水鹿的群体结构和活动节律分析
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摘要
水鹿是我国二级重点保护野生动物。2016年5月到2017年5月,利用红外相机技术在四川鞍子河自然保护区的非盐井生境和盐井生境(盐场)对水鹿的群体结构、日活动节律及舔盐活动节律进行了研究。基于设置的108个红外相机,共收集到水鹿在非盐井区域的独立照片620张,盐井区域的独立照片401张。水鹿日活动节律在不同季节具有较大差异:春季日活动高峰出现在17:00～20:00;夏季无明显日活动高峰;秋季日活动高峰出现在17:00～19:00;冬季日活动高峰分别出现在08:00～10:00、17:00～19:00、23:00～02:00。舔盐活动高峰出现在22:00～04:00,雌雄个体舔盐活动节律大致相同(重叠指数Δ=0.738)。水鹿有单独舔盐和集群舔盐两种方式,其中单独舔盐出现频率较高(占总访问频次的57.6%);舔盐的群体一般大小为2～7只,但以2只的群体居多(占总访问频次的21.5%)。在非盐井区域和盐井区域独立照片中水鹿的雌、雄出现比例分别为2.05∶1和2.66∶1,表明雌鹿可能更需要补充盐分。本研究结果为保护区内水鹿的保护管理提供了基础的科学依据。
The sambar deer(Rusa unicolor) is a national protected animal(Category Ⅱ).From May 2016 to May 2017, we investigated the behaviors of sambar deer in the salt site and other habitats in the Anzi River Nature Reserve of Sichuan Province to study the species' population structure, daily activity rhythm, and salt-licking behavior rhythm through infrared camera trapping.The infrared cameras were installed in 108 locations, resulting in 401 and 620 valid records collected in non-salt and natural salt sites respectively.The results indicated that the daily activity rhythm of sambar deer differed across four seasons.In spring, daily activity peaked in the evening during the hours of 17:00-20:00. In summer, the peaks of diurnal activity were not obvious.Sambar deer had only one activity peak in autumn, during the hours of 17:00-19:00.In winter, there were three peaks of daily activity, appearing during the hours of 08:00-10:00,17:00-19:00,and 23:00-02:00 respectively.The peak of salt-licking behavior occurred during the hours of 22:00-04:00 at night, and there was no significant difference in salt-licking behavior rhythm between males and females(coefficient of overlapping Δ=0.738).There are two categories of salt-licking behavior in sambar deer, licking alone or licking in groups, but licking alone occurred more frequently and comprised 57.6% of all salt-licking behavior. When licking in groups, the group size of sambar deer varied from 2 to 7, with the most common group size being 2, and comprised 21.5% of all salt-licking behavior. The female to male occurrence ratio(female and male) of sambar deer in valid photographs was 2.05∶1 in non-salt licking sites and 2.66 ∶1 in salt licking sites, indicating that female deer replenish salt more frequently than male deer.This study provides important scientific information for the management of this protected species in the nature reserve.
The sambar deer(Rusa unicolor) is a national protected animal(Category Ⅱ).From May 2016 to May 2017, we investigated the behaviors of sambar deer in the salt site and other habitats in the Anzi River Nature Reserve of Sichuan Province to study the species' population structure, daily activity rhythm, and salt-licking behavior rhythm through infrared camera trapping.The infrared cameras were installed in 108 locations, resulting in 401 and 620 valid records collected in non-salt and natural salt sites respectively.The results indicated that the daily activity rhythm of sambar deer differed across four seasons.In spring, daily activity peaked in the evening during the hours of 17:00-20:00. In summer, the peaks of diurnal activity were not obvious.Sambar deer had only one activity peak in autumn, during the hours of 17:00-19:00.In winter, there were three peaks of daily activity, appearing during the hours of 08:00-10:00,17:00-19:00,and 23:00-02:00 respectively.The peak of salt-licking behavior occurred during the hours of 22:00-04:00 at night, and there was no significant difference in salt-licking behavior rhythm between males and females(coefficient of overlapping Δ=0.738).There are two categories of salt-licking behavior in sambar deer, licking alone or licking in groups, but licking alone occurred more frequently and comprised 57.6% of all salt-licking behavior. When licking in groups, the group size of sambar deer varied from 2 to 7, with the most common group size being 2, and comprised 21.5% of all salt-licking behavior. The female to male occurrence ratio(female and male) of sambar deer in valid photographs was 2.05∶1 in non-salt licking sites and 2.66 ∶1 in salt licking sites, indicating that female deer replenish salt more frequently than male deer.This study provides important scientific information for the management of this protected species in the nature reserve.
引文
Atwood T C,Weeks H P.2002.Sex-and age-specific pattern of mineral lick preference in white-tailed deer.The American Midland Naturalist,148(2):289-296.
Chen W, Shen Q, Ma Q Y, Pan G L, Lei C Z.2007.Diurnal activity rhythms and time budgets of captive Qinling golden takin (Budorcas taxicolor bedfordi) in the Qinling Mountains, Shaanxi, China.Journal of Economic Animal,18(2):149.
Clayton L, Macdonald D W.1999.Social organization of the Babirusa (Babyrousa babyrussa) and their use of salt licks in Sulawesi, Indonesia.Journal of Mammalogy,80(4):1147-1157.
Geist V.1999.Deer of the World: Their Evolution, Behavior and Ecology.Mechanicsburg: Stackpole Books.
Guan T P, Gong M H, Hu J, Qiu J, Chen L M, Chen W L, Zheng W C, Song Y L.2015.The rtythm of Chinese muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi) visiting artificial mineral licks during autumn.Chinese Journal of Zoology,50(2):169-175.(in Chinese)
Jia X D, Liu X H, Yang X Z, Wu P F, Melissa S, Cai Q, He X B, Zhu Y.2014.Seasonal activity patterns of ungulates in Qinling Mountains based on camera-trap data.Biodiversity Science,22(6):737-745.(in Chinese)
Jiang Z G.2015.China’s Mammal Diversity and Geographic Distribution.Beijing: Science Press.(in Chinese)
Jones R L,Weeks H P.1985.Ca, Mg, and P in theannual diet of deer in south-central Indiana.The Journal of Wildlife Management,49(1):129-133.
Kawanishi K, Sunquist M E.2004.Conservation status of tigers in a primary rainforest of Peninsular Malaysia.Biological Conservation,120(3):329-344.
Leslie D M,Jenkins K J.1985.Rutting mortality among male roosevelt elk.Journal of Mammalogy, 66(1):163-164.
Leslie D M.2011.Rusa unicolor (Artiodactyla: Cervidae).Mammalian Species, 43(871):1-30.
Li S, Wang D J, Xiao Z S, Li X H, Wang T M, Feng L M, Wang Y.2014.Camera-trapping in wild life research and conservation in China:review and outlook.Biodiversity Science, 22(6):685-695.(in Chinese)
Liu G K, Zhou C Q, Yang Z S, Long S, Pan L, Wang W K, You Y Q, Zeng G W, Geng S S.2011.Diurnal activity rhythm and time budgets of the dwarf blue sheep(Pseudois schaeferi) in Zhubalong Nature Reserve.Acta Ecologica Sinica,31(4):972-981.(in Chinese)
Matsubayashi H, Lagan P,Majalap N,Tangah J,Sukor J R A, Kitayama K.2007b.Importance of natural licks for the mammals in Bornean inland tropical rain forests.Ecological Research,22(5):742-748.
Matsubayashi H, Lagan P, Sukor J R A, Kitayama K.2007a.Seasonal and daily use of natural licks by sambar deer(Cervus unicolor) in a Bornean tropical rain forest.Tropics,17(1):81-86.
Meredith M, Ridout M.2014.Overlap: Estimates of coefficient of overlapping for animal activity patterns.R package version 0.2.4.[CP/OL][2017-7-20].http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=overlap.
O’Brien T G, Kinnaird M F, Wibisono H T.2003.Crouching tigers, hidden prey: Sumatran tiger and prey populations in a tropical forest landscape.Animal Conservation,6(2):131-139.
Payne J, Francis C M, Phillipps K.1985.A field guide to the mammals of Borneo.Journal of Mammalogy,69(3):656-657.
Ping X G, Li C W, Jiang Z G, Liu W H, Zhu H B.2011.Sexual difference in seasonal patterns of salt lick use by south China sika deer Cervus nippon.Mammalian Biology,76(2):196-200.
Powell L L, Powell T U, Powell G V N, Brightsmith D J.2009.Parrots take it with a grain of salt: available sodium content may drive collpa (Clay Lick) selection in southeastern Peru.Biotropica, 41(3):279-282.
Ridout M S, Linkie M.2009.Estimating overlap of daily activity patterns from camera trap data.Journal of Agricultural Biological & Environmental Statistics,14(3):322-337.
Schultz S R, Johnson M K.1992.Use of artificial mineral licks by white-tailed deer in Louisiana.Journal of Range Management,45(6):546-548.
Yao G, Li Y H, Zhang J D, Li D Y, Yang Z S, Hu J, Shi X G.2017.An investigation on population density and distribution of Rusa unicolor in Wolong National Nature Reserve.Sichuan Journal of Zoology,36(5):588-592.(in Chinese)
Yen S C, Lin C Y, Hew S W, Yang S Y, Yeh C F, Weng G J.2015.Characterization of debarking behavior by sambar deer (Rusa unicolor) in Taiwan. Mammal Study, 40(3):167-179.
Yen S C, Wang Y, Ou H Y.2013.Habitat of the vulnerable formosan sambar deer in Taiwan.Oryx, 48(2):232-240.
Zhang J D, Li Y J, Huang J Y, Bai W K, Zhou S Q, Li Y H, Zhou C Q.2018.Behavior coding and ethogram of Sambar (Rusa unicolor) in field environment. Acta Theriologica Sinica,38(1):1-11.(in Chinese)
Zhang S S, Bao Y X, Wang Y N, Fang P F, Ye B.2012.Activity rhythms of black muntjac(Muntiacus crinifron) reveal with infrared camera.Acta Theriologica Sinica,32(4):368-372.(in Chinese)
王小明,盛和林.1995.中国水鹿的现状.野生动物,85(3):7-8.
刘国库,周材权,杨志松,龙帅,潘立,王维奎,游于群,曾国伟,耿山山.2011.竹巴笼矮岩羊昼间行为节律和时间分配.生态学报,31(4):972-981.
孙儒泳.2001.动物生态学原理(第三版).北京:北京师范大学出版社,93-98.
李晟,王大军,肖治术,李欣海,王天明,冯利民,王云.2014.红外相机技术在我国野生动物研究与保护中的应用与前景.生物多样性,22(6):685-695.
张晋东,李玉杰,黄金燕,白文科,周世强,李应洪,周材权.2018.利用红外相机建立野生水鹿行为谱及PAE编码系统.兽类学报,38(1):1-11.
林苓.2007.海南水鹿资源的调查.中国畜牧业,(23):79-79.
尚玉昌.2006.动物的行为节律.生物学通报,41(10):8-10.
官天培,龚明昊,胡婧,仇剑,谌利民,陈万里,郑维超,宋延龄.2015.小麂秋季利用人工盐场的节律.动物学杂志,50(2):169-175.
姚刚,李艳红,张晋东,黎大勇,杨志松,胡杰,施小刚.2017.卧龙国家级自然保护区水鹿种群密度及分布调查.四川动物,36(5): 588-592.
袁喜才,王宝琳.1983.海南岛水鹿.野生动物,(6):37-39.
贾晓东,刘雪华,杨兴中,武鹏峰,Melissa S,蔡琼,何祥博,朱云.2014.利用红外相机技术分析秦岭有蹄类动物活动节律的季节性差异.生物多样性,22(6):737-745.
章书声,鲍毅新,王艳妮,方平福,叶彬.2012.基于红外相机技术的黑麂活动节律.兽类学报,32(4):368-372.
葛桃安,胡锦矗,江明道.1988.扭角羚的舔盐行为观察及初析.南充师院学报,9(1):15-19.
蒋志刚.2015.中国哺乳动物多样性及地理分布.北京:科学出版社.
曾治高,宋延龄.1998.秦岭羚牛的舔盐习性.动物学杂志,33(3):31-33.
Chen W, Shen Q, Ma Q Y, Pan G L, Lei C Z.2007.Diurnal activity rhythms and time budgets of captive Qinling golden takin (Budorcas taxicolor bedfordi) in the Qinling Mountains, Shaanxi, China.Journal of Economic Animal,18(2):149.
Clayton L, Macdonald D W.1999.Social organization of the Babirusa (Babyrousa babyrussa) and their use of salt licks in Sulawesi, Indonesia.Journal of Mammalogy,80(4):1147-1157.
Geist V.1999.Deer of the World: Their Evolution, Behavior and Ecology.Mechanicsburg: Stackpole Books.
Guan T P, Gong M H, Hu J, Qiu J, Chen L M, Chen W L, Zheng W C, Song Y L.2015.The rtythm of Chinese muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi) visiting artificial mineral licks during autumn.Chinese Journal of Zoology,50(2):169-175.(in Chinese)
Jia X D, Liu X H, Yang X Z, Wu P F, Melissa S, Cai Q, He X B, Zhu Y.2014.Seasonal activity patterns of ungulates in Qinling Mountains based on camera-trap data.Biodiversity Science,22(6):737-745.(in Chinese)
Jiang Z G.2015.China’s Mammal Diversity and Geographic Distribution.Beijing: Science Press.(in Chinese)
Jones R L,Weeks H P.1985.Ca, Mg, and P in theannual diet of deer in south-central Indiana.The Journal of Wildlife Management,49(1):129-133.
Kawanishi K, Sunquist M E.2004.Conservation status of tigers in a primary rainforest of Peninsular Malaysia.Biological Conservation,120(3):329-344.
Leslie D M,Jenkins K J.1985.Rutting mortality among male roosevelt elk.Journal of Mammalogy, 66(1):163-164.
Leslie D M.2011.Rusa unicolor (Artiodactyla: Cervidae).Mammalian Species, 43(871):1-30.
Li S, Wang D J, Xiao Z S, Li X H, Wang T M, Feng L M, Wang Y.2014.Camera-trapping in wild life research and conservation in China:review and outlook.Biodiversity Science, 22(6):685-695.(in Chinese)
Liu G K, Zhou C Q, Yang Z S, Long S, Pan L, Wang W K, You Y Q, Zeng G W, Geng S S.2011.Diurnal activity rhythm and time budgets of the dwarf blue sheep(Pseudois schaeferi) in Zhubalong Nature Reserve.Acta Ecologica Sinica,31(4):972-981.(in Chinese)
Matsubayashi H, Lagan P,Majalap N,Tangah J,Sukor J R A, Kitayama K.2007b.Importance of natural licks for the mammals in Bornean inland tropical rain forests.Ecological Research,22(5):742-748.
Matsubayashi H, Lagan P, Sukor J R A, Kitayama K.2007a.Seasonal and daily use of natural licks by sambar deer(Cervus unicolor) in a Bornean tropical rain forest.Tropics,17(1):81-86.
Meredith M, Ridout M.2014.Overlap: Estimates of coefficient of overlapping for animal activity patterns.R package version 0.2.4.[CP/OL][2017-7-20].http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=overlap.
O’Brien T G, Kinnaird M F, Wibisono H T.2003.Crouching tigers, hidden prey: Sumatran tiger and prey populations in a tropical forest landscape.Animal Conservation,6(2):131-139.
Payne J, Francis C M, Phillipps K.1985.A field guide to the mammals of Borneo.Journal of Mammalogy,69(3):656-657.
Ping X G, Li C W, Jiang Z G, Liu W H, Zhu H B.2011.Sexual difference in seasonal patterns of salt lick use by south China sika deer Cervus nippon.Mammalian Biology,76(2):196-200.
Powell L L, Powell T U, Powell G V N, Brightsmith D J.2009.Parrots take it with a grain of salt: available sodium content may drive collpa (Clay Lick) selection in southeastern Peru.Biotropica, 41(3):279-282.
Ridout M S, Linkie M.2009.Estimating overlap of daily activity patterns from camera trap data.Journal of Agricultural Biological & Environmental Statistics,14(3):322-337.
Schultz S R, Johnson M K.1992.Use of artificial mineral licks by white-tailed deer in Louisiana.Journal of Range Management,45(6):546-548.
Yao G, Li Y H, Zhang J D, Li D Y, Yang Z S, Hu J, Shi X G.2017.An investigation on population density and distribution of Rusa unicolor in Wolong National Nature Reserve.Sichuan Journal of Zoology,36(5):588-592.(in Chinese)
Yen S C, Lin C Y, Hew S W, Yang S Y, Yeh C F, Weng G J.2015.Characterization of debarking behavior by sambar deer (Rusa unicolor) in Taiwan. Mammal Study, 40(3):167-179.
Yen S C, Wang Y, Ou H Y.2013.Habitat of the vulnerable formosan sambar deer in Taiwan.Oryx, 48(2):232-240.
Zhang J D, Li Y J, Huang J Y, Bai W K, Zhou S Q, Li Y H, Zhou C Q.2018.Behavior coding and ethogram of Sambar (Rusa unicolor) in field environment. Acta Theriologica Sinica,38(1):1-11.(in Chinese)
Zhang S S, Bao Y X, Wang Y N, Fang P F, Ye B.2012.Activity rhythms of black muntjac(Muntiacus crinifron) reveal with infrared camera.Acta Theriologica Sinica,32(4):368-372.(in Chinese)
王小明,盛和林.1995.中国水鹿的现状.野生动物,85(3):7-8.
刘国库,周材权,杨志松,龙帅,潘立,王维奎,游于群,曾国伟,耿山山.2011.竹巴笼矮岩羊昼间行为节律和时间分配.生态学报,31(4):972-981.
孙儒泳.2001.动物生态学原理(第三版).北京:北京师范大学出版社,93-98.
李晟,王大军,肖治术,李欣海,王天明,冯利民,王云.2014.红外相机技术在我国野生动物研究与保护中的应用与前景.生物多样性,22(6):685-695.
张晋东,李玉杰,黄金燕,白文科,周世强,李应洪,周材权.2018.利用红外相机建立野生水鹿行为谱及PAE编码系统.兽类学报,38(1):1-11.
林苓.2007.海南水鹿资源的调查.中国畜牧业,(23):79-79.
尚玉昌.2006.动物的行为节律.生物学通报,41(10):8-10.
官天培,龚明昊,胡婧,仇剑,谌利民,陈万里,郑维超,宋延龄.2015.小麂秋季利用人工盐场的节律.动物学杂志,50(2):169-175.
姚刚,李艳红,张晋东,黎大勇,杨志松,胡杰,施小刚.2017.卧龙国家级自然保护区水鹿种群密度及分布调查.四川动物,36(5): 588-592.
袁喜才,王宝琳.1983.海南岛水鹿.野生动物,(6):37-39.
贾晓东,刘雪华,杨兴中,武鹏峰,Melissa S,蔡琼,何祥博,朱云.2014.利用红外相机技术分析秦岭有蹄类动物活动节律的季节性差异.生物多样性,22(6):737-745.
章书声,鲍毅新,王艳妮,方平福,叶彬.2012.基于红外相机技术的黑麂活动节律.兽类学报,32(4):368-372.
葛桃安,胡锦矗,江明道.1988.扭角羚的舔盐行为观察及初析.南充师院学报,9(1):15-19.
蒋志刚.2015.中国哺乳动物多样性及地理分布.北京:科学出版社.
曾治高,宋延龄.1998.秦岭羚牛的舔盐习性.动物学杂志,33(3):31-33.