矿渣固化氯盐渍土强度变化规律试验研究（英文）
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摘要
目的:探讨矿渣固化氯盐渍土强度变化规律及作用机理,为氯盐渍土有效固化提供依据。创新点:评价矿渣固化高含盐量氯盐渍土的效果,分析矿渣固化氯盐渍土固化机理,提出具有一定适用性的拟合关系式。方法:通过固化土无侧限抗压强度试验、X射线衍射、能谱分析、热重及液相离子浓度测试对固化氯盐渍土强度及微观结构进行分析。结论:1.氯化钠是影响矿渣固化氯盐渍土强度的主因;2.矿渣固化氯盐渍土强度随土中含氯量增加而增强,铝酸钙与氯化钠反应生成的水化氯铝酸钙填充孔隙及氢氧化钠提高液相碱度是增强固化土强度的主因;3.通过固化土强度增量曲线拟合分析,得到矿渣固化氯盐渍土强度增量与含氯量关系式。
Saline soil stabilization is being increasingly applied in foundation treatment engineering. Chloride saline soil obtained from sites and laboratory-made chloride soil(ZS) with various Na Cl concentrations prepared artificially were stabilized using alkali-activated slag(AS). A series of unconfined compressive strength(UCS) tests, X-ray diffraction(XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis(EDXA), thermal gravity–differential thermal gravity(TG–DTG), and ion concentration tests were conducted to investigate the strength variation and mechanism of the AS-stabilized chloride saline soils. The results showed that Na Cl has a significant influence on the strength of AS-stabilized chloride saline soil and the strength of AS-stabilized ZS(GZS) increases with increase of chloride content in soil samples. Friedel's salt(Fs) and Na OH are generated by the reaction of Na Cl and Ca O·Al2O3(CA) in the slag in the GZS. Fs can fill the pores in stabilized soil, and Na OH can promote calcium silicate hydrate(CSH) generation. These two effects combine to enhance the strength of GZS. The relationship between the rate of increase of 28-d UCS of AS-stabilized chloride saline soil and the chloride content in soil was obtained through regression analysis of the increase of UCS of GZS.
Saline soil stabilization is being increasingly applied in foundation treatment engineering. Chloride saline soil obtained from sites and laboratory-made chloride soil(ZS) with various Na Cl concentrations prepared artificially were stabilized using alkali-activated slag(AS). A series of unconfined compressive strength(UCS) tests, X-ray diffraction(XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis(EDXA), thermal gravity–differential thermal gravity(TG–DTG), and ion concentration tests were conducted to investigate the strength variation and mechanism of the AS-stabilized chloride saline soils. The results showed that Na Cl has a significant influence on the strength of AS-stabilized chloride saline soil and the strength of AS-stabilized ZS(GZS) increases with increase of chloride content in soil samples. Friedel's salt(Fs) and Na OH are generated by the reaction of Na Cl and Ca O·Al2O3(CA) in the slag in the GZS. Fs can fill the pores in stabilized soil, and Na OH can promote calcium silicate hydrate(CSH) generation. These two effects combine to enhance the strength of GZS. The relationship between the rate of increase of 28-d UCS of AS-stabilized chloride saline soil and the chloride content in soil was obtained through regression analysis of the increase of UCS of GZS.
引文
AQSIQ(Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine),2008.Methods for Chemical Analysis of Cement,GB/T 176-2008.National Standards of People’s Republic of China(in Chinese).
AQSIQ(Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine),2011.Test Methods for Water Requirement of Normal Consistency,Setting Time and Soundness of the Portland Cement,GB/T 1346-2011.National Standards of People’s Republic of China(in Chinese).
ASTM(American Society for Testing and Materials)International,2005.Standard Specification for Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag for Use in Concrete and Mortars,ASTM C989-05.ASTM International,West Conshohocken,PA,USA.
ASTM(American Society for Testing and Materials)International,2012.Standard Specification for Portland Cement,ASTM C150-2012.ASTM International,West Conshohocken,PA,USA.
ASTM(American Society for Testing and Materials)International,2013.Standard Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strength of Cohesive Soil,ASTMD2166-13.ASTM International,West Conshohocken,PA,USA.
Bish,D.L.,1993.Rietveld refinement of the kaolinite structure at 1.5 K.Clays and Clay Minerals,41(6):738-744.http://dx.doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1993.0410613
Chen,R.P.,Drnevich,V.P.,Daita,R.K.,2009.Short-term electrical conductivity and strength development of lime kiln dust modified soils.Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,135(4):590-594.http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2009)135:4(590)
Fernández-Jiménez,A.,Puertas,F.,2003.Effect of activator mix on the hydration and strength behaviour of alkaliactivated slag cements.Advances in Cement Research,15(3):129-136.http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/adcr.2003.15.3.129
Gutierrez,R.,Delvasto,S.,Talero,R.,1998.Performance of GGBS cements.Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management,25(2):112-115.
Higgins,D.D.,2005.Soil Stabilisation with Ground Granulated Blastfurnace Slag.Technical Report,UK Cementitious Slag Makers Association,Oxted.
Luo,H.S.,2009.Study on Comprehensive Properties of Curing Chlorine Saline Soil in Tianjin Binhai New Area.MSThesis,Chang’an University,Xi’an,China(in Chinese).
MOT(Ministry of Transport of the People’s Republic of China),1998.Testing Code of Concrete for Port and Waterway Engineering,JTJ 270-98.Industry Standards of People’s Republic of China(in Chinese).
Rajasekaran,G.,2005.Sulphate attack and ettringite formation in the lime and cement stabilized marine clays.Ocean Engineering,32(8-9):1133-1159.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2004.08.012
Shihata,S.A.,Baghdadi,Z.A.,2001.Long-term strength and durability of soil cement.Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering,13(3):161-165.http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2001)13:3(161)
Talero,R.,2012.Synergic effect of Friedel’s salt from pozzolan and from OPC co-precipitating in a chloride solution.Construction and Building Materials,33(8):164-180.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.12.040
Talero,R.,Trusilewicz,L.,2012.Morphological differentiation and crystal growth form of Friedel’s salt originated from pozzolan and Portland cement.Industrial&Engineering Chemistry Research,51(38):12517-12529.http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie301671z
Talero,R.,Trusilewicz,L.,Delgado,A.,et al.,2011.Comparative and semi-quantitative XRD analysis of Friedel’s salt originating from pozzolan and Portland cement.Construction and Building Materials,25(5):2370-2380.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.11.037
Tasong,W.A.,Wild,S.,Tilley,R.J.D.,1999.Mechanisms by which ground granulated blastfurnace slag prevents sulphate attack of lime-stabilised kaolinite.Cement and Concrete Research,29(7):975-982.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00007-1
Trusilewicz,L.,Fernández-Martínez,F.,Rahhal,V.,et al.,2012.TEM and SAED characterization of metakaolin.Pozzolanic activity.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,95(9):2989-2996.http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2012.05325.x
Valls,S.,Vàzquez,E.,2000.Stabilisation and solidification of sewage sludge with Portland cement.Cement and Concrete Research,30(10):1671-1678.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00363-X
Wan,X.M.,Wittmann,F.H.,Zhao,T.J.,et al.,2013.Chloride content and p H value in the pore solution of concrete under carbonation.Journal of Zhejiang UniversitySCIENCE A(Applied Physics&Engineering),14(1):71-78.http://dx.doi.org/10.1631/jzus.A1200187
Wang,J.W.H.,Kremmydas,A.H.,1970.Use of sodium chloride in reducing shrinkage in montmorillonitic soilcement.Highway Research Board,315(11):81-90.
Wattanasanticharoen,E.,2004.Experimental Studies to Address Volume Change Behaviors of Chemically Treated Sulfate Bearing Soils.Ph D Thesis,The University of Texas at Arlington,Texas,USA.
Wild,S.,Kinuthia,J.M.,Jones,G.I.,et al.,1998.Effects of partial substitution of lime with ground granulated blast furnace slag(GGBS)on the strength properties of lime-stabilised sulphate-bearing clay soils.Engineering Geology,51(1):37-53.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(98)00039-8
Xing,H.F.,Yang,X.M.,Xu,C.,2009.Strength characteristics and mechanisms of salt-rich soil-cement.Engineering Geology,103(1-2):33-38.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2008.07.011
Yang,J.S.,2008.Development and prospect of the research on salt-affected soils in China.Acta Pedologica Sinica,45(5):837-845(in Chinese).
Yang,X.M.,2006.Microstructure and Mechanism Research on Cement Stabilized Salt-rich Clay.MS Thesis,Tongji University,Shanghai,China(in Chinese).
Zhang,D.W.,Cao,Z.G.,Fan,L.B.,et al.,2014.Evaluation of the influence of salt concentration on cement stabilized clay by electrical resistivity measurement method.Engineering Geology,170(6):80-88.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2013.12.010
AQSIQ(Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine),2011.Test Methods for Water Requirement of Normal Consistency,Setting Time and Soundness of the Portland Cement,GB/T 1346-2011.National Standards of People’s Republic of China(in Chinese).
ASTM(American Society for Testing and Materials)International,2005.Standard Specification for Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag for Use in Concrete and Mortars,ASTM C989-05.ASTM International,West Conshohocken,PA,USA.
ASTM(American Society for Testing and Materials)International,2012.Standard Specification for Portland Cement,ASTM C150-2012.ASTM International,West Conshohocken,PA,USA.
ASTM(American Society for Testing and Materials)International,2013.Standard Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strength of Cohesive Soil,ASTMD2166-13.ASTM International,West Conshohocken,PA,USA.
Bish,D.L.,1993.Rietveld refinement of the kaolinite structure at 1.5 K.Clays and Clay Minerals,41(6):738-744.http://dx.doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1993.0410613
Chen,R.P.,Drnevich,V.P.,Daita,R.K.,2009.Short-term electrical conductivity and strength development of lime kiln dust modified soils.Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,135(4):590-594.http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2009)135:4(590)
Fernández-Jiménez,A.,Puertas,F.,2003.Effect of activator mix on the hydration and strength behaviour of alkaliactivated slag cements.Advances in Cement Research,15(3):129-136.http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/adcr.2003.15.3.129
Gutierrez,R.,Delvasto,S.,Talero,R.,1998.Performance of GGBS cements.Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management,25(2):112-115.
Higgins,D.D.,2005.Soil Stabilisation with Ground Granulated Blastfurnace Slag.Technical Report,UK Cementitious Slag Makers Association,Oxted.
Luo,H.S.,2009.Study on Comprehensive Properties of Curing Chlorine Saline Soil in Tianjin Binhai New Area.MSThesis,Chang’an University,Xi’an,China(in Chinese).
MOT(Ministry of Transport of the People’s Republic of China),1998.Testing Code of Concrete for Port and Waterway Engineering,JTJ 270-98.Industry Standards of People’s Republic of China(in Chinese).
Rajasekaran,G.,2005.Sulphate attack and ettringite formation in the lime and cement stabilized marine clays.Ocean Engineering,32(8-9):1133-1159.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2004.08.012
Shihata,S.A.,Baghdadi,Z.A.,2001.Long-term strength and durability of soil cement.Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering,13(3):161-165.http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2001)13:3(161)
Talero,R.,2012.Synergic effect of Friedel’s salt from pozzolan and from OPC co-precipitating in a chloride solution.Construction and Building Materials,33(8):164-180.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.12.040
Talero,R.,Trusilewicz,L.,2012.Morphological differentiation and crystal growth form of Friedel’s salt originated from pozzolan and Portland cement.Industrial&Engineering Chemistry Research,51(38):12517-12529.http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie301671z
Talero,R.,Trusilewicz,L.,Delgado,A.,et al.,2011.Comparative and semi-quantitative XRD analysis of Friedel’s salt originating from pozzolan and Portland cement.Construction and Building Materials,25(5):2370-2380.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.11.037
Tasong,W.A.,Wild,S.,Tilley,R.J.D.,1999.Mechanisms by which ground granulated blastfurnace slag prevents sulphate attack of lime-stabilised kaolinite.Cement and Concrete Research,29(7):975-982.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00007-1
Trusilewicz,L.,Fernández-Martínez,F.,Rahhal,V.,et al.,2012.TEM and SAED characterization of metakaolin.Pozzolanic activity.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,95(9):2989-2996.http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2012.05325.x
Valls,S.,Vàzquez,E.,2000.Stabilisation and solidification of sewage sludge with Portland cement.Cement and Concrete Research,30(10):1671-1678.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00363-X
Wan,X.M.,Wittmann,F.H.,Zhao,T.J.,et al.,2013.Chloride content and p H value in the pore solution of concrete under carbonation.Journal of Zhejiang UniversitySCIENCE A(Applied Physics&Engineering),14(1):71-78.http://dx.doi.org/10.1631/jzus.A1200187
Wang,J.W.H.,Kremmydas,A.H.,1970.Use of sodium chloride in reducing shrinkage in montmorillonitic soilcement.Highway Research Board,315(11):81-90.
Wattanasanticharoen,E.,2004.Experimental Studies to Address Volume Change Behaviors of Chemically Treated Sulfate Bearing Soils.Ph D Thesis,The University of Texas at Arlington,Texas,USA.
Wild,S.,Kinuthia,J.M.,Jones,G.I.,et al.,1998.Effects of partial substitution of lime with ground granulated blast furnace slag(GGBS)on the strength properties of lime-stabilised sulphate-bearing clay soils.Engineering Geology,51(1):37-53.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(98)00039-8
Xing,H.F.,Yang,X.M.,Xu,C.,2009.Strength characteristics and mechanisms of salt-rich soil-cement.Engineering Geology,103(1-2):33-38.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2008.07.011
Yang,J.S.,2008.Development and prospect of the research on salt-affected soils in China.Acta Pedologica Sinica,45(5):837-845(in Chinese).
Yang,X.M.,2006.Microstructure and Mechanism Research on Cement Stabilized Salt-rich Clay.MS Thesis,Tongji University,Shanghai,China(in Chinese).
Zhang,D.W.,Cao,Z.G.,Fan,L.B.,et al.,2014.Evaluation of the influence of salt concentration on cement stabilized clay by electrical resistivity measurement method.Engineering Geology,170(6):80-88.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2013.12.010