意大利人与罗马公民权(公元前125年—前91年)
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摘要
意大利人的罗马公民权问题是罗马共和国后期政治生活中的重要议题之一。从公元前125年到前91年,意大利人对罗马公民权的态度发生了显著变化。公元前125年,意大利人还未将罗马公民权作为他们权利诉求的唯一目标,相当部分的意大利人仅满足于获得申诉权。然而,随着公元前124年双重公民权概念的出现,扫除了意大利人追求罗马公民权的法理障碍。同时,意大利人对罗马国家的认同感也在不断强化。更重要的是,随着社会政治经济环境的变化,在意大利人眼中,罗马公民权中蕴含的政治、经济等方面的价值日益凸显。上述变化为意大利人对罗马公民权认识的根本转变提供了可能性和必然性。最终至公元前91年,为获得罗马公民权,意大利人不惜发动同盟战争。
The Roman citizenship of the Italians was one of the most important issues in the late Roman Republic. Based on ancient sources and modern studies, this paper argues that the Roman citizenship was not the only aim of the Italians even at the year of 125 B.C. However, the barrier on the way to their achieving Roman identity disappeared along with the emerging of conception of dual citizenship in 124 B.C. The Italians discovered that their rights were far less compared with their contributions to Rome. Furthermore, with the deterioration of the social circumstances, the Roman citizenship became more valuable in the Italians' view. Finally, when the Italians could not gain it by peace, they were forced to resort to arms.
The Roman citizenship of the Italians was one of the most important issues in the late Roman Republic. Based on ancient sources and modern studies, this paper argues that the Roman citizenship was not the only aim of the Italians even at the year of 125 B.C. However, the barrier on the way to their achieving Roman identity disappeared along with the emerging of conception of dual citizenship in 124 B.C. The Italians discovered that their rights were far less compared with their contributions to Rome. Furthermore, with the deterioration of the social circumstances, the Roman citizenship became more valuable in the Italians' view. Finally, when the Italians could not gain it by peace, they were forced to resort to arms.
引文
① 本文中“意大利人”泛指居于意大利半岛上但不具罗马公民权的罗马同盟者。
② M.I.芬利:《古代世界的政治》,晏绍祥、黄洋译,北京:商务印书馆,2013年版,第126页。
③ 阿庇安:《罗马史》(下卷),谢德风译,北京:商务印书馆,2009年版,第19、21、31页。
(1)P.A.Brunt,“Italian Aims at the Time of the Social War”,The Journal of Roman Studies,Vol.55,1965,pp.90-109.
(2)A.N.Sherwin-White,The Roman Citizenship,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1996,pp.134-139.
(3)近年来,一些国内学者也力图以罗马公民权为切入点,讨论意大利人的公民权以及罗马化等议题。然而,他们往往以长达一、两个世纪作为考察时段,并且对意大利人追求罗马公民权过程中涉及到的关键性概念和事件缺乏足够的关注,有将意大利人追求罗马公民权的时间前置、热情夸大之嫌。更重要的是,通过他们的论述,也很难明晰公元前2世纪晚期至前1世纪早期意大利人对罗马公民权态度的巨大转变及其因由。请参考宫秀华:《论罗马征服和统治意大利的政策》,《史学集刊》,2001年第1期;《意大利半岛的“罗马化”进程》,《东北师大学报》,2002年第2期;李雅书、杨共乐:《古代罗马史》,北京:北京师范大学出版社,2004年版,第164-168页。
(4)阿庇安:《罗马史》(下卷),第31页。
(5)Plutarch,Lives,Gaius Grachhus,The Loeb Classical Library,London:Harvard University Press,2004,3.除另做说明外,本文引用的所有英文古典著作皆据The Loeb Classical Library英译本。
(6)Valerius Maximus,Memorable Deeds and Sayings,9,5,1.
(7)A.R.Boak,W.G.Sinnigen,A History of Rome to A.D.565,London:The Mcamillan Company,1977,p.81.
(8)A.N.Sherwin-White,The Roman Citizenship,p.138.
(9)详见Donald W.Bradeen,“Roman Citizenship per magistratum,” The Classical Journal,Vol.54,1959,pp.221-228;H.Mouritsen,Italian Unification,London:The Institute of Classical Studies,1998,p.102.
(10)Plutarch,Lives,Gaius Gracchus,9.但根据狄奥多鲁斯(Diodorus)和西塞罗(Cicero),这个法令并未通过。参见Diodorus,Library of History,37,12,3;Cicero,Letters to Atticus,5,12,2.
(11)阿庇安:《罗马史》(下卷),第21页;Plutarch,Lives,Gaius Gracchus,8;9.
(12)阿庇安:《罗马史》(下卷),第21页。
(13)Plutarch,Lives,Gaius Gracchus,3.
(14)阿庇安:《罗马史》(下卷),第31页。
(15)阿庇安:《罗马史》(下卷),第31页。
(16)A.N.Sherwin-White,The Roman Citizenship,pp.144-149.
(17)Cicero,Pro Balbo,28;H.Mouritsen,Italian Unification,p.87.
(18)亚里士多德:《政治学》,吴寿彭译,北京:商务印书馆,1965年版,第9页。
(19)Livy,History of Rome,23,20,2.
(20)H.Mouritsen,Italian Unification,p.90.
(21)有学者认为“拉丁官员法”起源可以追溯到公元前5世纪,也有学者相信罗马共和时期根本不存在该法。然而,他们的观点过于激进,不大为史界所认可。现在史界主流观点认为该法颁布于公元前124年,即弗雷杰莱叛变后。见A.N.Sherwin-White,The Roman Citizenship,p.111;P.A.Brunt,The Fall of Roman Republic and Related Essays,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1988,p.97,p.124;Arthur Keaveney,Rome and the Unification of Italy,Totowa,New Jersey:Barnes&Noble Books,2012,p.84;E.Badian,Foreign Clientelae,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1967,p.179.
(22)A.N.Sherwin-White,The Roman Citizenship,p.105.
(23)Cicero,For Cornelius Balbus,21;For Archias,5.
(24)Rachel Feig Vishnia,Roman Elections in the Age of Cicero,New York,London:Routledge,2012,p.8.
(25)详见H.Mouritsen,Italian Unification,p.134.
(26)Arthur Keaveney,Rome and the Unification of Italy,p.25.
(27)P.A.Brunt,“Italian Aims at the Time of the Social War,” pp.90-109.
(28)Arthur Keaveney,Rome and the Unification of Italy,p.28.
(29)阿庇安:《罗马史》(下卷),第40页。
(30)希腊语通常使用Ρωμαíοs指代“罗马人”,并不区分罗马人和意大利人。相关详细讨论参见:E.Badian,Foreign Clientelae,p.149.
(31)Arthur Keaveney,Rome and the Unification of Italy,p,17.
(32)Velleius Paterculus,Compendium of Roman History,2,15,3.
(33)Arthur Keaveney,Rome and the Unification of Italy,p.28.
(34)Arthur Keaveney,Rome and the Unification of Italy,p.17.
(35)P.A.Brunt,“Italian Aims at the Time of the Social War,” pp.90-109.当然,比马略稍早的还有公元前130年的执政官佩尔佩尔那(M.Perperna),他来自埃特鲁里亚(Etruria),但其影响力明显逊于马略。
(36)西塞罗:《国家篇法律篇》,沈叔平、苏力译,北京:商务印书馆,2010年版,第148-150页。
(37)Valerius Maximus,Memorable Deeds and Sayings,5,2,8.
(38)E.Badian,Foreign Clientelae,p.212.
(39)P.A.Brunt,“Italian Aims at the Time of the Social War,” pp.90-109.
(40)Diodorus,Library of History,37,13.
(41)Asconius,Commentaries on Speeches of Cicero,New York:Oxford University Press,2006,67C.
(42)H.Mouritsen,Italian Unification,p.145.
(43)H.Mouritsen,Italian Unification,p.145.
(44)Randell S.Howard,“Rome,the Italians,and the Land,” Historia Zeitschrift Alte Geschichte,Bd,48,1999,p.293.
(45)Randell S.Howard,“Rome,the Italians,and the Land,” p.293.
(46)C.Nicolet,The World of the Citizen in Republican Rome,Berkeley and Los Angeles:University of California Press,1988,p.38.
(47)Randell S.Howard,“Rome,the Italians,and the Land,” p.293.关于罗马殖民活动及其影响请参见M.I.芬利:《古代世界的政治》,第142-144页。
(48)C.Nicolet,The World of the Citizen in Republican Rome,p.38.即便在公元前133年在大格拉古的《森普洛尼亚法》(Lex Sempronia)中,也只有公民才是受益者,同盟者并不在分配范围之内。
(49)至凯撒(Caesar)独裁时,领取免费粮的人数量达到32万之巨。参见苏维托尼乌斯:《罗马十二帝王传》,张明竹、王乃新、蒋平译,北京:商务印书馆,2000年版,第22页。
(50)刘小青:《罗马共和国后期反选举舞弊斗争与共和国的衰亡》,《世界历史》,2016年第3期,第140-153页。
(51)详见A.N.Sherwin-White,“Review Le Origini della Guerra Sociale ela Vita Politica Romana Dopo 1’89ac by Emilio Gabba,” The Journal of Roman Study,Vol.45,1955,pp.168-170.
(52)P.A.Brunt,“Italian Aims at the Time of the Social War,” pp.90-109;A.N.Sherwin-White,“Review Le Origini della Guerra Sociale ela Vita Politica Romana Dopo 1’89ac by Emilio Gabba,” p.168.
(53)亚里士多德:《政治学》,第113页。
(54)阿庇安:《罗马史》(下卷),第31页。
(55)例如,李雅书、杨共乐:《古代罗马史》,第164-168页。
(56)A.J.Toynbee,Hannibal’s Legacy,Oxford:Oxford University Press,Vol.2,1965,pp.106-115.
(57)撒路斯提乌斯:《喀提林阴谋朱古达战争》,王以铸、崔妙因译,北京:商务印书馆,2009年版,第392页。
(58)P.A.Brunt,The Fall of the Roman Republic and Related Essays,pp.128-129.
(59)详见M.I.芬利:《古代世界的政治》,第176页。
② M.I.芬利:《古代世界的政治》,晏绍祥、黄洋译,北京:商务印书馆,2013年版,第126页。
③ 阿庇安:《罗马史》(下卷),谢德风译,北京:商务印书馆,2009年版,第19、21、31页。
(1)P.A.Brunt,“Italian Aims at the Time of the Social War”,The Journal of Roman Studies,Vol.55,1965,pp.90-109.
(2)A.N.Sherwin-White,The Roman Citizenship,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1996,pp.134-139.
(3)近年来,一些国内学者也力图以罗马公民权为切入点,讨论意大利人的公民权以及罗马化等议题。然而,他们往往以长达一、两个世纪作为考察时段,并且对意大利人追求罗马公民权过程中涉及到的关键性概念和事件缺乏足够的关注,有将意大利人追求罗马公民权的时间前置、热情夸大之嫌。更重要的是,通过他们的论述,也很难明晰公元前2世纪晚期至前1世纪早期意大利人对罗马公民权态度的巨大转变及其因由。请参考宫秀华:《论罗马征服和统治意大利的政策》,《史学集刊》,2001年第1期;《意大利半岛的“罗马化”进程》,《东北师大学报》,2002年第2期;李雅书、杨共乐:《古代罗马史》,北京:北京师范大学出版社,2004年版,第164-168页。
(4)阿庇安:《罗马史》(下卷),第31页。
(5)Plutarch,Lives,Gaius Grachhus,The Loeb Classical Library,London:Harvard University Press,2004,3.除另做说明外,本文引用的所有英文古典著作皆据The Loeb Classical Library英译本。
(6)Valerius Maximus,Memorable Deeds and Sayings,9,5,1.
(7)A.R.Boak,W.G.Sinnigen,A History of Rome to A.D.565,London:The Mcamillan Company,1977,p.81.
(8)A.N.Sherwin-White,The Roman Citizenship,p.138.
(9)详见Donald W.Bradeen,“Roman Citizenship per magistratum,” The Classical Journal,Vol.54,1959,pp.221-228;H.Mouritsen,Italian Unification,London:The Institute of Classical Studies,1998,p.102.
(10)Plutarch,Lives,Gaius Gracchus,9.但根据狄奥多鲁斯(Diodorus)和西塞罗(Cicero),这个法令并未通过。参见Diodorus,Library of History,37,12,3;Cicero,Letters to Atticus,5,12,2.
(11)阿庇安:《罗马史》(下卷),第21页;Plutarch,Lives,Gaius Gracchus,8;9.
(12)阿庇安:《罗马史》(下卷),第21页。
(13)Plutarch,Lives,Gaius Gracchus,3.
(14)阿庇安:《罗马史》(下卷),第31页。
(15)阿庇安:《罗马史》(下卷),第31页。
(16)A.N.Sherwin-White,The Roman Citizenship,pp.144-149.
(17)Cicero,Pro Balbo,28;H.Mouritsen,Italian Unification,p.87.
(18)亚里士多德:《政治学》,吴寿彭译,北京:商务印书馆,1965年版,第9页。
(19)Livy,History of Rome,23,20,2.
(20)H.Mouritsen,Italian Unification,p.90.
(21)有学者认为“拉丁官员法”起源可以追溯到公元前5世纪,也有学者相信罗马共和时期根本不存在该法。然而,他们的观点过于激进,不大为史界所认可。现在史界主流观点认为该法颁布于公元前124年,即弗雷杰莱叛变后。见A.N.Sherwin-White,The Roman Citizenship,p.111;P.A.Brunt,The Fall of Roman Republic and Related Essays,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1988,p.97,p.124;Arthur Keaveney,Rome and the Unification of Italy,Totowa,New Jersey:Barnes&Noble Books,2012,p.84;E.Badian,Foreign Clientelae,Oxford:Clarendon Press,1967,p.179.
(22)A.N.Sherwin-White,The Roman Citizenship,p.105.
(23)Cicero,For Cornelius Balbus,21;For Archias,5.
(24)Rachel Feig Vishnia,Roman Elections in the Age of Cicero,New York,London:Routledge,2012,p.8.
(25)详见H.Mouritsen,Italian Unification,p.134.
(26)Arthur Keaveney,Rome and the Unification of Italy,p.25.
(27)P.A.Brunt,“Italian Aims at the Time of the Social War,” pp.90-109.
(28)Arthur Keaveney,Rome and the Unification of Italy,p.28.
(29)阿庇安:《罗马史》(下卷),第40页。
(30)希腊语通常使用Ρωμαíοs指代“罗马人”,并不区分罗马人和意大利人。相关详细讨论参见:E.Badian,Foreign Clientelae,p.149.
(31)Arthur Keaveney,Rome and the Unification of Italy,p,17.
(32)Velleius Paterculus,Compendium of Roman History,2,15,3.
(33)Arthur Keaveney,Rome and the Unification of Italy,p.28.
(34)Arthur Keaveney,Rome and the Unification of Italy,p.17.
(35)P.A.Brunt,“Italian Aims at the Time of the Social War,” pp.90-109.当然,比马略稍早的还有公元前130年的执政官佩尔佩尔那(M.Perperna),他来自埃特鲁里亚(Etruria),但其影响力明显逊于马略。
(36)西塞罗:《国家篇法律篇》,沈叔平、苏力译,北京:商务印书馆,2010年版,第148-150页。
(37)Valerius Maximus,Memorable Deeds and Sayings,5,2,8.
(38)E.Badian,Foreign Clientelae,p.212.
(39)P.A.Brunt,“Italian Aims at the Time of the Social War,” pp.90-109.
(40)Diodorus,Library of History,37,13.
(41)Asconius,Commentaries on Speeches of Cicero,New York:Oxford University Press,2006,67C.
(42)H.Mouritsen,Italian Unification,p.145.
(43)H.Mouritsen,Italian Unification,p.145.
(44)Randell S.Howard,“Rome,the Italians,and the Land,” Historia Zeitschrift Alte Geschichte,Bd,48,1999,p.293.
(45)Randell S.Howard,“Rome,the Italians,and the Land,” p.293.
(46)C.Nicolet,The World of the Citizen in Republican Rome,Berkeley and Los Angeles:University of California Press,1988,p.38.
(47)Randell S.Howard,“Rome,the Italians,and the Land,” p.293.关于罗马殖民活动及其影响请参见M.I.芬利:《古代世界的政治》,第142-144页。
(48)C.Nicolet,The World of the Citizen in Republican Rome,p.38.即便在公元前133年在大格拉古的《森普洛尼亚法》(Lex Sempronia)中,也只有公民才是受益者,同盟者并不在分配范围之内。
(49)至凯撒(Caesar)独裁时,领取免费粮的人数量达到32万之巨。参见苏维托尼乌斯:《罗马十二帝王传》,张明竹、王乃新、蒋平译,北京:商务印书馆,2000年版,第22页。
(50)刘小青:《罗马共和国后期反选举舞弊斗争与共和国的衰亡》,《世界历史》,2016年第3期,第140-153页。
(51)详见A.N.Sherwin-White,“Review Le Origini della Guerra Sociale ela Vita Politica Romana Dopo 1’89ac by Emilio Gabba,” The Journal of Roman Study,Vol.45,1955,pp.168-170.
(52)P.A.Brunt,“Italian Aims at the Time of the Social War,” pp.90-109;A.N.Sherwin-White,“Review Le Origini della Guerra Sociale ela Vita Politica Romana Dopo 1’89ac by Emilio Gabba,” p.168.
(53)亚里士多德:《政治学》,第113页。
(54)阿庇安:《罗马史》(下卷),第31页。
(55)例如,李雅书、杨共乐:《古代罗马史》,第164-168页。
(56)A.J.Toynbee,Hannibal’s Legacy,Oxford:Oxford University Press,Vol.2,1965,pp.106-115.
(57)撒路斯提乌斯:《喀提林阴谋朱古达战争》,王以铸、崔妙因译,北京:商务印书馆,2009年版,第392页。
(58)P.A.Brunt,The Fall of the Roman Republic and Related Essays,pp.128-129.
(59)详见M.I.芬利:《古代世界的政治》,第176页。