2016—2017年贵州大雾时空分布及气象要素演变分析
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摘要
利用2016—2017年自动站逐小时观测资料,统计分析了贵州大雾天气的时空分布特征;同时,结合天气图资料分析筛选了锋面大雾个例31 d和辐射大雾个例17 d,对比分析大雾生消过程中风、温、湿等气象要素演变特点。结果表明:(1)贵州大雾在秋末到初春较为频发;一天中夜间02—09时是大雾频发时段,07时达到峰值。(2)贵州自西向东有4个多雾区,分别为西南部区域、中部区域、东部边缘区域和北部局部区域。(3)锋面大雾主要出现在贵州中西部,范围最广时可达20个县站左右,持续时长可达10～13 h,单站可持续60 h以上。辐射大雾以贵州中东部地区出现较多,范围最广时可接近40个县站,远比锋面大雾范围广,持续时间相对较短。(4)大雾期间,10 min平均风速为0～3 m·s~(-1),相对湿度为97%～100%,温度露点差为0～0. 5℃;辐射大雾初期或形成前气温呈下降状态,消散期升温较明显,地气温差呈现由负到正或由低到高的变化趋势,反映出近地层大气由较为稳定的逆温环境向不稳定环境变化的过程;锋面大雾初期的降温和后期的升温现象并不突出,地气温差也没有特定的变化规律,仅有部分个例与锋面大雾情况一致。
The hourly observation data of automatic station in Guizhou Province from 2016 to 2017 were used to analyze the spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of heavy fog. Meanwhile, 31 days of front fog and 17 days of radiation fog were screened out via analyzing the synoptic data, and the evolution characteristics of meteorological elements such as wind, temperature and humidity were compared and analyzed. The results are as follows.(1) Heavy fog happens frequently in late autumn and early spring in Guizhou. The occurrence time period of the highest frequency is from 02: 00 to 09: 00 BT, reaching the peak at 07:00 BT.(2) The southwest, central, eastern and northern parts of Guizhou are the foggy areas from west to east.(3) Frontal fog mainly appears in the central and western Guizhou. The most extensive range covers about 20 county stations, and the duration can be 10—13 h. Some single station can have fog more than 60 h. Radiation fog mainly appears in the central and eastern Guizhou. The widest range can be close to 40 county stations, far more than the frontal fog range, and the duration is relatively short.(4)The 10 min average wind speed is 0—3 m · s~(-1), the relative humidity is 97% —100%,and the difference between temperature and dew point is 0 —0. 5℃. Temperature is in a state of decline at the beginning or before the formation of fog. In the period of extinction, warming is more obvious. The difference in temperature between surface and atmosphere presents a trend from negative to positive or from low to high,which reflects the process in which the near-surface atmosphere changes from a more stable inversion temperature environment to an unstable environment. The early cooling and later heating up are not obvious in frontal fog, also the temperature has no regular distribution between ground surface and atmosphere, only some cases are in line with frontal fog.
The hourly observation data of automatic station in Guizhou Province from 2016 to 2017 were used to analyze the spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of heavy fog. Meanwhile, 31 days of front fog and 17 days of radiation fog were screened out via analyzing the synoptic data, and the evolution characteristics of meteorological elements such as wind, temperature and humidity were compared and analyzed. The results are as follows.(1) Heavy fog happens frequently in late autumn and early spring in Guizhou. The occurrence time period of the highest frequency is from 02: 00 to 09: 00 BT, reaching the peak at 07:00 BT.(2) The southwest, central, eastern and northern parts of Guizhou are the foggy areas from west to east.(3) Frontal fog mainly appears in the central and western Guizhou. The most extensive range covers about 20 county stations, and the duration can be 10—13 h. Some single station can have fog more than 60 h. Radiation fog mainly appears in the central and eastern Guizhou. The widest range can be close to 40 county stations, far more than the frontal fog range, and the duration is relatively short.(4)The 10 min average wind speed is 0—3 m · s~(-1), the relative humidity is 97% —100%,and the difference between temperature and dew point is 0 —0. 5℃. Temperature is in a state of decline at the beginning or before the formation of fog. In the period of extinction, warming is more obvious. The difference in temperature between surface and atmosphere presents a trend from negative to positive or from low to high,which reflects the process in which the near-surface atmosphere changes from a more stable inversion temperature environment to an unstable environment. The early cooling and later heating up are not obvious in frontal fog, also the temperature has no regular distribution between ground surface and atmosphere, only some cases are in line with frontal fog.
引文
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林建,杨贵名,毛冬艳,2008.我国大雾的时空分布特征及其发生的环流形势[J].气候与环境研究,13(2):171-181. Lin J, Yang G M,Mao D Y, 2008. Spatial and temporal characteristics of fog in China and associated circulation patterns[J]. Climatic Environ Res,13(2):171-181(in Chinese).
刘小宁,张洪政,李庆祥,等,2005.我国大雾的气候特征及变化初步解释[J].应用气象学报,16(2):220-230. Liu X N,Zhang H Z,Li Q X,et al,2005. Preliminary research on climatic characteristics and change of fog in China[J]. J Appl Meteor Sci, 16(2):220-230(in Chinese).
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罗喜平,周明飞,汪超,等,2012.贵州区域性辐射大雾特征与形成条件[J].气象科技,40(5):799-806. Luo X P,Zhou M F,Wang C,et al,2012. Characteristics and formation conditions of regional radiation fogs in Guizhou[J]. Meteor Sci Technol, 40(5):799-806(in Chinese).
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王博妮,濮梅娟,田力,等,2016.江苏沿海高速公路低能见度浓雾的气候特征和影响因子研究[J].气象,42(2):192-202. Wang B N,Pu M J,Tian L,et al,2016. Climate characteristics and impact factors of low-visibility heavy fog on Jiangsu Coast Expressway[J]. Meteor Mon,42(2):192-202(in Chinese).
王丽萍,陈少勇,董安祥,2006.气候变化对中国大雾的影响[J].地理学报,61(5):527-536. Wang L P,Chen S Y,Dong A X,2006.Impact of climate warming on fog in China[J]. Acta Geograph Sin,61(5):527-536(in Chinese).
王正旺,庞转棠,张磊,等,2009.长治市大雾气候特征及预报研究[J].自然灾害学报,18(3):79-86. Wang Z W,Pang Z T,Zhang L,et al,2009. Characteristics and prediction of heavy fog weather in Changzhi City[J]. J Nat Dis,18(3):79-86(in Chinese).
魏建苏,朱伟军,严文莲,等,2010.江苏沿海地区雾的气候特征及相关影响因子[J].大气科学学报,33(6):680-687. Wei J S,Zhu W J,Yan W L,et al,2010. Climatic characteristics of fog and its relevant influencing factors over the coastal areas of Jiangsu[J].Trans Atmos Sci,33(6):680-687(in Chinese).
夏晓玲,唐延婧,2015.贵州山区地形雾5a气象要素特征分析[J].贵州气象,39(1):50-54.Xia X L,Tang Y J,2015. Analysis on the characteristics of meteorological factors for terrain fog 5a in Guizhou[J]. J Guizhou Meteor,39(1):50-54(in Chinese).
谢清霞,唐延婧,庞庆兵,等,2016.贵州辐射雾的时空变化特征及其气象要素分析[J].气象与环境科学,39(2):119-125. Xie Q X,Tang Y J,Pang Q B,et al,2016. Analysis of temporal and spatial variation and meteorological elements of Guizhou radiation fog[J]. Meteor Environ Sci,39(2):119-125(in Chinese).
许爱华,陈翔翔,肖安,等,2016.江西省区域性平流雾气象要素特征分析及预报思路[J].气象,42(3):372-381. Xu A H,Chen X X,Xiao A,et al,2016. Analysis on the characteristics of meteorological factors and forecast ideas for regional advection fog in Jiangxi[J]. Meteor Mon,42(3):372-381(in Chinese).
中国气象局,2007. QX/T 76-2007高速公路能见度监测及浓雾的预警预报[S].北京:中国标准出版社.China Meterological Administration, 2007. QX/T 76-2007 Highway Visibility Monitoring and Fog Forecasting[S]. Beijing:Standards Press of China(in Chinese).
周福,钱燕珍,金靓,等,2015.宁波海雾特征和预报着眼点[J].气象,41(4):438-446. Zhou F,Qian Y Z,Jin L,et al,2015. Characteristics and forecasting focus of sea fog in Ningbo[J]. Meteor Mon,41(4):438-446(in Chinese).
崔驰潇,包云轩,袁成松,等,2015.江苏省沿海高速公路雾的时空变化特征研究[J].科学技术与工程,15(12):6-20.Cui C X,Bao Y X,Yuan C S,et al,2015. Study on temporal and spatial occurrence pattern of fog on the coastal expressway of Jiangsu Province[J]. Sci Technol Engin,15(12):6-20(in Chinese).
崔庭,吴古会,赵玉金,等,2012.滇黔准静止锋锋面雾的结构及成因分析[J].干旱气象,30(1):114-118.Cui T,Wu G H,Zhao Y J,et al,2012. Analysis on structure and formation reason of frontal fogs occurred in Yunnan and Guizhou[J]. J Arid Meteor,30(1):114-118(in Chinese).
黄治勇,牛奔,杨军,等,2012.湖北西南山地一次辐射雾和雨雾气象要素特征的对比分析[J].气候与环境研究,17(5):532-540.Huang Z Y,Niu B, Yang J,et al,2012. Analysis of characteristics of meteorological elements of radiation fog and rain fog in southwestern Hubei[J]. Climatic Environ Res, 17(5):532-540(in Chinese).
景学义,张雪梅,兰博文,2005.哈尔滨市区雾的特征分析及预报指标研究[J].自然灾害学报,14(2):47-49. Jing X Y,Zhang X M,Lan B W, 2005. Characteristic analysis and pred iction index study of fog in urban area of Harbin City[J]. J Nat Dis,14(2):47-49(in Chinese).
林建,杨贵名,毛冬艳,2008.我国大雾的时空分布特征及其发生的环流形势[J].气候与环境研究,13(2):171-181. Lin J, Yang G M,Mao D Y, 2008. Spatial and temporal characteristics of fog in China and associated circulation patterns[J]. Climatic Environ Res,13(2):171-181(in Chinese).
刘小宁,张洪政,李庆祥,等,2005.我国大雾的气候特征及变化初步解释[J].应用气象学报,16(2):220-230. Liu X N,Zhang H Z,Li Q X,et al,2005. Preliminary research on climatic characteristics and change of fog in China[J]. J Appl Meteor Sci, 16(2):220-230(in Chinese).
罗喜平,杨静,周成霞,2008.贵州省雾的气候特征研究[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),44(5):765-772. Luo X P,Yang J,Zhou C X,2008. Climatology of fog in Guizhou Province[J]. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,44(5):765-772(in Chinese).
罗喜平,周明飞,汪超,等,2012.贵州区域性辐射大雾特征与形成条件[J].气象科技,40(5):799-806. Luo X P,Zhou M F,Wang C,et al,2012. Characteristics and formation conditions of regional radiation fogs in Guizhou[J]. Meteor Sci Technol, 40(5):799-806(in Chinese).
田华,王亚伟,2008.京津塘高速公路雾气候特征与气象条件分析[J].气象,34(1):66-71. Tian H,Wang Y W,2008. Analysis of climatic characteristics and weather conditions for fog over the Jing-Jin-Tang Expressway[J]. 34(1):66-71(in Chinese).
田小毅,朱承瑛,张振东,等,2018.长江江苏段江面雾的特征和预报着眼点[J].气象,44(3):408-415.Tian X Y,Zhu C Y,Zhang Z D,et al,2018. Characteristics and forecasting focus for river fog in Jiangsu section of Yangtze River[J]. Meteor Mon, 44(3):408-415(in Chinese).
王博妮,濮梅娟,田力,等,2016.江苏沿海高速公路低能见度浓雾的气候特征和影响因子研究[J].气象,42(2):192-202. Wang B N,Pu M J,Tian L,et al,2016. Climate characteristics and impact factors of low-visibility heavy fog on Jiangsu Coast Expressway[J]. Meteor Mon,42(2):192-202(in Chinese).
王丽萍,陈少勇,董安祥,2006.气候变化对中国大雾的影响[J].地理学报,61(5):527-536. Wang L P,Chen S Y,Dong A X,2006.Impact of climate warming on fog in China[J]. Acta Geograph Sin,61(5):527-536(in Chinese).
王正旺,庞转棠,张磊,等,2009.长治市大雾气候特征及预报研究[J].自然灾害学报,18(3):79-86. Wang Z W,Pang Z T,Zhang L,et al,2009. Characteristics and prediction of heavy fog weather in Changzhi City[J]. J Nat Dis,18(3):79-86(in Chinese).
魏建苏,朱伟军,严文莲,等,2010.江苏沿海地区雾的气候特征及相关影响因子[J].大气科学学报,33(6):680-687. Wei J S,Zhu W J,Yan W L,et al,2010. Climatic characteristics of fog and its relevant influencing factors over the coastal areas of Jiangsu[J].Trans Atmos Sci,33(6):680-687(in Chinese).
夏晓玲,唐延婧,2015.贵州山区地形雾5a气象要素特征分析[J].贵州气象,39(1):50-54.Xia X L,Tang Y J,2015. Analysis on the characteristics of meteorological factors for terrain fog 5a in Guizhou[J]. J Guizhou Meteor,39(1):50-54(in Chinese).
谢清霞,唐延婧,庞庆兵,等,2016.贵州辐射雾的时空变化特征及其气象要素分析[J].气象与环境科学,39(2):119-125. Xie Q X,Tang Y J,Pang Q B,et al,2016. Analysis of temporal and spatial variation and meteorological elements of Guizhou radiation fog[J]. Meteor Environ Sci,39(2):119-125(in Chinese).
许爱华,陈翔翔,肖安,等,2016.江西省区域性平流雾气象要素特征分析及预报思路[J].气象,42(3):372-381. Xu A H,Chen X X,Xiao A,et al,2016. Analysis on the characteristics of meteorological factors and forecast ideas for regional advection fog in Jiangxi[J]. Meteor Mon,42(3):372-381(in Chinese).
中国气象局,2007. QX/T 76-2007高速公路能见度监测及浓雾的预警预报[S].北京:中国标准出版社.China Meterological Administration, 2007. QX/T 76-2007 Highway Visibility Monitoring and Fog Forecasting[S]. Beijing:Standards Press of China(in Chinese).
周福,钱燕珍,金靓,等,2015.宁波海雾特征和预报着眼点[J].气象,41(4):438-446. Zhou F,Qian Y Z,Jin L,et al,2015. Characteristics and forecasting focus of sea fog in Ningbo[J]. Meteor Mon,41(4):438-446(in Chinese).