基于语段理论对汉语保留宾语被动结构的句法分析
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摘要
在汉语保留宾语被动句中,动词内论元NP并没有发生显性移位提升至主语位置,而是保留在基础生成的原位。本文基于语段理论的解释认为,保留宾语被动句中的句首非论元NP为基础生成的话题,通过与探针T之间的一致性关系,充当目标的内论元NP可在其动词后基础生成的原位上获得主格而完成语义无解释性特征的取值。当内论元NP保留在其基础生成的常规补足语位置时,该论元占据句末焦点位置,因此应解读为焦点成分。
In Chinese passive sentences with retained objects, the internal argument NP selected by the verbal predicate does not undergo overt movement and instead retains in the postverbal base-generated position. Based on Phase Theory, the present paper argues that the non-argument NP in the initial position should be analyzed as a base-generated topic. Via agreement with the probe T, the internal argument NP goal in the postverbal position can be valued the nominative case by T in situ.When the internal argument NP retains in its base-generated complement position, it occupies an end focus position and is therefore interpreted as being focused.
In Chinese passive sentences with retained objects, the internal argument NP selected by the verbal predicate does not undergo overt movement and instead retains in the postverbal base-generated position. Based on Phase Theory, the present paper argues that the non-argument NP in the initial position should be analyzed as a base-generated topic. Via agreement with the probe T, the internal argument NP goal in the postverbal position can be valued the nominative case by T in situ.When the internal argument NP retains in its base-generated complement position, it occupies an end focus position and is therefore interpreted as being focused.
引文
Chomsky,N.2000.Minimalist inquiries:The framework[A].R.Martin,D.Michaels&J.Uriagereka(eds.).Step by Step:Essays on Minimalism in Honor of Howard Lasnik[C].Cambridge,Mass.:MIT Press.
Chomsky,N.2001.Derivation by phase[A].Hale,K.(ed.)ALife in Language[C].Cambridge,Mass.:MIT Press.
Chomsky,N.2004.Beyond explanatory adequacy[A].Belletti,A.(ed.)Structures and Beyond:The Cartography of Syntactic Structures[C].Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Chomsky,N.2006.Approaching UG from below[Z],manuscript.
Erteschik-Shir,N.2007.Information Structure:The SyntaxDiscourse Interface[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Haegeman,L.1994.Introduction to Government and Binding Theory[M].Oxford:Blackwell.
Huang,C.-T.J.1999.Chinese passives in comparatives perspectives[J].Tsing Hus Journal of Chinese Studies(29):423-509.
Li,C.&S.1976.Thompson.Subject and topic:a new typology of language[A].Charles Li(ed.)Subject and Topic[C].New York:Academic Press.
Pan,haihua.1998a.Generalized passivization on complex predicates.Paper presented at the 71th Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America,New York.January,8-11.
Pan,Hanihua.1998b.Lexical operations on argument structure and Chinese sentence structure.Paper presented at the1998 International Conference on Chinese Grammar Studies.Beijing:Beijing University,August 26-28.
Radford,A.1997.Syntactic Theory and the Structure of English:A Minimalist Approach[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Radford,A.2009.Analysing English Sentences:A Minimalist Approach[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Ross,J.1967.Constraints on variables in syntax[D].Ph.D.Dissertation,MIT.
韩景泉,2000,领有名词提升移位与格理论[J],《现代外语》(3):261-272。
韩景泉,潘海华,2016,汉语保留宾语结构句法生成的最简分析[J],《语言教学与研究》(3):41-53。
潘海华、韩景泉,2008,汉语保留宾语结构的句法生成机制[J],《中国语文》(6):511-522。
温宾利、陈宗利,2001,领有名词移位:基于MP的分析[J],《现代外语》(4):412-416。
熊仲儒,2003,汉语被动句句法结构分析[J],《当代语言学》(3):206-221。
徐杰,1999,两种保留宾语句式及相关句法理论问题[J],《当代语言学》(1):16-29。
徐烈炯,2002,汉语是话语概念结构化语言吗?[J],《中国语文》(5):400-410。
1通常情况下,携带外论元的及物性轻动词投射标记为v*P,而不带外论元的不及物性轻动词投射则标记为v P。
2 Erteschik-Shir(2007)指出,焦点通常分为“信息焦点”和“对比焦点”(contrastive focus)。前者指以句中其他内容为背景,其成为该句中信息最突出的部分;后者指在某个对比集合中选择一个成分作为聚焦对象,以此排除其他成分。每个句子不一定有对比焦点,但一定有信息焦点。
3 Radford(2009)指出,因为被动动词的外层功能投射不构成语段,基于语段的最简句法结构运算,在非语段性动词组中VP内基础生成的内论元NP不再要求作强制显性移位,即可与成分T建立长距离一致性关系,同时从T处获取主格的特征取值。
Chomsky,N.2001.Derivation by phase[A].Hale,K.(ed.)ALife in Language[C].Cambridge,Mass.:MIT Press.
Chomsky,N.2004.Beyond explanatory adequacy[A].Belletti,A.(ed.)Structures and Beyond:The Cartography of Syntactic Structures[C].Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Chomsky,N.2006.Approaching UG from below[Z],manuscript.
Erteschik-Shir,N.2007.Information Structure:The SyntaxDiscourse Interface[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Haegeman,L.1994.Introduction to Government and Binding Theory[M].Oxford:Blackwell.
Huang,C.-T.J.1999.Chinese passives in comparatives perspectives[J].Tsing Hus Journal of Chinese Studies(29):423-509.
Li,C.&S.1976.Thompson.Subject and topic:a new typology of language[A].Charles Li(ed.)Subject and Topic[C].New York:Academic Press.
Pan,haihua.1998a.Generalized passivization on complex predicates.Paper presented at the 71th Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America,New York.January,8-11.
Pan,Hanihua.1998b.Lexical operations on argument structure and Chinese sentence structure.Paper presented at the1998 International Conference on Chinese Grammar Studies.Beijing:Beijing University,August 26-28.
Radford,A.1997.Syntactic Theory and the Structure of English:A Minimalist Approach[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Radford,A.2009.Analysing English Sentences:A Minimalist Approach[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Ross,J.1967.Constraints on variables in syntax[D].Ph.D.Dissertation,MIT.
韩景泉,2000,领有名词提升移位与格理论[J],《现代外语》(3):261-272。
韩景泉,潘海华,2016,汉语保留宾语结构句法生成的最简分析[J],《语言教学与研究》(3):41-53。
潘海华、韩景泉,2008,汉语保留宾语结构的句法生成机制[J],《中国语文》(6):511-522。
温宾利、陈宗利,2001,领有名词移位:基于MP的分析[J],《现代外语》(4):412-416。
熊仲儒,2003,汉语被动句句法结构分析[J],《当代语言学》(3):206-221。
徐杰,1999,两种保留宾语句式及相关句法理论问题[J],《当代语言学》(1):16-29。
徐烈炯,2002,汉语是话语概念结构化语言吗?[J],《中国语文》(5):400-410。
1通常情况下,携带外论元的及物性轻动词投射标记为v*P,而不带外论元的不及物性轻动词投射则标记为v P。
2 Erteschik-Shir(2007)指出,焦点通常分为“信息焦点”和“对比焦点”(contrastive focus)。前者指以句中其他内容为背景,其成为该句中信息最突出的部分;后者指在某个对比集合中选择一个成分作为聚焦对象,以此排除其他成分。每个句子不一定有对比焦点,但一定有信息焦点。
3 Radford(2009)指出,因为被动动词的外层功能投射不构成语段,基于语段的最简句法结构运算,在非语段性动词组中VP内基础生成的内论元NP不再要求作强制显性移位,即可与成分T建立长距离一致性关系,同时从T处获取主格的特征取值。