W.T.(2017).The benefits of being defended:Perceived bystander participant roles and victims'emotional and psychosocial adjustment.Journal of School Violence.16(4),1-38.
Mazzone,A.,Camodeca,M.,Salmivalli,C.(2018).Stability and change of outsider behavior in school bullying:The role of shame and guilt in a longitudinal perspective.Journal of Early Adolescence,38(2),164-177.
Nickerson,A.B.,Aloe,A.M.,Livingston,J.A.,&Feeley,T.H.(2014).Measurement of the bystander intervention model for bullying and sexual harassment.Journal of Adolescence,37(4),391-400.
Olweus,D.(1993).Bullying at school:What we know and what we can do.British Journal of Educational Studies,42(4),403-404.
Padgett,S.,&Notar,C.E.(2013).Bystanders are the key to stopping bullying.Universal Journal of Educational Research,1(2),33-41.
Peets K,P9yh9nen V,Juvonen J,&Salmivalli,C.(2015).Classroom norms of bullying alter the degree to which children defend in response to their affective empathy and power.Developmental Psychology,51(7),913-920.
Ploeg,R.V.D.,Kretschmer,T.,Salmivalli,C.,&Veenstra,R.(2017).Defending victims:What does it take to intervene in bullying and how is it rewarded by peers?Journal of School Psychology,65,1-10.
Pl9tner,M.,Over,H.,Carpenter,M.,&Tomasello,M.(2015).Young children show the bystander effect in helping situations.Psychological Science,26(4),499-506.
Polanin,J.R.,Espelage,D.L.,&Pigott,T.D.(2012).A meta-analysis of school-based bullying prevention programs effects on bystander intervention behavior.School Psychology Review,41(1),47-65.
Pouwels,J.L.,Salmivalli,C.,Saarento,S.,Yh,V.D.B.,Lansu,T.A.,&Cillessen,A.H.(2017).Predicting adolescents'bullying participation from developmental trajectories of social status and behavior.Child Development,89(4),1157-1176.
Pozzoli,T.,Ang,R.P.,&Gini,G.(2012).Bystanders'reactions to bullying:A cross-cultural analysis of personal
correlates among Italian and Singaporean students.Social Development,21(4),686-703.
Saarento,S.,Boulton,A.J.,&Salmivalli,C.(2015).Reducing bullying and victimization:Student-and-classroom level mechanisms of change.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,43(1),61-76.
Saarento,S.,&Salmivalli,C.(2015).The role of classroom peer ecology and bystanders'responses in bullying.Child Development Perspectives,9(4),201-205.
Salmivalli,C.(1999).Participant role approach to school bullying:Implications for interventions.Journal of Adolescence,22(4),453-459.
Salmivalli,C.(2014).Participant roles in bullying:How can peer bystanders be utilized in interventions?Theory into Practice,53(4),286-292.
Salmivalli,C.,Lagerspetz,K.,Bj9rkqvist,K.,sterman,K.,&Kaukiainen,A.(1996).Bullying as a group process:Participant roles and their relations to social status within the group.Aggressive Behavior,22(1),1-15.
Swift,L.E.,Hubbard,J.A.,Bookhout,M.K.,Grassetti,S.N.,Smith,M.A.,&Morrow,M.T.(2017).Teacher factors contributing to dosage of the KIVa antibullying program.Journal of School Psychology,65,102-115.
Tamm,A.,&Tulviste,T.(2015).The role of gender,values,and culture in adolescent bystanders'strategies.Journal of Interpersonal Violence,30(3),384-399.
Tardy,C.H.(1985).Social support measurement.American Journal of Community Psychology,13(2),187-202.
Ttofi,M.M.,&Farrington,D.P.(2011).Effectiveness of school-based programs to reduce bullying:A systematic and meta-analytic review.Journal of Experimental Criminology,7(1),27-56.
Twemlow,S.W.,Fonagy,P.,&Sacco,F.C.(2004).The role of the bystander in the social architecture of bullying and violence in schools and communities.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,1036(1),215-232.
Thornberg,R.,&Jungert,T.(2013).Bystander behavior in bullying situations:Basic moral sensitivity,moral disengagement and defender self-efficacy.Journal of Adolescence,36(3),475-483.
Thornberg,R.,Tenenbaum,L.,Varjas,K.,Meyers,J.,Jungert,T.,&Vanegas,G.(2012).Bystander motivation in bullying incidents:To intervene or not to intervene.Western Journal of Emergency Medicine,13(3),247-252.
Thornberg,R.,Wanstrom,L.,Hong,J.S.,&Espelage,D.L.(2017).Classroom relationship qualities and social-cognitive correlates of defending and passive bystanding in school bullying in Sweden:A multilevel analysis.Journal of School Psychology,63,49-62.
Wang,C.,Ryoo,J.H.,Swearer,S.M.,Turner,R.,&Goldberg,T.S.(2017).Longitudinal relationships between bullying and moral disengagement among adolescents.Journal of Youth Adolescence,46(6),1304-1317.
Wood,L.,Smith,J.,Varjas,K.,&Meyers,J.(2017).School personnel social support and nonsupport for bystanders of bullying:Exploring student perspectives.Journal of School Psychology,61,1-17.
Wójcik,M.,&Helka,A.M.(2018).Meeting the needs of young adolescents:ABBL anti-bullying program during middle school transition.Psychological Reports,121(5),831-856.