金盆水库沉积物磷的来源及分布特征
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摘要
为探究分层型水源水库沉积物中磷的来源与分布特征,以西安金盆水库为对象,针对2017年3～11月金盆水库水体、沉降颗粒及沉积物柱状样品总磷(TP)含量及形态分布特征进行研究.结果表明,金盆水库主库区表层沉积物总磷含量及形态分布受水体颗粒磷(PP)沉降作用明显,相关系数r~2=0. 877 5;同时表层沉积物总磷含量还受到沉积物内部生物地球化学的共同作用. 6～8月金盆水库水体藻类剧烈繁殖演替,繁殖过程中大量失去活性、死亡的藻类不断向底部水体沉积,形成以藻类等颗粒磷为主导的内源污染,沉降颗粒总磷含量达(753. 51±17. 11) mg·kg~(-1),表层沉积物总磷含量随之增加,以铁铝结合态非活性磷(NaOH-nrP)为主; 9～11月进入汛期,径流水体携带大量泥沙等负荷较大的污染物汇入水库,使得水体颗粒磷浓度相应增大,然而由于单位质量泥沙中总磷含量占比较小,导致径流过程中表层沉积物总磷含量逐渐降低,泥沙径流过程中颗粒磷以无机态的钙磷(Ca-P)和残渣态磷(rest-P)为主,二者约占沉积物总磷(TP) 55. 8%～66. 2%,受颗粒沉降影响相对较大.活性磷(SRP)、铁锰螯合态磷(BD-P)和铁铝结合态活性磷(NaOH-srP)这3种形态磷较活跃,在环境条件的变化(主要是氧化还原条件)下发生一系列迁移转化,受沉积物内部生物地球生物化学过程作用明显.
In order to explore the sources and distribution of phosphorus in sediments of a stratified water source reservoir,the total phosphorus(TP) content and distribution of phosphorus fractions in sedimentation particles and sediments of the Jinpen Reservoir of Xi'an were analyzed from March to November in 2017. The results showed that the TP content in the surface sediments of the Jinpen Reservoir was obviously affected by the deposition of particulate phosphorus(PP),and the correlation coefficient was 0. 877 5.Besides,this TP pool was also affected by the biogeochemistry of sediments. From June to August,algae in the Jinpen Reservoir propagated intensely,and a large number of dead algae were deposited on the bottom of the water body,which resulted in a type of endogenous pollution dominated by algae. The concentration of PP reached(753. 51 ± 17. 11) mg·kg~(-1),and the content of TP increased,with Na OH-nrP as the main component. During the flood season of the Jinpen Reservoir from September to November,the runoff water carried a large amount of sediments with large pollutant loads,which resulted in increases of the concentration of PP in the water body. However,the TP content in the sediment per unit mass was relatively small. As a result,the TP content of surface sediments decreased,with inorganic Ca-P and rest-P as the main forms,which accounted for 55. 8%-66. 2% of the TP in sediment,and were influenced by particle sedimentation. The SRP,BD-P,and Na OH-srP,the most active fractions,underwent a series of transport and transformation processes under the changing environmental conditions(mainly redox conditions),and these forms were obviously affected by the biochemical processes in sediments and minimally affected by the sedimentation processes of the reservoir.
In order to explore the sources and distribution of phosphorus in sediments of a stratified water source reservoir,the total phosphorus(TP) content and distribution of phosphorus fractions in sedimentation particles and sediments of the Jinpen Reservoir of Xi'an were analyzed from March to November in 2017. The results showed that the TP content in the surface sediments of the Jinpen Reservoir was obviously affected by the deposition of particulate phosphorus(PP),and the correlation coefficient was 0. 877 5.Besides,this TP pool was also affected by the biogeochemistry of sediments. From June to August,algae in the Jinpen Reservoir propagated intensely,and a large number of dead algae were deposited on the bottom of the water body,which resulted in a type of endogenous pollution dominated by algae. The concentration of PP reached(753. 51 ± 17. 11) mg·kg~(-1),and the content of TP increased,with Na OH-nrP as the main component. During the flood season of the Jinpen Reservoir from September to November,the runoff water carried a large amount of sediments with large pollutant loads,which resulted in increases of the concentration of PP in the water body. However,the TP content in the sediment per unit mass was relatively small. As a result,the TP content of surface sediments decreased,with inorganic Ca-P and rest-P as the main forms,which accounted for 55. 8%-66. 2% of the TP in sediment,and were influenced by particle sedimentation. The SRP,BD-P,and Na OH-srP,the most active fractions,underwent a series of transport and transformation processes under the changing environmental conditions(mainly redox conditions),and these forms were obviously affected by the biochemical processes in sediments and minimally affected by the sedimentation processes of the reservoir.
引文
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[17]徐康,刘付程,安宗胜,等.巢湖表层沉积物中磷赋存形态的时空变化[J].环境科学,2011,32(11):3255-3263.Xu K,Liu F C,An Z S,et al. Spatial and temporal variations of phosphorus forms in surface sediments of Chaohu Lake[J].Environmental Science,2011,32(11):3255-3263.
[18]王敬富,陈敬安,曾艳,等.贵州红枫湖沉积物磷赋存形态的空间变化特征[J].湖泊科学,2012,24(5):789-796.Wang J F, Chen J A, Zeng Y, et al. Spatial distribution characteristics of phosphorus forms in sediment of Lake Hongfeng,Guizhou Province[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences,2012,24(5):789-796.
[19]高海鹰,刘韬,丁士明,等.滇池沉积物有机磷形态分级特征[J].生态环境,2008,17(6):2137-2140.Gao H Y,Liu T,Ding S M,et al. Characteristics of organic phosphorus fractions in sediments of Lake Dianchi[J]. Ecology and Environment,2008,17(6):2137-2140.
[20]王雨春,朱俊,马梅,等.西南峡谷型水库的季节性分层与水质的突发性恶化[J].湖泊科学,2005,17(1):54-60.Wang Y C,Zhu J,Ma M,et al. Thermal Stratification and paroxysmal deterioration of water quality in a canyon-reservoir,Southwestern China[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences,2005,17(1):54-60.
[21]金相灿,王圣瑞,庞燕.太湖沉积物磷形态及pH值对磷释放的影响[J].中国环境科学,2004,24(6):707-711.Jin X C,Wang S R,Pang Y. The influence of phosphorus forms and pH on release of phosphorus from sediments in Taihu Lake[J]. China Environmental Science,2004,24(6):707-711.
[22]揣小明,杨柳燕,程书波,等.太湖和呼伦湖沉积物对磷的吸附特征及影响因素[J].环境科学,2014,35(3):951-957.Chuai X M,Yang L Y,Cheng S B,et al. Characteristics and influencing factors of phosphorus adsorption on sediment in Lake Taihu and Lake Hulun[J]. Environmental Science,2014,35(3):951-957.
[23]范成新,张路,包先明,等.太湖沉积物-水界面生源要素迁移机制及定量化———2.磷释放的热力学机制及源-汇转换[J].湖泊科学,2006,18(3):207-217.Fan C X,Zhang L,Bao X M,et al. Migration mechanism of biogenic elements and their quantification on the sediment-water interface of Lake Taihu:Ⅱ. Chemical thermodynamic mechanism of phosphorus release and its source-sink transition[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences,2006,18(3):207-217.
[24]金相灿,姜霞,姚扬,等.溶解氧对水质变化和沉积物吸磷过程的影响[J].环境科学研究,2004,17(S1):34-39.Jin X C,Jiang X,Yao Y,et al. Effects of dissolved oxygen on the changes of overlying water quality and the uptake of phosphate by sediment[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2004,17(S1):34-39.
[25] Gomez E,Durillon C,Rofes G,et al. Phosphate adsorption and release from sediments of brackish lagoons:pH,O2and loading influence[J]. Water Research,1999,33(10):2437-2447.
[2]黄廷林,延霜,柴蓓蓓,等.水源水库沉积物磷形态分布及其释放特征[J].天津大学学报,2011,44(7):607-612.Huang T L,Yan S,Chai B B,et al. Phosphorus forms and its distribution in source water reservoir sediment[J]. Journal of Tianjin University,2011,44(7):607-612.
[3]刘军,臧家业,冉祥滨,等.长江口低氧区沉积物中磷的形态及其环境意义[J].环境科学,2017,38(8):3243-3253.Liu J,Zang J Y,Ran X B,et al. Sedimentary phosphorus speciation in the coastal hypoxic area of Changjiang estuary and its environmental significance[J]. Environmental Science,2017,38(8):3243-3253.
[4]王晓蓉,华兆哲,徐菱,等.环境条件变化对太湖沉积物磷释放的影响[J].环境化学,1996,15(1):15-19.Wang X R, Hua Z Z, Xu L, et al. The effects of the environmental conditions on phosphorus release in lake sediments[J]. Environmental Chemistry,1996,15(1):15-19.
[5]袁和忠,沈吉,刘恩峰,等.太湖水体及表层沉积物磷空间分布特征及差异性分析[J].环境科学,2010,31(4):954-960.Yuan H Z, Shen J, Liu E F, et al. Space distribution characteristics and diversity analysis of phosphorus from overlying water and surface sediments in Taihu Lake[J]. Environmental Science,2010,31(4):954-960.
[6]王国祥,成小英,濮培民.湖泊藻型富营养化控制———技术、理论及应用[J].湖泊科学,2002,14(3):273-282.Wang G X,Cheng X Y,Pu P M. Lake eutrophication control in technology, theory and application[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences,2002,14(3):273-282.
[7] Gurkan Z, Zhang J J, Jrgensen S E. Development of a structurally dynamic model for forecasting the effects of restoration of Lake Fure,Denmark[J]. Ecological Modelling,2006,197(1-2):89-102.
[8]李学刚,宋金明,李宁,等.胶州湾沉积物中氮与磷的来源及其生物地球化学特征[J].海洋与湖沼,2005,36(6):562-571.Li X G,Song J M,Li L,et al. Source and biogeochemical characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus in Jiao Zhou Bay sediments[J]. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,2005,36(6):562-571.
[9]林国恩.流溪河水库氮磷营养盐动态与收支分析[D].广州:暨南大学,2009. 3-5.Lin G E. The dynamics and budget of nitrogen and phosphorus in Reservoir Liuxihe[D]. Guangzhou:Jinan University,2009. 3-5.
[10]王苏民,窦鸿身.中国湖泊志[M].北京:科学出版社,1998. 22-40.
[11]方芳,李哲,田光,等.三峡小江回水区磷素赋存形态季节变化特征及其来源分析[J].环境科学,2009,30(12):3488-3493.Fang F,Li Z,Tian G,et al. Seasonal variation of phosphorus in Xiaojiang backwater area, Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Environmental Science,2009,30(12):3488-3493.
[12] Wang J F,Chen J G,Ding S M,et al. Effects of seasonal hypoxia on the release of phosphorus from sediments in deepwater ecosystem:A case study in Hongfeng Reservoir,Southwest China[J]. Environmental Pollution,2016,219:858-865.
[13] Shinohara R,Hiroki M,Kohzu A, et al. Role of organic phosphorus in sediment in a shallow eutrophic lake[J]. Water Resources Research,2017,53(8):7175-7189.
[14] Ma W X,Huang T L,Li X,et al. Impact of short-term climate variation and hydrology change on thermal structure and water quality of a canyon-shaped, stratified reservoir[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2015,22(23):18372-18380.
[15] Hupfer M, G?chter R, Giovanoli R. Transformation of phosphorus species in settling seston and during early sediment diagenesis[J]. Aquatic Sciences,1995,57(4):305-324.
[16] Ruban V,López-Sánchez J F,Pardo P,et al. Harmonized protocol and certified reference material for the determination of extractable contents of phosphorus in freshwater sediments-a synthesis of recent works[J]. Fresenius'Journal of Analytical Chemistry,2001,370(2-3):224-228.
[17]徐康,刘付程,安宗胜,等.巢湖表层沉积物中磷赋存形态的时空变化[J].环境科学,2011,32(11):3255-3263.Xu K,Liu F C,An Z S,et al. Spatial and temporal variations of phosphorus forms in surface sediments of Chaohu Lake[J].Environmental Science,2011,32(11):3255-3263.
[18]王敬富,陈敬安,曾艳,等.贵州红枫湖沉积物磷赋存形态的空间变化特征[J].湖泊科学,2012,24(5):789-796.Wang J F, Chen J A, Zeng Y, et al. Spatial distribution characteristics of phosphorus forms in sediment of Lake Hongfeng,Guizhou Province[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences,2012,24(5):789-796.
[19]高海鹰,刘韬,丁士明,等.滇池沉积物有机磷形态分级特征[J].生态环境,2008,17(6):2137-2140.Gao H Y,Liu T,Ding S M,et al. Characteristics of organic phosphorus fractions in sediments of Lake Dianchi[J]. Ecology and Environment,2008,17(6):2137-2140.
[20]王雨春,朱俊,马梅,等.西南峡谷型水库的季节性分层与水质的突发性恶化[J].湖泊科学,2005,17(1):54-60.Wang Y C,Zhu J,Ma M,et al. Thermal Stratification and paroxysmal deterioration of water quality in a canyon-reservoir,Southwestern China[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences,2005,17(1):54-60.
[21]金相灿,王圣瑞,庞燕.太湖沉积物磷形态及pH值对磷释放的影响[J].中国环境科学,2004,24(6):707-711.Jin X C,Wang S R,Pang Y. The influence of phosphorus forms and pH on release of phosphorus from sediments in Taihu Lake[J]. China Environmental Science,2004,24(6):707-711.
[22]揣小明,杨柳燕,程书波,等.太湖和呼伦湖沉积物对磷的吸附特征及影响因素[J].环境科学,2014,35(3):951-957.Chuai X M,Yang L Y,Cheng S B,et al. Characteristics and influencing factors of phosphorus adsorption on sediment in Lake Taihu and Lake Hulun[J]. Environmental Science,2014,35(3):951-957.
[23]范成新,张路,包先明,等.太湖沉积物-水界面生源要素迁移机制及定量化———2.磷释放的热力学机制及源-汇转换[J].湖泊科学,2006,18(3):207-217.Fan C X,Zhang L,Bao X M,et al. Migration mechanism of biogenic elements and their quantification on the sediment-water interface of Lake Taihu:Ⅱ. Chemical thermodynamic mechanism of phosphorus release and its source-sink transition[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences,2006,18(3):207-217.
[24]金相灿,姜霞,姚扬,等.溶解氧对水质变化和沉积物吸磷过程的影响[J].环境科学研究,2004,17(S1):34-39.Jin X C,Jiang X,Yao Y,et al. Effects of dissolved oxygen on the changes of overlying water quality and the uptake of phosphate by sediment[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2004,17(S1):34-39.
[25] Gomez E,Durillon C,Rofes G,et al. Phosphate adsorption and release from sediments of brackish lagoons:pH,O2and loading influence[J]. Water Research,1999,33(10):2437-2447.