我国西部贫困地区儿童早期语言发展现状及影响因素分析
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摘要
语言能力的获得是儿童早期发展阶段非常重要的一个组成部分。儿童早期的语言和认知发展对未来的学业表现、教育水平、工作表现及生理与心理健康、非认知能力等具有重要的作用。本研究使用来自中国西部贫困地区的调查数据对中国农村儿童早期语言发展的现状及影响因素进行了分析。此外,为了找到更为有效的衡量儿童早期语言发展水平的工具,本研究以《贝利婴幼儿发展量表(第3版)》为标准,与《汉语言沟通量表(短表)》及《年龄与发育进程问卷(第3版)》沟通部分进行了对比。本研究发现:我国贫困地区6-36个月样本婴幼儿普遍存在早期语言发展滞后风险问题,57%的样本婴幼儿存在语言发展滞后风险;农村地区婴幼儿与城市地区婴幼儿在语言发展水平上有显著差距;除性别、早产、家庭经济状况及户口等风险因素与儿童早期语言发展相关外,照养人的养育知识水平和养育行为都与儿童早期语言发展有显著的正相关关系。我们还发现,《汉语言沟通量表(短表)》和《年龄与发育进程问卷(第3版)》沟通部分与贝利婴幼儿发展量表语言部分的相关性较高。
Language acquisition is a key component of early childhood development(ECD) during the first three years of a child's life, when most brain development occurs. Speech and language development are good indicators of overall cognitive development, academic performance, education level, work performance and physical, mental health, and non-cognitive ability in the future. The current study selected a sample of children in impoverished areas of Northwest China and used the Bayley Scale of Infant and Toddler Development III to measure the level of early childhood language development. It also examined the relevance of other language scales to the Bayley Scale of Infant and Toddler Development III in order to find a cost-effective scale to measure early childhood language development. The early language development delay risks were common among 6-36 months sample children, and 57% of the sample infants had language development delay. Moreover, there was a significant gap between the rural and urban area. Gender, premature birth, economic conditions and Hukou type were the risk factors which were related to early childhood language development. Besides, parenting knowledge and parenting behavior were significantly positively correlated with early childhood language development.We also found that both Putonghua Communicative Development Inventory-Short Form and Age & stage Questionnaires-3(communication) had significantly positive correlations with Bayley-III language domain.
Language acquisition is a key component of early childhood development(ECD) during the first three years of a child's life, when most brain development occurs. Speech and language development are good indicators of overall cognitive development, academic performance, education level, work performance and physical, mental health, and non-cognitive ability in the future. The current study selected a sample of children in impoverished areas of Northwest China and used the Bayley Scale of Infant and Toddler Development III to measure the level of early childhood language development. It also examined the relevance of other language scales to the Bayley Scale of Infant and Toddler Development III in order to find a cost-effective scale to measure early childhood language development. The early language development delay risks were common among 6-36 months sample children, and 57% of the sample infants had language development delay. Moreover, there was a significant gap between the rural and urban area. Gender, premature birth, economic conditions and Hukou type were the risk factors which were related to early childhood language development. Besides, parenting knowledge and parenting behavior were significantly positively correlated with early childhood language development.We also found that both Putonghua Communicative Development Inventory-Short Form and Age & stage Questionnaires-3(communication) had significantly positive correlations with Bayley-III language domain.
引文
李国凯,刘桂华,钱沁芳,葛品,谢燕钦,杨闽燕等.(2017).家庭养育环境对发育性语言障碍儿童语言发育和社会情绪的影响.中国当代儿科杂志,19(5),555-559.
邹冰.(2012).儿童孤独症与特定性言语和语言发育障碍的鉴别诊断.中国儿童保健杂志,20(10),867-868.
Al-Maadadi,F.,& A.Ikhlef.(2015).What mothers know about child development and parenting in Qatar:Parenting cognitions and practices.The Family Journal,23(1),65-73.
Bayley,N.(1969).Scales of infant development.New York:Psychological Corp.
Bayley,N.(2006).Bayley Scales of Infant Development 3rd Edition,Technical Manual.PsychCorp,Harcourt Assessment,Inc.;San Antonio,TX.
Bian,X.,Xie,H.,Squires,J.,& Chen,C.Y.(2017).Adapting a parent completed,socioemotional questionnaire in China:The Ages & Stages Questionnaires:Social-Emotional.Infant Mental Health Journal,38(2),258-266.
Bornstein,M.H.,& Haynes,O.M.(1998).Vocabulary competence in early childhood:Measurement,latent construct,and predictive validity.Child Development,69(3),654-671.
Buschmann,A.,Jooss,B.,Rupp,A.,Feldhusen,F.,Pietz,J.,& Philippi,H.(2008).Parent-based language intervention for two-year-old children with specific expressive language delay:A randomised controlled trial.Archives of disease in childhood,94(2),retrieved from:https://adc.bmj.com/content/94/2/110.
Carlson,S.M.,Davis,A.C.,& Leach,J.G.(2005).Less is more:Executive function and symbolic representation in preschool children.Psychological Science,16(8),609-616.
Etchell,A.,Adhikari,A.,Weinberg,L.S.,Choo,A.L.,Garnett,E.O.,Chow,H.M.,& Chang,S.E.(2018).A systematic literature review of sex differences in childhood language and brain development.Neuropsychologia,114,19-31
Fekonja-Peklaj,Ur?ka & Umek,Ljubica & Kranjc,Simona.(2010).Children’s storytelling:The effect of preschool and family environment.European Early Childhood Education Research Journal,18,55-73.
Grantham-McGregor,S.,Cheung,Y.B.,Cueto,S.,Glewwe,P.,Richter,L.,& Strupp,B.(2007).Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries.The Lancet,Retrieved from:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60032-4
Hart,B.,& Risley,T.R.(1992).American parenting of language-learning children:Persisting differences in family-child interactions observed in natural home environments.Developmental Psychology,28(6),1096.
Heckman,J.J.(2008).Schools,skills,and synapses.Economic Inquiry,46(3),289-324.
Hoff,E.(2003).The specificity of environmental influence:Socioeconomic status affects early vocabulary development via maternal speech.Child Development,74(5),1368-1378.
Horwitz,S.M.,Irwin,J.R.,Briggs-Gowan,M.J.,Heenan,J.M.B.,Mendoza,J.,& Carter,A.S.(2003).Language delay in a community cohort of young children.Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry,42(8),932-940.
Huang,K.Y.,M.O.B.Caughy,J.L.Genevro,& T.L.Miller.(2005).Maternal knowledge of child development and quality of parenting among White,African-American and Hispanic mothers.Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology,26(2),149-170.
Lowe,J.R.,S.J.Erickson,R.Schrader,& A.F.Duncan.(2012).Comparison of the Bayley II Mental Developmental Index and the Bayley III cognitive scale:Are we measuring the same thing?Acta Paediatrica,101(2),e55-e58.
Luo,R.,Jia,F.,Yue,A.,Zhang,L.,Lyu,Q.,& Shi,Y.,et al.(2017).Passive parenting and its association with early child development.Early Child Development & Care,(1),1-15.
McCarthy,D.(1933).Language development.In C.Murchison (Ed.).The International University series in psychology:A handbook of child psychology (pp.329-373).New York,NY,US:Russell & Russell/Atheneum Publishers.
Morisset,C.E.,Barnard,K.E.,& Booth,C.L.(1995).Toddlers' language development:Sex differences within social risk.Developmental Psychology,31(5),851.
Müller,U.,Jacques,S.,Brocki,K.,& Zelazo,P.D.(2009).The executive functions of language in preschool children.New York,NY:Cambridge University Press,53-68.
Mustard,J.F.(2007).Experience-based brain development:Scientific underpinnings of the importance of early child development in a global world.Early child development:from measurement to action.Washington DC:The World Bank,43-86.
Nelson,H.D.,Nygren,P.,Walker,M.,& Panoscha,R.(2006).Screening for speech and language delay in preschool children:Systematic evidence review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.Pediatrics,117(2),e298-e319.
Reilly,S.,Wake,M.,Bavin,E.L.,Prior,M.,Williams,J.,Bretherton,L.,… Ukoumunne,O.C.(2007).Predicting Language at 2 Years of Age:A Prospective Community Study.Pediatrics,120(6),e1441–e1449.Retrieved from:https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-0045.
Rowe,M.L.,Raudenbush,S.W.,& Goldin-Meadow,S.(2012).The pace of vocabulary growth helps predict later vocabulary skill.Child Development,83(2),508-525.
Serenius,F.,K.K?llén,M.Blennow,U.Ewald,V.Fellman,G.Holmstr?m…& E.Olhager.(2013).Neurodevelopmental outcome in extremely preterm infants at 2.5 years after active perinatal care in Sweden.Jama,309(17),1810-1820.
Silvén,M.,Ahtola,A.,& Niemi,P.(2003).Early words,multiword utterances and maternal reading strategies as predictors of mastering word inflections in Finnish.Journal of Child Language,30(2),253-279.
Tardif,T.,Fletcher,P.,Zhang,Z.X.,& Liang,W.L.(2008).Chinese communicative development inventories:User’s guide and manual.Beijing,China:Peking University Medical Press,.
Walker,S.P.,Wachs,T.D.,Grantham-McGregor,S.,Black,M.M.,Nelson,C.A.,Huffman,S.L.,…& Gardner,J.M.M.(2011).Inequality in early childhood:Risk and protective factors for early child development.The Lancet,378(9799),1325-1338.
Waxman,S.R.,& Markow,D.B.(1995).Words as invitations to form categories:Evidence from 12- to 13-month-old infants.Cognitive Psychology,29(3),257-302.
Whitehurst,G.J.,& Fischel,J.E.(1994).Practitioner Review:Early Developmental Language Delay:What.If anything.Should the clinician do about it?.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,35(4),613-648.
Zolotor,A.J.,M.Burchinal,D.Skinner,& M.Rosenthal.(2008).Maternal psychological adjustment and knowledge of infant development as predictors of home safety practices in rural low-income communities.Pediatrics,121(6),e1668-e1675.
邹冰.(2012).儿童孤独症与特定性言语和语言发育障碍的鉴别诊断.中国儿童保健杂志,20(10),867-868.
Al-Maadadi,F.,& A.Ikhlef.(2015).What mothers know about child development and parenting in Qatar:Parenting cognitions and practices.The Family Journal,23(1),65-73.
Bayley,N.(1969).Scales of infant development.New York:Psychological Corp.
Bayley,N.(2006).Bayley Scales of Infant Development 3rd Edition,Technical Manual.PsychCorp,Harcourt Assessment,Inc.;San Antonio,TX.
Bian,X.,Xie,H.,Squires,J.,& Chen,C.Y.(2017).Adapting a parent completed,socioemotional questionnaire in China:The Ages & Stages Questionnaires:Social-Emotional.Infant Mental Health Journal,38(2),258-266.
Bornstein,M.H.,& Haynes,O.M.(1998).Vocabulary competence in early childhood:Measurement,latent construct,and predictive validity.Child Development,69(3),654-671.
Buschmann,A.,Jooss,B.,Rupp,A.,Feldhusen,F.,Pietz,J.,& Philippi,H.(2008).Parent-based language intervention for two-year-old children with specific expressive language delay:A randomised controlled trial.Archives of disease in childhood,94(2),retrieved from:https://adc.bmj.com/content/94/2/110.
Carlson,S.M.,Davis,A.C.,& Leach,J.G.(2005).Less is more:Executive function and symbolic representation in preschool children.Psychological Science,16(8),609-616.
Etchell,A.,Adhikari,A.,Weinberg,L.S.,Choo,A.L.,Garnett,E.O.,Chow,H.M.,& Chang,S.E.(2018).A systematic literature review of sex differences in childhood language and brain development.Neuropsychologia,114,19-31
Fekonja-Peklaj,Ur?ka & Umek,Ljubica & Kranjc,Simona.(2010).Children’s storytelling:The effect of preschool and family environment.European Early Childhood Education Research Journal,18,55-73.
Grantham-McGregor,S.,Cheung,Y.B.,Cueto,S.,Glewwe,P.,Richter,L.,& Strupp,B.(2007).Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries.The Lancet,Retrieved from:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60032-4
Hart,B.,& Risley,T.R.(1992).American parenting of language-learning children:Persisting differences in family-child interactions observed in natural home environments.Developmental Psychology,28(6),1096.
Heckman,J.J.(2008).Schools,skills,and synapses.Economic Inquiry,46(3),289-324.
Hoff,E.(2003).The specificity of environmental influence:Socioeconomic status affects early vocabulary development via maternal speech.Child Development,74(5),1368-1378.
Horwitz,S.M.,Irwin,J.R.,Briggs-Gowan,M.J.,Heenan,J.M.B.,Mendoza,J.,& Carter,A.S.(2003).Language delay in a community cohort of young children.Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry,42(8),932-940.
Huang,K.Y.,M.O.B.Caughy,J.L.Genevro,& T.L.Miller.(2005).Maternal knowledge of child development and quality of parenting among White,African-American and Hispanic mothers.Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology,26(2),149-170.
Lowe,J.R.,S.J.Erickson,R.Schrader,& A.F.Duncan.(2012).Comparison of the Bayley II Mental Developmental Index and the Bayley III cognitive scale:Are we measuring the same thing?Acta Paediatrica,101(2),e55-e58.
Luo,R.,Jia,F.,Yue,A.,Zhang,L.,Lyu,Q.,& Shi,Y.,et al.(2017).Passive parenting and its association with early child development.Early Child Development & Care,(1),1-15.
McCarthy,D.(1933).Language development.In C.Murchison (Ed.).The International University series in psychology:A handbook of child psychology (pp.329-373).New York,NY,US:Russell & Russell/Atheneum Publishers.
Morisset,C.E.,Barnard,K.E.,& Booth,C.L.(1995).Toddlers' language development:Sex differences within social risk.Developmental Psychology,31(5),851.
Müller,U.,Jacques,S.,Brocki,K.,& Zelazo,P.D.(2009).The executive functions of language in preschool children.New York,NY:Cambridge University Press,53-68.
Mustard,J.F.(2007).Experience-based brain development:Scientific underpinnings of the importance of early child development in a global world.Early child development:from measurement to action.Washington DC:The World Bank,43-86.
Nelson,H.D.,Nygren,P.,Walker,M.,& Panoscha,R.(2006).Screening for speech and language delay in preschool children:Systematic evidence review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.Pediatrics,117(2),e298-e319.
Reilly,S.,Wake,M.,Bavin,E.L.,Prior,M.,Williams,J.,Bretherton,L.,… Ukoumunne,O.C.(2007).Predicting Language at 2 Years of Age:A Prospective Community Study.Pediatrics,120(6),e1441–e1449.Retrieved from:https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-0045.
Rowe,M.L.,Raudenbush,S.W.,& Goldin-Meadow,S.(2012).The pace of vocabulary growth helps predict later vocabulary skill.Child Development,83(2),508-525.
Serenius,F.,K.K?llén,M.Blennow,U.Ewald,V.Fellman,G.Holmstr?m…& E.Olhager.(2013).Neurodevelopmental outcome in extremely preterm infants at 2.5 years after active perinatal care in Sweden.Jama,309(17),1810-1820.
Silvén,M.,Ahtola,A.,& Niemi,P.(2003).Early words,multiword utterances and maternal reading strategies as predictors of mastering word inflections in Finnish.Journal of Child Language,30(2),253-279.
Tardif,T.,Fletcher,P.,Zhang,Z.X.,& Liang,W.L.(2008).Chinese communicative development inventories:User’s guide and manual.Beijing,China:Peking University Medical Press,.
Walker,S.P.,Wachs,T.D.,Grantham-McGregor,S.,Black,M.M.,Nelson,C.A.,Huffman,S.L.,…& Gardner,J.M.M.(2011).Inequality in early childhood:Risk and protective factors for early child development.The Lancet,378(9799),1325-1338.
Waxman,S.R.,& Markow,D.B.(1995).Words as invitations to form categories:Evidence from 12- to 13-month-old infants.Cognitive Psychology,29(3),257-302.
Whitehurst,G.J.,& Fischel,J.E.(1994).Practitioner Review:Early Developmental Language Delay:What.If anything.Should the clinician do about it?.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,35(4),613-648.
Zolotor,A.J.,M.Burchinal,D.Skinner,& M.Rosenthal.(2008).Maternal psychological adjustment and knowledge of infant development as predictors of home safety practices in rural low-income communities.Pediatrics,121(6),e1668-e1675.