主观幸福感对居民环境行为的影响研究
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摘要
在经济持续发展的大背景下,居民幸福感却表现出了非同步性的变化轨迹,大量文献对其可能的影响因素进行了探究。但是,幸福感逆向效应的研究常常被忽视。基于2010年中国综合社会调查数据,使用城市年意外日照时长作为工具变量,本文评估了幸福感对居民环境行为的影响,并初步检验了可能的影响机制。结果显示,主观幸福感对居民环境行为具有显著的影响作用,幸福感的提升能够增加居民参与环境行为的概率。由此带来的环境关心水平的提高被看作是幸福感影响居民环境行为的主要机制。此外,收入水平的增加还能促进居民私人领域和公共领域部分环境行为的发生。因此,以改善民生和提高居民幸福感为目的的经济转型,可以看作是解决经济发展与环境保护之间矛盾的重要途径。
Happiness,as being of the ultimate goal of economic development,a large body of literature has documented on the factors contributing to the people's life happiness. However,their related reverse effects has been much overlooked. To fill out this gap,this paper attempts to assess the effects of the residents' subjective happiness on their environmental behaviors by introducing the unexpected part of sunshine as an instrument variable,and at the same time carries out a preliminary investigation for the influential mechanism based on the China General Social Survey in 2010. The results show that the residents‘ subjective happiness displays a significant effect on their environmental behaviors in such a way that the enhancement of the residents' happiness can increase the likelihood for them to participate in the environmental activities. As a result,the sensitivity level of the residents‘ environmental concerns can be viewed as a primary mechanism for residents' happiness to contribute to their environment behaviors. In addition,the level of income increase enables to enhance the occurrences for residents to participate in both private and public environment behaviors. Therefore,the economic transformation aimed for improving people's livelihood and subjective happiness can be regarded as an important approach for solving the conflicts between economic development and environment protection.
Happiness,as being of the ultimate goal of economic development,a large body of literature has documented on the factors contributing to the people's life happiness. However,their related reverse effects has been much overlooked. To fill out this gap,this paper attempts to assess the effects of the residents' subjective happiness on their environmental behaviors by introducing the unexpected part of sunshine as an instrument variable,and at the same time carries out a preliminary investigation for the influential mechanism based on the China General Social Survey in 2010. The results show that the residents‘ subjective happiness displays a significant effect on their environmental behaviors in such a way that the enhancement of the residents' happiness can increase the likelihood for them to participate in the environmental activities. As a result,the sensitivity level of the residents‘ environmental concerns can be viewed as a primary mechanism for residents' happiness to contribute to their environment behaviors. In addition,the level of income increase enables to enhance the occurrences for residents to participate in both private and public environment behaviors. Therefore,the economic transformation aimed for improving people's livelihood and subjective happiness can be regarded as an important approach for solving the conflicts between economic development and environment protection.
引文
[1]张学志,才国伟.收入,价值观与居民幸福感——来自广东成人调查数据的经验证据[J].管理世界,2011(9):63-73.
[2]宋马林,王舒鸿.环境库兹涅茨曲线的中国“拐点”:基于分省数据的实证分析[J].管理世界,2011(10):168-169.
[3]Kahneman D,Krueger A B.Developments in the measurement of subjective well-being[J].The journal of economic perspectives,2006,20(1):3-24.
[4]Gilbert D.Stumbling on happiness[M].Vintage Canada,2009.
[5]Kenny C.Does growth cause happiness,or does happiness cause growth?[J].Kyklos,1999,52(1):3-25.
[6]Kaida N,Kaida K.Pro-environmental behavior correlates with present and future subjective well-being[J].Environment,Development and Sustainability,2016,18(1):111-127.
[7]孙岩,宋金波,宋丹荣.城市居民环境行为影响因素的实证研究[J].管理学报,2012,9(1):144-150.
[8]Vlek C,Steg L.Human Behavior and Environmental Sustainability:Problems,Driving
[9]Andrews F M,Withey S B.Social indicators of well-being:Americans'perceptions of life quality[M].Springer Science&Business Media,2012.
[10]Carter D M.Recognizing the role of positive emotions in fostering environmentally responsible behaviors[J].Ecopsychology,2011,3(1):65-69.
[11]王建明.资源节约意识对资源节约行为的影响——中国文化背景下一个交互效应和调节效应模型[J].管理世界,2013(8):77-90.
[12]Dunlap R,Jones R.Environmental concern:Conceptual and measurement issues.In Handbook of environmental sociology[M].London:Greenwood,2002.
[13]Tapia-Fonllem C,et al.Assessing sustainable behavior and its correlates:A measure of pro-ecological,frugal,altruistic and equitable actions[J].Sustainability,2013,5(2):711-723.
[14]Guven C.Reversing the question:Does happiness affect consumption and savings behavior?[J].Journal of Economic Psychology,2012,33(4):701-717.
[15]洪大用,范叶超,肖晨阳.检验环境关心量表的中国版(CNEP)——基于CGSS2010数据的再分析[J].社会学研究,2014(4):49-72.
[16]Guven C.Are happier people better citizens?[J].Kyklos,2011,64(2):178-192.
(1)2010年,经济学家伊斯特林在《美国国家科学院院刊》发表了《中国的生活满意度:1990-2010》报告,发现过去20年间中国居民的生活满意度呈现急剧下滑趋势,与同期经济的突飞猛进形成巨大反差。类似的,世界价值观调查(WVS)显示,1990-2005年中国居民的幸福感趋于下降,虽然在2005-2011年出现缓慢回升,但仍旧低于1990年水平。
(2)世界银行曾对此做过估计,由于污染造成的健康成本和生产力的损失大约相当于国内生产总值的1%~5%。
(3)现有文献中,环境行为又被称作“环保行为”、“亲环境行为”、“亲生态行为”、“生态责任行为”以及“负责任的环境行为”等,但都具有统一内涵。因此,上述名词可以通用。
(1)CGSS(2010)中设计了具体测量居民公共环保行为的问题,分别是:“您是否就环境问题签署过请愿书?”、“您是否给环保团体捐过钱?”、“您是否为某个环境问题参加过抗议或示威游行?”。但是,样本的信效度均没有通过有效性检验。因此,本文未采纳这三个题项。
(2)CGSS2010问卷中,居民的私人环保行为分为4个等级,分别表示“从不、有时、经常、总是”;公共环保行为则分为5个等级。为了消除评分标准不一致所带来的影响,本文进行了求总分和并划分等级的处理。
(1)本文所定义的年龄是受访者在接受调查的年份也就是2010年时的年龄。
(2)郑方辉等(2015)针对广东省近三十年的研究结果显示,工业产值每增加一个百分点,即可减少城市0.38小时的日照时间。
(1)本文提供的公式只适用于计算连续变量的边际效应。为了保证计算结果的统一性,在计算时可将虚拟解释变量视为连续变量。有关虚拟变量的边际效应计算可参照“William H.Greene《计量经济分析》(下册),离散选择模型”章节。
(1)Hadler(2011)研究指出,家庭收入与私人环保行为正相关,而与公共环保行为呈现负相关的关系。
(1)Binder(2016)等在对环境关心、志愿活动和主观幸福感之间的研究中指出,利己动机的环境关心对主观幸福感有显著的负向影响;而利他的环境关心则正向影响居民的幸福感。
[2]宋马林,王舒鸿.环境库兹涅茨曲线的中国“拐点”:基于分省数据的实证分析[J].管理世界,2011(10):168-169.
[3]Kahneman D,Krueger A B.Developments in the measurement of subjective well-being[J].The journal of economic perspectives,2006,20(1):3-24.
[4]Gilbert D.Stumbling on happiness[M].Vintage Canada,2009.
[5]Kenny C.Does growth cause happiness,or does happiness cause growth?[J].Kyklos,1999,52(1):3-25.
[6]Kaida N,Kaida K.Pro-environmental behavior correlates with present and future subjective well-being[J].Environment,Development and Sustainability,2016,18(1):111-127.
[7]孙岩,宋金波,宋丹荣.城市居民环境行为影响因素的实证研究[J].管理学报,2012,9(1):144-150.
[8]Vlek C,Steg L.Human Behavior and Environmental Sustainability:Problems,Driving
[9]Andrews F M,Withey S B.Social indicators of well-being:Americans'perceptions of life quality[M].Springer Science&Business Media,2012.
[10]Carter D M.Recognizing the role of positive emotions in fostering environmentally responsible behaviors[J].Ecopsychology,2011,3(1):65-69.
[11]王建明.资源节约意识对资源节约行为的影响——中国文化背景下一个交互效应和调节效应模型[J].管理世界,2013(8):77-90.
[12]Dunlap R,Jones R.Environmental concern:Conceptual and measurement issues.In Handbook of environmental sociology[M].London:Greenwood,2002.
[13]Tapia-Fonllem C,et al.Assessing sustainable behavior and its correlates:A measure of pro-ecological,frugal,altruistic and equitable actions[J].Sustainability,2013,5(2):711-723.
[14]Guven C.Reversing the question:Does happiness affect consumption and savings behavior?[J].Journal of Economic Psychology,2012,33(4):701-717.
[15]洪大用,范叶超,肖晨阳.检验环境关心量表的中国版(CNEP)——基于CGSS2010数据的再分析[J].社会学研究,2014(4):49-72.
[16]Guven C.Are happier people better citizens?[J].Kyklos,2011,64(2):178-192.
(1)2010年,经济学家伊斯特林在《美国国家科学院院刊》发表了《中国的生活满意度:1990-2010》报告,发现过去20年间中国居民的生活满意度呈现急剧下滑趋势,与同期经济的突飞猛进形成巨大反差。类似的,世界价值观调查(WVS)显示,1990-2005年中国居民的幸福感趋于下降,虽然在2005-2011年出现缓慢回升,但仍旧低于1990年水平。
(2)世界银行曾对此做过估计,由于污染造成的健康成本和生产力的损失大约相当于国内生产总值的1%~5%。
(3)现有文献中,环境行为又被称作“环保行为”、“亲环境行为”、“亲生态行为”、“生态责任行为”以及“负责任的环境行为”等,但都具有统一内涵。因此,上述名词可以通用。
(1)CGSS(2010)中设计了具体测量居民公共环保行为的问题,分别是:“您是否就环境问题签署过请愿书?”、“您是否给环保团体捐过钱?”、“您是否为某个环境问题参加过抗议或示威游行?”。但是,样本的信效度均没有通过有效性检验。因此,本文未采纳这三个题项。
(2)CGSS2010问卷中,居民的私人环保行为分为4个等级,分别表示“从不、有时、经常、总是”;公共环保行为则分为5个等级。为了消除评分标准不一致所带来的影响,本文进行了求总分和并划分等级的处理。
(1)本文所定义的年龄是受访者在接受调查的年份也就是2010年时的年龄。
(2)郑方辉等(2015)针对广东省近三十年的研究结果显示,工业产值每增加一个百分点,即可减少城市0.38小时的日照时间。
(1)本文提供的公式只适用于计算连续变量的边际效应。为了保证计算结果的统一性,在计算时可将虚拟解释变量视为连续变量。有关虚拟变量的边际效应计算可参照“William H.Greene《计量经济分析》(下册),离散选择模型”章节。
(1)Hadler(2011)研究指出,家庭收入与私人环保行为正相关,而与公共环保行为呈现负相关的关系。
(1)Binder(2016)等在对环境关心、志愿活动和主观幸福感之间的研究中指出,利己动机的环境关心对主观幸福感有显著的负向影响;而利他的环境关心则正向影响居民的幸福感。