旅游活动影响下的岩溶地下水理化特征演化及其概念模型——以世界自然遗产地金佛山水房泉为例
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摘要
为探究高强度旅游活动影响下岩溶地下水理化参数的演变特征,以重庆金佛山世界自然遗产地核心区水房泉岩溶流域为研究对象,在旅游旺季(冬季)对水房泉中各理化指标进行连续在线监测和分析。研究表明:水房泉在旅游活动高峰期前表现出自然背景条件下的水质特征,各理化指标波动较小;随着旅游高峰期的到来,水中的p H值、电导率(SpC)、溶解氧(DO)、浊度、方解石饱和指数(SIc)、二氧化碳分压(pCO_2)、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、HCO_3~-等均产生了显著的波动。旅游活动排放的污水中含有微生物所需的有机质,以及硫酸和硝酸等酸类污染物,微生物呼吸作用产生的碳酸与酸类污染物一起会加剧岩溶地下管道的溶蚀,使地下水中富集碳酸盐岩溶蚀物Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、HCO_3~-等(浓度增幅分别为10%、22%、26%);同时因污水中的污染物成分不同,导致高峰期间水房泉中的K~+、Na~+、Cl~-、PO_4~(3-)、SO_4~(2-)的上升幅度均比其余水化学参数大(浓度增幅分别为257%、273%、286%、750%、93%)。大量污水的注入亦导致了地下水中SpC上升,DO下降,水体净化能力变差,水体更容易遭受污染。根据人类活动对岩溶地下水的影响以及其理化指标演变特征建立了相应的概念模型。研究综合表明了水房泉流域地下水对强烈的人类活动响应极其迅速、敏感,易遭受污染。
To investigate the variation of physicochemical parameters and pollution characteristics of karst groundwater under the high-intensity impact of tourism activities,the physicochemical parameters of the Shuifang spring,which located in the core region of the Jinfo Shan World Natural Heritage Site,were continuously monitored during the high season of tourism activity( winter). Results indicated that characteristics of water quality inthe Shuifang spring exhibited natural background conditions before the peak travel period,physicochemical parameters showed small fluctuations. The pH,specific conductance( Sp C),turbidity,dissolved oxygen( DO), calcite saturation index( SIc), partial pressure of carbon dioxide( pCO_2),Ca~(2+), Mg~(2+),HCO_3~- fluctuated sharply with the arrival of the peak period. The sewage fromtourism activities containedorganic maters and acidic materials that were needed bymicrobes. Microorganisms can produced carbonic acid. The carbonic acid and other acidic materials increased dissolution of karst underground conduits, madethe concentrations of carbonate dissolution properties, as Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+),HCO_3~-,elevated( concentration growth percentageswere 10%,22%,and 26%, respectively). Because of different ingredients of pollutants in the sewage,the K~+,Na~+,Cl~-,PO_4~(3-),SO_4~(2-) concentrations rose more obviously( concentration growth percentageswere257%,273%,286%,750%,and 93%,respectively) than otherhydrochemical parameters. Large quantities of sewage poured into the groundwater hadled the Sp Crose,DO dropped,water purification ability degraded,and thus groundwaterbeen vulnerable. According to the evolutional characteristics of physicochemical parameters in karst groundwater influenced by tourism human activities,we established a conceptual model. The results of the study indicate that the groundwater is rapid respondingand susceptible to intensively human activities in short time,and is suffered from pollution easily.
To investigate the variation of physicochemical parameters and pollution characteristics of karst groundwater under the high-intensity impact of tourism activities,the physicochemical parameters of the Shuifang spring,which located in the core region of the Jinfo Shan World Natural Heritage Site,were continuously monitored during the high season of tourism activity( winter). Results indicated that characteristics of water quality inthe Shuifang spring exhibited natural background conditions before the peak travel period,physicochemical parameters showed small fluctuations. The pH,specific conductance( Sp C),turbidity,dissolved oxygen( DO), calcite saturation index( SIc), partial pressure of carbon dioxide( pCO_2),Ca~(2+), Mg~(2+),HCO_3~- fluctuated sharply with the arrival of the peak period. The sewage fromtourism activities containedorganic maters and acidic materials that were needed bymicrobes. Microorganisms can produced carbonic acid. The carbonic acid and other acidic materials increased dissolution of karst underground conduits, madethe concentrations of carbonate dissolution properties, as Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+),HCO_3~-,elevated( concentration growth percentageswere 10%,22%,and 26%, respectively). Because of different ingredients of pollutants in the sewage,the K~+,Na~+,Cl~-,PO_4~(3-),SO_4~(2-) concentrations rose more obviously( concentration growth percentageswere257%,273%,286%,750%,and 93%,respectively) than otherhydrochemical parameters. Large quantities of sewage poured into the groundwater hadled the Sp Crose,DO dropped,water purification ability degraded,and thus groundwaterbeen vulnerable. According to the evolutional characteristics of physicochemical parameters in karst groundwater influenced by tourism human activities,we established a conceptual model. The results of the study indicate that the groundwater is rapid respondingand susceptible to intensively human activities in short time,and is suffered from pollution easily.
引文
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[8]袁道先,刘再华,林玉石,等.中国岩溶动力系统[M].北京:地质出版社,2002.YUAN D X,LIU Z H,LIN Y S,et al.Karst dynamics system in China[M].Beijng:Geological Publishing House,2002.
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[12]BAKLOWICA M.Karst groundwater:a challenge for new resources[J].Hydrogeology Journal,2005,13(1):148-160.
[13]袁道先.西南岩溶石山地区重大地质问题及其对策研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2014.YUAN D X.The significant environment geological problems and countermeasures research on karst mountains in Southwest China[M].Beijing:Science Press,2014.
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[16]蒋勇军,袁道先.城市发展对岩溶地下水质影响的地球化学示踪——以重庆南山老龙洞地下河系统为例[J].第四纪研究,2014,34(5):1044-1053.JIANG Y J,YUAN D X.Geochemical tracers to characterize effects of urbanization on karst groundwater quality from Nanshanundergroundwater river system,SW China[J].Quateranary Sciences,2014,34(5):1044-1053.
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[18]郭芳,姜光辉.岩溶盆地中农业和村镇引起的地下水化学演变[J].地球与环境,2008,36(1):56-64.GUO F,JIANG G H.Chemical evolution of groundwaters under the impact of agriculture activities and settlement in karst basin[J].Earth and Environment,2008,36(1):56-64.
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