遗产地旅游者Flow体验影响因素模型构建与机理——以斯里兰卡为例
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摘要
基于积极心理学领域Flow体验理论,以斯里兰卡8处世界遗产地为例,借助扎根理论质性研究方法对访谈文本资料进行3级编码分析,抽离出"旅游者技能与遗产地挑战之间的平衡"这一核心范畴,围绕这一"平衡"主脉络,依托主范畴映射下的"技能""挑战"介质,构建出旅游者遗产地Flow体验影响因素模型。结论显示:旅游者心理活动特征、社会属性与准备构成主体"技能"要素,而遗产地整体环境、资源及开发状况构成客体"挑战"要素,主客要素的适度平衡与互融折射出如何获取遗产地最佳的体验质量与意义。最后,研究基于现象学角度的视角,从过程、机理解读了遗产地旅游者"自我"溯源转化为终极幸福情感体验的程式,"以主映客",希冀为遗产地旅游的可持续发展提供借鉴。
Our world heritage is both a symbol of human civilization and an important tourism resource. This literature review shows that little attention was paid to subjects' micropsychological processes and experience quality in heritage experience studies, particularly the interaction and fusion between subject and object. The existing studies were also performed on single cases, instead of multiple cases on a national scale. Taking eight world heritage sites in Sri Lanka as the study sample, indepth interviews on the influencing factors of tourists' Flow experiences were conducted based on the concept of Flow as described in positive psychology. The core category of"the balance between tourists' skills and heritage sites' challenges"was extracted using a qualitative study method drawn from sociology, i.e., grounded theory, to integrate the data in a three-level coding analysis. A model of tourists' Flow experiences at world heritage sites was established depending on "skills"(i.e., tourists' characteristic levels) and"challenges"(i.e., heritage sites' characteristic levels). Finally, the interaction and fusion between subject and object were captured to explore the tourists' experience quality,validity, and processing mechanisms at world heritage sites.We obtained the following results: tourists' psychological characteristics, social properties, and travel preparation comprise skills; the destination's macroenvironment, resources, and development state are the main elements of challenges; and the moderate balance and fusion between subject and object reflects on how to obtain the optimal tourism experience and significance. In particular, the following five points were identified.(1) The psychological characteristics of tourists are the primary factor for producing Flow experiences and represents the subject's consciousness and their true self,such as their attitudes about the destination, desires, and consciousness;(2) Social properties are signified by society and the expression of socialized consciousness, including age, gender, and cultural background. Among social properties, education background and cultural diversity have a significant effect on Flow experience;(3) Travel preparation is the externalization and presentation of situations to capture the true self, which is mainly influenced by tourists' social properties;(4) The destination environment and resources are condensed into the practical experience, which enlightens the interpretation of true self;(5) Tourism development statements(such as transportation facilities,advertising and marketing, and interpretation systems) have an impact on tourists' Flow experiences.From a phenomenological perspective, this study interpreted how tourists' ego processes and mechanisms transform into the ultimate happiness and emotional experience. The results reveal that the balance between tourists' skill and destination's challenge is the key to resolving the issue of maximizing tourists' positive experiences at heritage sites. That is, the balance and interaction between tourists' experiences and the world heritage site environment enables tourists to trace the quality and validity of their ultimate emotional experiences in tourism spaces. Our tourist Flow experience model aims to discuss and answer the question of"how to stimulate emotional energy during the interaction between subject and object"from an"element-medium"perspective. The model also aims to achieve a complete balance and fusion between the tourists' higher self-awareness and stronger recognition of objectives instead of overstating their self-awareness and the transference efficiency of the world heritage site. Thus, a balanced psychophysical location and Flow experience can be achieved.
Our world heritage is both a symbol of human civilization and an important tourism resource. This literature review shows that little attention was paid to subjects' micropsychological processes and experience quality in heritage experience studies, particularly the interaction and fusion between subject and object. The existing studies were also performed on single cases, instead of multiple cases on a national scale. Taking eight world heritage sites in Sri Lanka as the study sample, indepth interviews on the influencing factors of tourists' Flow experiences were conducted based on the concept of Flow as described in positive psychology. The core category of"the balance between tourists' skills and heritage sites' challenges"was extracted using a qualitative study method drawn from sociology, i.e., grounded theory, to integrate the data in a three-level coding analysis. A model of tourists' Flow experiences at world heritage sites was established depending on "skills"(i.e., tourists' characteristic levels) and"challenges"(i.e., heritage sites' characteristic levels). Finally, the interaction and fusion between subject and object were captured to explore the tourists' experience quality,validity, and processing mechanisms at world heritage sites.We obtained the following results: tourists' psychological characteristics, social properties, and travel preparation comprise skills; the destination's macroenvironment, resources, and development state are the main elements of challenges; and the moderate balance and fusion between subject and object reflects on how to obtain the optimal tourism experience and significance. In particular, the following five points were identified.(1) The psychological characteristics of tourists are the primary factor for producing Flow experiences and represents the subject's consciousness and their true self,such as their attitudes about the destination, desires, and consciousness;(2) Social properties are signified by society and the expression of socialized consciousness, including age, gender, and cultural background. Among social properties, education background and cultural diversity have a significant effect on Flow experience;(3) Travel preparation is the externalization and presentation of situations to capture the true self, which is mainly influenced by tourists' social properties;(4) The destination environment and resources are condensed into the practical experience, which enlightens the interpretation of true self;(5) Tourism development statements(such as transportation facilities,advertising and marketing, and interpretation systems) have an impact on tourists' Flow experiences.From a phenomenological perspective, this study interpreted how tourists' ego processes and mechanisms transform into the ultimate happiness and emotional experience. The results reveal that the balance between tourists' skill and destination's challenge is the key to resolving the issue of maximizing tourists' positive experiences at heritage sites. That is, the balance and interaction between tourists' experiences and the world heritage site environment enables tourists to trace the quality and validity of their ultimate emotional experiences in tourism spaces. Our tourist Flow experience model aims to discuss and answer the question of"how to stimulate emotional energy during the interaction between subject and object"from an"element-medium"perspective. The model also aims to achieve a complete balance and fusion between the tourists' higher self-awareness and stronger recognition of objectives instead of overstating their self-awareness and the transference efficiency of the world heritage site. Thus, a balanced psychophysical location and Flow experience can be achieved.
引文
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(1)国内部分学者将Flow译为“畅爽”“流畅感”“心流”和“浮流”等,为方便研究,本文不作翻译。
(1)由威尔德尔斯峰保护区(Peak Wilderness Protected Area)、霍尔顿平原国家公园(Horton Plains National Park)和那科勒斯保护林地(Knuckles Conservation Forest)组成。
(2)数据来源:《2014年斯里兰卡旅游观光局统计报告》(Annual Statistical Report 2014 of Sir Lanka Tourism Authority)。
(1)为便于受访者的理解,调研者在访谈过程中以“兴奋”“共鸣”“思考”或“幸福”等较为通俗易懂的词汇代替“Flow体验”对受访者进行提问。
(1)旅游者年龄、性别等生理特征背后隐含的个体心理及社会特征是研究关注的,故将其置于社会要素。
(1)猛虎组织:斯里兰卡泰米尔族的反政府武装组织,常采用“自杀性爆炸袭击”对当地建筑、商业中心、军用设施甚至佛教圣地发动袭击。
(2)Collins提出的“情感能量”概念旨在解释人们互动行为的内驱力,在其“互动仪式链”理论框架中,被用以解释人的心理现象发生的根本驱动力。笔者撰文旨在解释这种主客互动与“情感能量”获取之间的内在机理。
(3)Lewin认为应重点从人性或人心的视角去研究旅游者的心理状态和行为,将作为远因而存的氛围情境与作为近因而存的行为情境相互融合,形成心物场。
[2]Zhou Yongbo,Shen Min,Wei Xiangdong,et al.Attitudes and values:A multidimensional framework of heritage tourism development[J].Tourism Science,2012,26(6):32-41.[周永博,沈敏,魏向东,等.态度与价值:遗产旅游体验模式探析--以苏州平江历史文化街区为例[J].旅游科学,2012,26(6):32-41.]
[3]Chen Weifeng,Chen Ganghua,Huang Yuanshui.Study on the authenticity of heritage tourism experience and its creating approaches[J].Journal of Guilin Institute of Tourism,2008,19(2):182-185.[陈伟凤,陈钢华,黄远水.遗产旅游体验的真实性及其塑造途径研究[J].桂林旅游高等专科学校学报,2008,19(2):182-185.]
[4]Mac Cannell D.Staged authenticity:Arrangements of social space in tourist settings[J].American Journal of Sociology,1973,79(3):589-603.
[5]Cohen E.Rethinking the sociology of tourism[J].Annals of Tourism Research,1979,6(1):18-35.
[6]Shi Chunyun,Liu Zehua.On tourists’satisfaction based on pure perception model[J].Tourism Tribune,2009,24(4):51-55.[史春云,刘泽华.基于单纯感知模型的游客满意度研究[J].旅游学刊,2009,24(4):51-55.]
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[8]Wu Bihu,Li Mimi,Huang Guoping.A study on relationship of conservation and tourism demand of world heritage sites in China[J].Geographical Research,2002,21(5):617-626.[吴必虎,李咪咪,黄国平.中国世界遗产地保护与旅游需求关系[J].地理研究,2002,21(5):617-626.]
[9]Su M M,Wall G.Exploring the shared use of world heritage sites:Residents and domestic tourists’use and perceptions of the Summer Palace in Beijing[J].International Journal of Tourism Research,2015,17(6):591-601.
[10]Louis V,Alberto U.Exploring critical factors of Macau’s heritage tourism:What heritage tourists are looking for when visiting the city’s iconic heritage sites[J].Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research,2012,17(3):231-244.
[11]Alberto U,Louis V.Tourist experience of heritage tourism in Macau SAR,China[J].Journal of Heritage Tourism,2010,5(2):157-168.
[12]Prayag G,Hosany S,Odeh K,et al.The role of tourists'emotional experiences and satisfaction in understanding behavioral intentions[J].Journal of Destination Marketing and Management,2013,2(2):118-127.
[13]Zhang Jianzhong,Sun Gennian.Relic park:New industry of tourism of tourism development on cultural heritage experience:A case study of three relic parks in Xi'an[J].Human Geography,2012,27(1):142-146.[张建忠,孙根年.遗址公园:文化遗产体验旅游开发的新业态:以西安三大遗址公园为例[J].人文理,2012,27(1):142-146.]
[14]Wang Jing.Study on the Mode of Tourism Development in Xian based on Heritage’s Ecological and Tourism Experience[D].Xi'an:Shaanxi Normal University,2008:1-296.[王镜.基于遗产生态和旅游体验的西安遗产旅游开发模式研究[D].西安:陕西师范大学,2008:1-296.]
[15]Zhou Weiwei.Study on the Satisfaction of Tourist Experience in World Heritage:A Case Study of Longmen Grottoes[D].Kaifeng:Henan University,2011:1-64.[周伟伟.世界遗产地游客体验满意度研究:以龙门石窟为例[D].开封:河南大学,2011:1-64.]
[16]Dong Liang.A study on the origin of heritage tourists motivation difference:A case study of three world heritage sites[J].Tourism Science,2011,25(2):47-57.[董亮.遗产地旅游者旅游动机差异的成因分析:以九寨沟、峨眉山和青城山三个世界遗产地为例[J].旅游科学,2011,25(2):47-57.]
[17]Manu I.Testing a model of effective interpretation to boost the heritage tourism experience:A case study in Macao[J].Journal of Sustainable Tourism,2013,21(6):900-914.
[18]Sandra W R.Wilderness and culture:Tourist views and experiences in the Laponian world heritage area[J].Society&Natural Resources,2011,25(7):621-632.
[19]Alison J B,Richard C P.Conceptualizing the experiences of heritage tourists:A case study of New Lanark world heritage village[J].Tourism Management,1997,18(2):75-87.
[20]Csikszentmihalyi M.Beyond Boredom and Anxiety[M].San Francisco:Jossey Bass,1975:1-54.
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(1)国内部分学者将Flow译为“畅爽”“流畅感”“心流”和“浮流”等,为方便研究,本文不作翻译。
(1)由威尔德尔斯峰保护区(Peak Wilderness Protected Area)、霍尔顿平原国家公园(Horton Plains National Park)和那科勒斯保护林地(Knuckles Conservation Forest)组成。
(2)数据来源:《2014年斯里兰卡旅游观光局统计报告》(Annual Statistical Report 2014 of Sir Lanka Tourism Authority)。
(1)为便于受访者的理解,调研者在访谈过程中以“兴奋”“共鸣”“思考”或“幸福”等较为通俗易懂的词汇代替“Flow体验”对受访者进行提问。
(1)旅游者年龄、性别等生理特征背后隐含的个体心理及社会特征是研究关注的,故将其置于社会要素。
(1)猛虎组织:斯里兰卡泰米尔族的反政府武装组织,常采用“自杀性爆炸袭击”对当地建筑、商业中心、军用设施甚至佛教圣地发动袭击。
(2)Collins提出的“情感能量”概念旨在解释人们互动行为的内驱力,在其“互动仪式链”理论框架中,被用以解释人的心理现象发生的根本驱动力。笔者撰文旨在解释这种主客互动与“情感能量”获取之间的内在机理。
(3)Lewin认为应重点从人性或人心的视角去研究旅游者的心理状态和行为,将作为远因而存的氛围情境与作为近因而存的行为情境相互融合,形成心物场。