历史·族裔·性别——当代华裔美国文学的生存空间书写
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摘要
论文以《唐老亚》《凤眼》《莫娜在希望之乡》三部美国华裔作家的代表作为例,从历史空间、族裔空间、性别空间三个方面对华裔文学的特点进行分析,发现虽然华裔作家在主题特征上呈现出多元化和世界主义的后现代倾向,但其作品的生命力依然根植于对华裔生存空间的关怀。对抗记忆的建构构成美国华裔族群身份确立的现代隐喻;流动性族裔空间的开拓揭示华裔生存阈限思考的相对化和复杂化;双性同体的性别操演宣布种族和性别联姻的去合法化,暗示华裔生存空间关注的个性化转向。对华裔历史、族裔和性别空间的大胆勾勒映射出当代华裔美国作家对其民权运动后生存状态的递进式反思以及对其生存空间现实性和可能性的积极开拓。
Using Donald Duk, Phoenix Eyes, and Mona in the Promised Land as three examples, this paper analyses the characteristics of American Chinese literature in historical space, ethnic space and gender space. The findings reveal that ethnic Chinese writers share a tendency to manifest two postmodern themes: multiculturalism and globalism. Despite this, the vitality of their writings is still rooted in a concern with Chinese living-space. Counter-memories construct the metaphors of contemporary American Chinese identity. The bold sketches of American Chinese history, ethnicity and gender issues in these works all together not only reflect contemporary American Chinese writers' progressive re-thinking of living-space after the civil rights movement, but also demonstrate their active efforts to explore a realistic and rational space to live in.
Using Donald Duk, Phoenix Eyes, and Mona in the Promised Land as three examples, this paper analyses the characteristics of American Chinese literature in historical space, ethnic space and gender space. The findings reveal that ethnic Chinese writers share a tendency to manifest two postmodern themes: multiculturalism and globalism. Despite this, the vitality of their writings is still rooted in a concern with Chinese living-space. Counter-memories construct the metaphors of contemporary American Chinese identity. The bold sketches of American Chinese history, ethnicity and gender issues in these works all together not only reflect contemporary American Chinese writers' progressive re-thinking of living-space after the civil rights movement, but also demonstrate their active efforts to explore a realistic and rational space to live in.
引文
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[1][33]谢纳:《空间生产与文化表征》,中国人民大学出版社,2010年,第80、12页。
[2]Paul Skenazy,et al.ed.,Conversations with Maxine Hong Kingston,Martin:Univ.Press of Mississippi,1998,p.74.
[3]Frank Chin,et al.,ed.,Aiiieeeee!An Anthology of Asian-American Writers,Washington:Howard UP,1983,p.xii.
[4][5]Frank Chin,Donald Duk,Minneapolis:Coffee House Press,1991,pp.8,123.
[6]李有成:《〈唐老亚〉中的记忆政治》,单德兴编选:《文化属性与华裔美国文学》,“中央研究院”欧美研究所,1994年,第127页。
[7][32]Jessica Hagedorn,ed.,Charlie Chan Is Dead:An Anthology of Contemporary Asian American Fiction,New York:Penguin Books,1993,p.xxvii.
[8]Mark Poster,Foucault,Marxism and History:Mode of Production versus Mode of Information,Cambridge:Polity,1986,p.75.
[9]Homi K Bhabha,The Location of Culture,London and New York:Routledge,1994,p.1.
[10]J.Rutherford ed.,“The Third Space:Interview with Homi Bhabha”,Identity,Community,and Culture,Difference,London:Lawrence and Wishart,1990,p.209.
[11]Mike Crang,Cultural Geography,London and New York:Routledge,1998,p.47.
[12]Russel Leong,Phoenix Eyes and Other Stories,Seattle and London:University of Washington Press,2000,p.154.
[13]凌津奇:《历史与想象:雷祖威、梁志英与伍惠明的小说艺术》,《南开学报》2009年第5期。
[14]Gish Jen,Typical American,Boston:Houghton Mifflin/S.Lawrence,1991,p.3.
[15]吴冰、王立礼:《华裔美国作家研究》,南开大学出版社,2009年,第332页。
[16]Gish Jen,Mona in the Promised Land,New York:Alfred A.Knof,1996,p.189.
[17]Fu-Jen Chen,“Postmodern Hybridity and Performing Identity in Gish Jen and Rebecca Walker”,Critique,Vol.50,No.4(Summer 2009):pp.377-396.
[18]王微:《霍米·巴巴阈限空间思想刍议》,《当代外国文学》2016年第2期。
[19]Amy Ling,Between Worlds:Women Writers of Chinese Ancestry,New York:Pergamon Press,1990,p.171.
[20]Anne Mcclintock,Imperial Leather:Race,Gender,and Sexuality in the Colonial Contest,New York:Routledge,1995,p.14.
[21]Elaine H Kim,“‘Such Opposite Creatures’:Men and Women in Asian American Literature”,Michigan Quarterly Review,Vol.29,No.1(1990),pp.68-93.
[22]Bell hooks,Yearning:Race,Gender,and Cultural Politics,Boston:South End Press,1990,p.31.
[23]Edward W.Soja,Thirdspace:Journeys to Los Angeles and Other Real-and-Imagined Places,Cambridge:Blackwell publishers,1996,p.163.
[24]梁志英:《我们是文化边界的闯入者》,《文艺报》2002年6月25日。
[25][26]Russel Leong,Asian American Sexualities:Dimensions of the Gay and Lesbian Experience,New York:Routledge,1996.p.xvi.
[27]Judith Butler,Gender Trouble:Feminism and the Subversion of Identity,New York:Routledge,2007,p.70.
[28][29][30]Russel Leong,Phoenix Eyes and Other Stories,Seattle and London:University of Washington Press,2000,pp.105-107.
[31]史蒂芬·罗著,林泽铨、刘景联译:《再看西方》,上海译文出版社,1998年,第8页。
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[1][33]谢纳:《空间生产与文化表征》,中国人民大学出版社,2010年,第80、12页。
[2]Paul Skenazy,et al.ed.,Conversations with Maxine Hong Kingston,Martin:Univ.Press of Mississippi,1998,p.74.
[3]Frank Chin,et al.,ed.,Aiiieeeee!An Anthology of Asian-American Writers,Washington:Howard UP,1983,p.xii.
[4][5]Frank Chin,Donald Duk,Minneapolis:Coffee House Press,1991,pp.8,123.
[6]李有成:《〈唐老亚〉中的记忆政治》,单德兴编选:《文化属性与华裔美国文学》,“中央研究院”欧美研究所,1994年,第127页。
[7][32]Jessica Hagedorn,ed.,Charlie Chan Is Dead:An Anthology of Contemporary Asian American Fiction,New York:Penguin Books,1993,p.xxvii.
[8]Mark Poster,Foucault,Marxism and History:Mode of Production versus Mode of Information,Cambridge:Polity,1986,p.75.
[9]Homi K Bhabha,The Location of Culture,London and New York:Routledge,1994,p.1.
[10]J.Rutherford ed.,“The Third Space:Interview with Homi Bhabha”,Identity,Community,and Culture,Difference,London:Lawrence and Wishart,1990,p.209.
[11]Mike Crang,Cultural Geography,London and New York:Routledge,1998,p.47.
[12]Russel Leong,Phoenix Eyes and Other Stories,Seattle and London:University of Washington Press,2000,p.154.
[13]凌津奇:《历史与想象:雷祖威、梁志英与伍惠明的小说艺术》,《南开学报》2009年第5期。
[14]Gish Jen,Typical American,Boston:Houghton Mifflin/S.Lawrence,1991,p.3.
[15]吴冰、王立礼:《华裔美国作家研究》,南开大学出版社,2009年,第332页。
[16]Gish Jen,Mona in the Promised Land,New York:Alfred A.Knof,1996,p.189.
[17]Fu-Jen Chen,“Postmodern Hybridity and Performing Identity in Gish Jen and Rebecca Walker”,Critique,Vol.50,No.4(Summer 2009):pp.377-396.
[18]王微:《霍米·巴巴阈限空间思想刍议》,《当代外国文学》2016年第2期。
[19]Amy Ling,Between Worlds:Women Writers of Chinese Ancestry,New York:Pergamon Press,1990,p.171.
[20]Anne Mcclintock,Imperial Leather:Race,Gender,and Sexuality in the Colonial Contest,New York:Routledge,1995,p.14.
[21]Elaine H Kim,“‘Such Opposite Creatures’:Men and Women in Asian American Literature”,Michigan Quarterly Review,Vol.29,No.1(1990),pp.68-93.
[22]Bell hooks,Yearning:Race,Gender,and Cultural Politics,Boston:South End Press,1990,p.31.
[23]Edward W.Soja,Thirdspace:Journeys to Los Angeles and Other Real-and-Imagined Places,Cambridge:Blackwell publishers,1996,p.163.
[24]梁志英:《我们是文化边界的闯入者》,《文艺报》2002年6月25日。
[25][26]Russel Leong,Asian American Sexualities:Dimensions of the Gay and Lesbian Experience,New York:Routledge,1996.p.xvi.
[27]Judith Butler,Gender Trouble:Feminism and the Subversion of Identity,New York:Routledge,2007,p.70.
[28][29][30]Russel Leong,Phoenix Eyes and Other Stories,Seattle and London:University of Washington Press,2000,pp.105-107.
[31]史蒂芬·罗著,林泽铨、刘景联译:《再看西方》,上海译文出版社,1998年,第8页。