长江中游城市网络结构韧性评估及其优化策略
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摘要
城市网络结构韧性是国际上区域韧性(regional resilience,也译作区域弹性)研究领域正在兴起的概念,着眼于城市网络结构对区域应对冲击并恢复、保持或改善原有系统特征和关键功能的影响力,对区域空间的健康发展意义重大。以长江中游城市群为研究对象,在构建经济、信息、交通三类联系网络的基础上,借助于Gephi社会网络分析工具,尝试评估城市群城市网络的结构韧性能力及其空间特征。结果表明:长江中游城市群网络具有一定韧性能力,结构韧性的层级性和匹配性差异较大,传输性和集聚性差距不明显;在空间上呈现出总体形态模式差异化、分区形态模式错位化、网络联系特征多样化的特征。进而,对城市群空间结构在总体结构、片区结构和要素流动等方面的优化提出建议。
The structural resilience of a city network is a rising concept in the field of regional resilience; it focuses on how structural properties affect a region responding to external shocks,as well as recovering, maintaining, or improving the characteristics and key functions of the original system, which is of great significance to the healthy development of regional space.With the help of the Gephi social network analysis tool, this article takes the urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River as the example and constructs three kinds of networks of economy, information, and transportation, and attempts to measure the structural resilience of the network and spatial characteristics of urban agglomerations. The results show that the structure of the urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River has a certain resilience. Specifically, the study includes four distinct dimensions:(1)Hierarchy. Economy and information networks have higher levels of hierarchy, and regional locking is more prominent.(2) Assortativity. The disassortativity of information and transportation networks is evident, and they have heterogeneous and diverse contact paths. The economy network has weak disassortativity, leading to an inhibited structural resilience.(3)Transmission. The average path length of the above three networks is generally long and the diffusion efficiency of the material flow is satisfactory.(4) Clustering. Although the spatial clustering of the three network types is different, the aggregation degree is high and the level is equivalent. In a word, the aggregation effect of the three networks is obvious. From the perspective of spatial structure, the structural resilience presents three characteristics.(1)Disparity of the overall morphological patterns. The economy network mainly presents the structural model of "broken core-heterogeneous nested triangle". The information network mainly presents the structural model of "core triangle-star radiation". The transportation network mainly presents the structural model of "core triangle + heterogeneous star radiation".(2) Dislocation of the classified central cities. Wuhan urban agglomeration shows a unique network structure characteristic, which will be summarized as "a single core + edge cities". The Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan city group exhibits a local network of the city's balanced trend,the performance of "core group + edge city". The comprehensive level of the Poyang Lake urban agglomeration is low, and is mainly based on the isolated structure model of the "single core" of Nanchang.(3) Diversification of the network connection characteristics. The measure of structural toughness is not dependent on the single index value—it should be combined with hierarchy, match, transmission, and clustering. Furthermore, some suggestions are put forward to optimize the spatial structure of urban agglomeration in the aspects of general structure, area structure, and element flow.
The structural resilience of a city network is a rising concept in the field of regional resilience; it focuses on how structural properties affect a region responding to external shocks,as well as recovering, maintaining, or improving the characteristics and key functions of the original system, which is of great significance to the healthy development of regional space.With the help of the Gephi social network analysis tool, this article takes the urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River as the example and constructs three kinds of networks of economy, information, and transportation, and attempts to measure the structural resilience of the network and spatial characteristics of urban agglomerations. The results show that the structure of the urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River has a certain resilience. Specifically, the study includes four distinct dimensions:(1)Hierarchy. Economy and information networks have higher levels of hierarchy, and regional locking is more prominent.(2) Assortativity. The disassortativity of information and transportation networks is evident, and they have heterogeneous and diverse contact paths. The economy network has weak disassortativity, leading to an inhibited structural resilience.(3)Transmission. The average path length of the above three networks is generally long and the diffusion efficiency of the material flow is satisfactory.(4) Clustering. Although the spatial clustering of the three network types is different, the aggregation degree is high and the level is equivalent. In a word, the aggregation effect of the three networks is obvious. From the perspective of spatial structure, the structural resilience presents three characteristics.(1)Disparity of the overall morphological patterns. The economy network mainly presents the structural model of "broken core-heterogeneous nested triangle". The information network mainly presents the structural model of "core triangle-star radiation". The transportation network mainly presents the structural model of "core triangle + heterogeneous star radiation".(2) Dislocation of the classified central cities. Wuhan urban agglomeration shows a unique network structure characteristic, which will be summarized as "a single core + edge cities". The Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan city group exhibits a local network of the city's balanced trend,the performance of "core group + edge city". The comprehensive level of the Poyang Lake urban agglomeration is low, and is mainly based on the isolated structure model of the "single core" of Nanchang.(3) Diversification of the network connection characteristics. The measure of structural toughness is not dependent on the single index value—it should be combined with hierarchy, match, transmission, and clustering. Furthermore, some suggestions are put forward to optimize the spatial structure of urban agglomeration in the aspects of general structure, area structure, and element flow.
引文
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(1)区域韧性领域一般包括生态、经济、社会和工程四大领域,本研究将生态作为区域基底考虑,不构建生态网络。
(2)根据《长江中游城市群发展规划》,城市群范围包含湖北省武汉市、黄石市、鄂州市、黄冈市、孝感市、咸宁市、仙桃市、潜江市、天门市、襄阳市、宜昌市、荆州市、荆门市,湖南省长沙市、株洲市、湘潭市、岳阳市、益阳市、常德市、衡阳市、娄底市,江西省南昌市、九江市、景德镇市、鹰潭市、新余市、宜春市、萍乡市、上饶市及抚州市、吉安市的部分县(区)31个城市。受限于数据缺失,经济和交通联系网络计算不包含仙桃、潜江和天门三市,信息联系网络不包含潜江市和岳阳市。
[2]Maguire B,Hagan P.Disasters and communities:Understanding social resilience.Australian Journal of Emergency Management,2007,22(2):16.
[3]彭翀,袁敏航,顾朝林,等.区域弹性的理论与实践研究进展.城市规划学刊,2015,(1):84-92.[Peng Chong,Yuan Minhang,Gu Chaolin,et al.Research progress on the theory and practice of regional resilience.Urban Planning Forum,2015,(1):84-92.]
[4]Crespo J,Suire R,Vicente J.Lock-in or lock-out?How structural properties of knowledge networks affect regional resilience?.Journal of Economic Geography,2013,14(1):199-219.
[5]Suire R,Vicente J.Clusters for life or life cycles of clusters:In search of the critical factors of clusters'resilience.Entrepreneurship&Regional Development,2014,26(1-2):142-164.
[6]Graciela C D Z,Jones J,Statsenko L.Managing innovation networks for knowledge mobility and appropriability:A complexity perspective.Entrepreneurship Research Journal,2016,6(1):75-109.
[7]李志刚.基于网络结构的产业集群创新机制和创新绩效研究.合肥:中国科学技术大学博士学位论文,2007.[Li Zhigang.Research on the innovation mechanism and innovation performance of industry clusters based on network structure.Hefei:Doctoral Dissertation of University of Science and Technology of China,2007.]
[8]Batten D F.Network cities:Creative urban agglomerations for the 21st century.Urban Studies,1995,32(2):313-327.
[9]Camagni R,Salone C.Network urban structures in northern Italy:Elements for a theoretical framework.Urban Studies,1993,30(6):1053-1064.
[10]Turok I,Bailey N.The theory of polynuclear urban regions and its application to Central Scotland.European Planning Studies,2004,12(3):371-389.
[11]朱浩义.集群网络结构对集群网络功能的影响研究.杭州:浙江大学博士学位论文,2005.[Zhu Haoyi.Research on the network function of cluster influenced by its network structure.Hangzhou:Doctoral Dissertation of Zhejiang University,2005.]
[12]Hall P.Christaller for a global age:Redrawing the urban hierarchy[EB/OL].http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb59.html,2017-12-02.
[13]Friedman J R.Regional Development Policy:A Case Study of Venezuela.Cambridge:MIT Press,1966.
[14]Castells M.The Rise of the Network Society.Cambridge,MA:Blackwell Publishers,1996.
[15]Taylor P J.Specification of the world city network.Geographical Analysis,2001,33(2):181-194.
[16]Hanssens H,Derudder B,Witlox S V A F.Assessing the functional polycentricity of the mega-city-region of Central Belgium based on advanced producer service transaction links.Regional Studies,2013,48(12):1939-1953.
[17]Derudder B,Witlox F.An appraisal of the use of airline data in assessing the world city network:A research note on data.Urban Studies,2005,42(13):2371-2388.
[18]Alderson A S,Beckfield J.Power and position in the world city system.American Journal of Sociology,2004,109(4):811-851.
[19]周一星,胡智勇.从航空运输看中国城市体系的空间网络结构.地理研究,2002,21(3):276-286.[Zhou Yixing,Hu Zhiyong.Looking into the network structure of Chinese urban system from the perspective of air transportation.Geographical Research,2002,21(3):276-286.]
[20]董琦,甄峰.基于物流企业网络的中国城市网络空间结构特征研究.人文地理,2013,28(4):71-76.[Dong Qi,Zhen Feng.The study on spatial structure characteristics of China's city network based on the logistics enterprise network.Human Geography,2013,28(4):71-76.]
[21]李仙德.基于上市公司网络的长三角城市网络空间结构研究.地理科学进展,2014,33(12):1587-1600.[Li Xiande.Spatial structure of the Yangtze River Delta urban network based on the pattern of listed companies network.Progress in Geography,2014,33(12):1587-1600.]
[22]朱查松,王德,罗震东.中心性与控制力:长三角城市网络结构的组织特征及演化:企业联系的视角.城市规划学刊,2014,(4):24-30.[Zhu Chasong,Wang De,Luo Zhendong.Centrality and power:A method of analyzing city network spatial structure.Urban Planning Forum,2014,(4):24-30.]
[23]王圣云,秦尊文,戴璐,等.长江中游城市集群空间经济联系与网络结构:基于运输成本和网络分析方法.经济地理,2013,33(4):64-69.[Wang Shengyun,Qin Zunwen,Dai Lu,et al.Spatial economic connection and network structure in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River:By using the method of transportation cost and network analysis.Economic Geography,2013,33(4):64-69.]
[24]张荣天,焦华富.江苏省城市网络空间结构演化特征与驱动机制.世界地理研究,2015,24(1):68-75.[Zhang Rongtian,Jiao Huafu.Evolution characteristics and driving mechanism of urban network spatial structure in Jiangsu province.World Regional Studies,2015,24(1):68-75.]
[25]冷炳荣,杨永春,李英杰,等.中国城市经济网络结构空间特征及其复杂性分析.地理学报,2011,66(2):199-211.[Leng Bingrong,Yang Yongchun,Li Yingjie,et al.Spatial characteristics and complex analysis:A perspective from basic activities of urban networks in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2011,66(2):199-211.]
[26]甄峰,王波,陈映雪.基于网络社会空间的中国城市网络特征:以新浪微博为例.地理学报,2012,67(8):1031-1043.[Zhen Feng,Wang Bo,Chen Yingxue.China's city network characteristics based on social network space:An empirical analysis of Sina micro-blog.Acta Geographica Sinica,2012,67(8):1031-1043.]
[27]熊丽芳,甄峰,王波,等.基于百度指数的长三角核心区城市网络特征研究.经济地理,2013,33(7):67-73.[Xiong Linfang,Zhen Feng,Wang BO,et al.The research of the Yangtze River Delta core area's city network characteristics based on Baidu Index.Economic Geography,2013,33(7):67-73.]
[28]Holling C S.Resilience and stability of ecological systems.Annual Review of Ecology&Systematics,1973,4(4):1-23.
[29]蔡建明,郭华,汪德根.国外弹性城市研究述评.地理科学进展,2012,31(10):1245-1255.[Cai Jianming,Guo Hua,Wang Degen.Review on the resilient city research overseas.Progress in Geography,2012,31(10):1245-1255.]
[30]Kathryn A Foster.A Case Study Approachto Understanding Regional Resilience.UC Berkeley:Institute of Urban and Regional Development,2007.
[31]Hill E,Wial H,Wolman H.Exploring regional economic resilience.Working Paper,Institute of Urban and Regional Development,2008.
[32]杜鹃.城市化进程中绿色基础设施的弹性规划途经研究.重庆:西南大学博士学位论文,2013.[Du Juan.Research on flexible planning approaches of green infrastructure in urbanization progress.Chongqing:Doctoral Dissertation of Southwest University,2013.]
[33]Granovetter M S.The strength of weak ties.American Journal of Sociology,1973,78(6):347-367.
[34]Newman M E J.Mixing patterns in networks.Physical Review E Statistical Nonlinear&Soft Matter Physics,2003,67(2):241-251.
[35]杨闩柱.企业集群风险的研究:一个基于网络的视角.杭州:浙江大学博士学位论文,2003.[Yang Shuanzhu.A research on the risk of industrial clusters:from the perspective of network.Hangzhou:Doctoral Dissertation of Zhejiang University,2003.]
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(1)区域韧性领域一般包括生态、经济、社会和工程四大领域,本研究将生态作为区域基底考虑,不构建生态网络。
(2)根据《长江中游城市群发展规划》,城市群范围包含湖北省武汉市、黄石市、鄂州市、黄冈市、孝感市、咸宁市、仙桃市、潜江市、天门市、襄阳市、宜昌市、荆州市、荆门市,湖南省长沙市、株洲市、湘潭市、岳阳市、益阳市、常德市、衡阳市、娄底市,江西省南昌市、九江市、景德镇市、鹰潭市、新余市、宜春市、萍乡市、上饶市及抚州市、吉安市的部分县(区)31个城市。受限于数据缺失,经济和交通联系网络计算不包含仙桃、潜江和天门三市,信息联系网络不包含潜江市和岳阳市。