泡果沙拐枣种子在原生境休眠状态的变化
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摘要
研究种子在原生境休眠状态的变化,有助于了解种子萌发时机和休眠解除在自然条件下是如何被控制的。泡果沙拐枣(Calligonum junceum)是蓼科沙拐枣属的超旱生灌木,是达坂城荒漠的优势种,是荒漠地区植被恢复重要的候选植物种。于2015年7月,将鲜种子埋放在达坂城自然群落的地表和土中(3~5 cm),定期取回(第1年每6周取一次,第2年每8周取一次,直至2017年9月),在模拟原生境生长季4个变温(15/5、20/10、25/15、30/15℃)下培养萌发。结果表明:成熟的鲜种子在4个温度下萌发率很低,说明种子具有初生休眠;大部分种子具有非深度和中度两种水平的生理休眠;种子的休眠在晚秋和冬季以及来年春季得以解除;3月取出的种子萌发率较高;在夏季高温时节,大部分种子(70%)再次进入次生休眠;在达坂城原生境,泡果沙拐枣的种子处于休眠/非休眠循环,这与达坂城季节性水、热条件的变化及长期大风有关;埋放于土中种子的萌发率高于地表,冬季降雪时地表种子的萌发率高于土中,这与不同部位土壤温度和湿度的波动幅度不同有关。
Research in germination responses and dormancy of buried seeds contributes to a better understanding of how the timing of germination and dormancy breaking is controlled in nature. Calligonum junceum,a super-xerophilous shrub,is a candidate species for revegetation of the cold deserts of northwest China. Fresh seeds were placed on the surface and buried in soil( 3-5 cm) in its natural habitat in July 2015,and exhumed( every six weeks in first year,and every eight weeks in second year,up to September 2017) and tested for germination over a range of temperature( 15/5,20/10,25/15,30/15 ℃,respectively). The germination percentage of exhumed seeds was very low at four varying temperatures,indicating the existence of primary dormancy. Most seeds were characterized by both non-deep and intermediate physiological dormancy. Seed dormancy was broken in late autumn,winter or next spring. Seeds exhumed in March had a higher germination percentage. Most seeds( 70%) reentered secondary dormancy during summer due to high temperature. Most seeds exhibited annual dormancy/non-dormancy cycles in the natural habitat of Dabancheng,due to seasonal changes of temperature,rainfall and chronic wind. Seeds buried in soil had higher germination rate than that on soil surface,whereas seeds on soil surface had higher germination rate than that buried in soil when there was snowing in winter,which was related to different seasonal fluctuations of soil temperature and humidity.
Research in germination responses and dormancy of buried seeds contributes to a better understanding of how the timing of germination and dormancy breaking is controlled in nature. Calligonum junceum,a super-xerophilous shrub,is a candidate species for revegetation of the cold deserts of northwest China. Fresh seeds were placed on the surface and buried in soil( 3-5 cm) in its natural habitat in July 2015,and exhumed( every six weeks in first year,and every eight weeks in second year,up to September 2017) and tested for germination over a range of temperature( 15/5,20/10,25/15,30/15 ℃,respectively). The germination percentage of exhumed seeds was very low at four varying temperatures,indicating the existence of primary dormancy. Most seeds were characterized by both non-deep and intermediate physiological dormancy. Seed dormancy was broken in late autumn,winter or next spring. Seeds exhumed in March had a higher germination percentage. Most seeds( 70%) reentered secondary dormancy during summer due to high temperature. Most seeds exhibited annual dormancy/non-dormancy cycles in the natural habitat of Dabancheng,due to seasonal changes of temperature,rainfall and chronic wind. Seeds buried in soil had higher germination rate than that on soil surface,whereas seeds on soil surface had higher germination rate than that buried in soil when there was snowing in winter,which was related to different seasonal fluctuations of soil temperature and humidity.
引文
冯缨,潘伯荣,严成.2008.新疆沙拐枣属植物多样性特征及分布格局.干旱区资源与环境,18(8):139-144.
高蕊,魏岩,严成.2008.角果藜的地上地下结果性与种子萌发行为.生态学杂志,27(1):23-27.
荆卫民,曲信民,王敏,等.2013.4种沙拐枣种子播前预处理技术研究.《生态文明建设中的植物学:现在与未来---中国植物学会第十五届会员代表大会暨八十周年学术年会论文集---第4分会场:资源植物学》.江西南昌.
康晓珊,潘伯荣,段士民,等.2012.沙拐枣属4种植物同地栽培开花物候与生殖特性比较.中国沙漠,32(5):1315-1327.
刘志民.2010.科尔沁沙地植物繁殖对策.北京:气象出版社.
潘航,冯缨.2017.荒漠环境下10种沙拐枣的生理特征比较研究.草业学报,26(6):68-75.
任泉,蔡新婷,伍永学.2011.达坂城地区1964-2008年蒸发量变化特征分析.沙漠与绿洲气象,5(3):16-20.
苏杰,李婷,韩国栋,等.2017.古尔班通古特沙漠及交错带白茎绢蒿与沙拐枣节肢动物群落结构动态.生态学杂志,36(6):1606-1613.
谭勇,潘伯荣,段士民,等.2009.准噶尔盆地4种沙拐枣属植物群落的α多样性及土壤环境解释.干旱区资源与环境,23(6):136-142.
王姣.2017.霸王种子在达坂城原生境的萌发和休眠(硕士学位论文).乌鲁木齐:新疆师范大学.
王桔红,陈文.2015.5种马鞭草科植物种子萌发对低温层积和干燥贮藏的响应及其更新对策.生态学杂志,34(12):3313-3318.
王彦荣,杨磊,胡小文.2012.埋藏条件下3种干旱荒漠植物的种子休眠释放和土壤种子库.植物生态学报,36(8):774-780.
张俊杰,韦霄,柴胜丰,等.2018.珍稀濒危植物金丝李种子的休眠机理.生态学杂志,37(5):1371-1381.
Bahrani MJ,Niknejad-Kazempour H.2007.Effect of dormancy breaking treatments and salinity on seed germination of two desert shrubs.Arid Land Research and Management,21:107-118.
Baskin CC,Baskin JM,Chester EW.2000.Effect of flooding on the annual dormancy cycle and on germination of seeds of the summer annual Schoenoplectus purshianus(Cyperaceae).Aquatic Botany,67:109-116.
Baskin CC,Baskin JM,Chester EW.2003.Seasonal changes in the germination responses of buried seeds of three native eastern North American winter annuals.Plant Species Biology,18:59-66.
Baskin CC,Baskin JM.2014.Seed:Ecology,Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination.San Diego:Academic Press.
Baskin CC,Chesson PL,Baskin JM.1993.Annual seed dormancy cycles in two desert winter annuals.Journal of Ecology,81:551-556.
Baskin JM,Baskin CC.1985.The annual dormancy cycle in buried weed seeds:A continuum.Bio Science,35:492-498.
Baskin JM,Baskin CC.1989.Seasonal changes in thegermination responses of buried seeds of Barbareavulgaris.Canadian Journal of Botany,67:2131-2134.
Batlla D.2006.The role of fluctuations in soil water content on the regulation of dormancy changes in buried seeds of Polygonum aviculare L.Seed Science Research,16:47-59.
Cao D,Baskin CC,Baskin JM.2012.Comparison of germination and seed bank dynamics of dimorphic seeds of the cold desert halophyte Suaeda corniculata subsp.mongolica.Annals of Botany,110:1545-1553.
Cao DC,Baskin CC,Baskin JM.2014.Dormancy cycling and persistence of seeds in soil of a cold desert halophyte shrub.Annals of Botany,113:171-179.
Copete MA,Herranz JM,Ferrandis P.2015.Annual dormancy cycles in buried seeds of shrub species:Germination ecology of Sideritis serrata(Labiatae).Plant Biology,17:798-807.
Derbel S,Mohamed C.2007.Germination behaviour and seedling establishment of two desert shrubs,Calligonum polygonoides(Polygonaceae)and Spartidium saharae(Fabaceae),under experimental conditions.Acta Botanica Gallica,154:533-544.
Dhief A,Gorai M,Aschismiti S.2012.Effects of some seedcoat dormancy breaking treatments on germination of three Calligonum species occurring in Southern desert of Tunisia.Ecologia Mediterranea,38:19-28.
Kondo T,Sato C.2007.Effects of temperature,light,storage conditions,sowing time,and burial depth on the seed germination of Cardiocrinum cordatum,var.glehnii(Liliaceae).Landscape and Ecological Engineering,3:89-97.
Liu H,Abudureheman B,Zhang L.2017.Seed dormancybreaking in a cold desert shrub in relation to sand temperature and moisture.Aob Plants,9:plx003.
Mayor MD,Boo RM,Pelaez DV.2007.Influence of shrub cover on germination,dormancy and viability of buried and unburied seeds of Piptochaetium napostaense(Speg.)Hackel.Journal of Arid Environments,68:509-521.
Ren J,Tao L.2003.Effect of hydration-dehydration cycles on germination of seven Calligonum species.Journal of Arid Environments,55:111-122.
Ren J,Tao L.2004.Effects of different pre-sowing seed treatments on germination of 10 Calligonum species.Forest Ecology and Management,195:291-300.
Thompson K,Grime JP.1979.Seasonal variation in the seed banks of herbaceous species in ten contrasting habitats.Journal of Ecology,67:893-921.
Zhao XY,Baskin CC,Zhu CQ.2017.Fruit dispersal dynamics of the cold desert shrub Zygophyllum xanthoxylon.Seed Science Research,27:303-310.
Zhou YM,Lu JJ,Tan DY,et al.2015.Seed germination ecology of the cold desert Annual Isatis violascens(Brassicaceae):Two levels of physiological dormancy and role of the pericarp.PLo S One,10:e0140983.
高蕊,魏岩,严成.2008.角果藜的地上地下结果性与种子萌发行为.生态学杂志,27(1):23-27.
荆卫民,曲信民,王敏,等.2013.4种沙拐枣种子播前预处理技术研究.《生态文明建设中的植物学:现在与未来---中国植物学会第十五届会员代表大会暨八十周年学术年会论文集---第4分会场:资源植物学》.江西南昌.
康晓珊,潘伯荣,段士民,等.2012.沙拐枣属4种植物同地栽培开花物候与生殖特性比较.中国沙漠,32(5):1315-1327.
刘志民.2010.科尔沁沙地植物繁殖对策.北京:气象出版社.
潘航,冯缨.2017.荒漠环境下10种沙拐枣的生理特征比较研究.草业学报,26(6):68-75.
任泉,蔡新婷,伍永学.2011.达坂城地区1964-2008年蒸发量变化特征分析.沙漠与绿洲气象,5(3):16-20.
苏杰,李婷,韩国栋,等.2017.古尔班通古特沙漠及交错带白茎绢蒿与沙拐枣节肢动物群落结构动态.生态学杂志,36(6):1606-1613.
谭勇,潘伯荣,段士民,等.2009.准噶尔盆地4种沙拐枣属植物群落的α多样性及土壤环境解释.干旱区资源与环境,23(6):136-142.
王姣.2017.霸王种子在达坂城原生境的萌发和休眠(硕士学位论文).乌鲁木齐:新疆师范大学.
王桔红,陈文.2015.5种马鞭草科植物种子萌发对低温层积和干燥贮藏的响应及其更新对策.生态学杂志,34(12):3313-3318.
王彦荣,杨磊,胡小文.2012.埋藏条件下3种干旱荒漠植物的种子休眠释放和土壤种子库.植物生态学报,36(8):774-780.
张俊杰,韦霄,柴胜丰,等.2018.珍稀濒危植物金丝李种子的休眠机理.生态学杂志,37(5):1371-1381.
Bahrani MJ,Niknejad-Kazempour H.2007.Effect of dormancy breaking treatments and salinity on seed germination of two desert shrubs.Arid Land Research and Management,21:107-118.
Baskin CC,Baskin JM,Chester EW.2000.Effect of flooding on the annual dormancy cycle and on germination of seeds of the summer annual Schoenoplectus purshianus(Cyperaceae).Aquatic Botany,67:109-116.
Baskin CC,Baskin JM,Chester EW.2003.Seasonal changes in the germination responses of buried seeds of three native eastern North American winter annuals.Plant Species Biology,18:59-66.
Baskin CC,Baskin JM.2014.Seed:Ecology,Biogeography and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination.San Diego:Academic Press.
Baskin CC,Chesson PL,Baskin JM.1993.Annual seed dormancy cycles in two desert winter annuals.Journal of Ecology,81:551-556.
Baskin JM,Baskin CC.1985.The annual dormancy cycle in buried weed seeds:A continuum.Bio Science,35:492-498.
Baskin JM,Baskin CC.1989.Seasonal changes in thegermination responses of buried seeds of Barbareavulgaris.Canadian Journal of Botany,67:2131-2134.
Batlla D.2006.The role of fluctuations in soil water content on the regulation of dormancy changes in buried seeds of Polygonum aviculare L.Seed Science Research,16:47-59.
Cao D,Baskin CC,Baskin JM.2012.Comparison of germination and seed bank dynamics of dimorphic seeds of the cold desert halophyte Suaeda corniculata subsp.mongolica.Annals of Botany,110:1545-1553.
Cao DC,Baskin CC,Baskin JM.2014.Dormancy cycling and persistence of seeds in soil of a cold desert halophyte shrub.Annals of Botany,113:171-179.
Copete MA,Herranz JM,Ferrandis P.2015.Annual dormancy cycles in buried seeds of shrub species:Germination ecology of Sideritis serrata(Labiatae).Plant Biology,17:798-807.
Derbel S,Mohamed C.2007.Germination behaviour and seedling establishment of two desert shrubs,Calligonum polygonoides(Polygonaceae)and Spartidium saharae(Fabaceae),under experimental conditions.Acta Botanica Gallica,154:533-544.
Dhief A,Gorai M,Aschismiti S.2012.Effects of some seedcoat dormancy breaking treatments on germination of three Calligonum species occurring in Southern desert of Tunisia.Ecologia Mediterranea,38:19-28.
Kondo T,Sato C.2007.Effects of temperature,light,storage conditions,sowing time,and burial depth on the seed germination of Cardiocrinum cordatum,var.glehnii(Liliaceae).Landscape and Ecological Engineering,3:89-97.
Liu H,Abudureheman B,Zhang L.2017.Seed dormancybreaking in a cold desert shrub in relation to sand temperature and moisture.Aob Plants,9:plx003.
Mayor MD,Boo RM,Pelaez DV.2007.Influence of shrub cover on germination,dormancy and viability of buried and unburied seeds of Piptochaetium napostaense(Speg.)Hackel.Journal of Arid Environments,68:509-521.
Ren J,Tao L.2003.Effect of hydration-dehydration cycles on germination of seven Calligonum species.Journal of Arid Environments,55:111-122.
Ren J,Tao L.2004.Effects of different pre-sowing seed treatments on germination of 10 Calligonum species.Forest Ecology and Management,195:291-300.
Thompson K,Grime JP.1979.Seasonal variation in the seed banks of herbaceous species in ten contrasting habitats.Journal of Ecology,67:893-921.
Zhao XY,Baskin CC,Zhu CQ.2017.Fruit dispersal dynamics of the cold desert shrub Zygophyllum xanthoxylon.Seed Science Research,27:303-310.
Zhou YM,Lu JJ,Tan DY,et al.2015.Seed germination ecology of the cold desert Annual Isatis violascens(Brassicaceae):Two levels of physiological dormancy and role of the pericarp.PLo S One,10:e0140983.