农业科技园区的技术扩散
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摘要
农业科技园区是农业创新发展的技术极,是新时期中国农业技术扩散的新模式。在系统梳理国内外农业技术扩散相关研究的基础上,从地理学视角提出了农业科技园区技术扩散的研究框架;分析了农业技术极的成长机制、农业技术扩散系统及其特征,构建了技术扩散环境评价指标体系;基于"基础"范式,探讨了农业科技园区技术扩散的时间过程特征(扩散阶段、扩散速度、扩散广度)、空间过程特征(扩散效应、空间形式)及其影响机理,指出园区技术扩散遵循"点—轴"扩散的基本规律;基于"采用"范式,分析了农户技术采用的影响因素与机制,探讨了不同环境、不同属性技术对农户采用行为的影响。最后,指出农业科技园区技术扩散研究需要进一步探讨的问题。
Agricultural Science and Technology Park(ASTP) is the technopole of agricultural development in China, and is a new mode of agricultural innovation diffusion in the new period. Based on the induction and comparison on the representative figure and the core thought and methods about different research paradigms of the agricultural technology diffusion in various periods, the study put forward the research framework of agricultural science and technology park technology diffusion from the perspective of geography. The result showed that the growth process of the agricultural technopole was essentially the spatial agglomeration process of the innovation factors, innovative organization, and innovative industries, as well as a process of enhancing the technology "potential" of the technopole and the technology "potential difference" between the ASTP and its surrounding area. Furthermore,this paper analyzed the internal mechanism of the ASTP technology innovation and its technology diffusion. After analyzing the technology diffusion system elements and the system characteristics of agricultural science and technology park, the paper concluded that the technology diffusion environment would play a rule in the process of technology diffusion, and may affect the direction, the speed, the way of the technical flow and the effect of technology diffusion. And then it put out the evaluation index system of technology diffusion environment which included six subsystems, such as the natural ecological environment and the agricultural development, the agricultural science and technology policy etc., and a number of specific indicators. Following the"basic"paradigm, the paper discussed the time process characteristics including the diffusion stage, the diffusion velocity, the diffusion breadth; the spacial process characteristics included the diffusion effect and the spatial form. This paper analyzed the influencing factors and mechanism of ASTP innovation diffusion. Finally, it was concluded that ASTP innovation diffusion followed the basic rules of"point- axis"diffusion. Following the"adoption"paradigm, the paper analyzed the influencing factors and mechanism of farmers' technology adoption; and further researched the difference of the farms' adoption behaviors on different technologies under different technical environment conditions. The studies showed that the technical attributes and the technology diffusion environment had a significant influence on farmers' technology adoption behavior. In summary, the paper suggested that some problems should be solved on the agricultural science and technology park and its innovation diffusion.
Agricultural Science and Technology Park(ASTP) is the technopole of agricultural development in China, and is a new mode of agricultural innovation diffusion in the new period. Based on the induction and comparison on the representative figure and the core thought and methods about different research paradigms of the agricultural technology diffusion in various periods, the study put forward the research framework of agricultural science and technology park technology diffusion from the perspective of geography. The result showed that the growth process of the agricultural technopole was essentially the spatial agglomeration process of the innovation factors, innovative organization, and innovative industries, as well as a process of enhancing the technology "potential" of the technopole and the technology "potential difference" between the ASTP and its surrounding area. Furthermore,this paper analyzed the internal mechanism of the ASTP technology innovation and its technology diffusion. After analyzing the technology diffusion system elements and the system characteristics of agricultural science and technology park, the paper concluded that the technology diffusion environment would play a rule in the process of technology diffusion, and may affect the direction, the speed, the way of the technical flow and the effect of technology diffusion. And then it put out the evaluation index system of technology diffusion environment which included six subsystems, such as the natural ecological environment and the agricultural development, the agricultural science and technology policy etc., and a number of specific indicators. Following the"basic"paradigm, the paper discussed the time process characteristics including the diffusion stage, the diffusion velocity, the diffusion breadth; the spacial process characteristics included the diffusion effect and the spatial form. This paper analyzed the influencing factors and mechanism of ASTP innovation diffusion. Finally, it was concluded that ASTP innovation diffusion followed the basic rules of"point- axis"diffusion. Following the"adoption"paradigm, the paper analyzed the influencing factors and mechanism of farmers' technology adoption; and further researched the difference of the farms' adoption behaviors on different technologies under different technical environment conditions. The studies showed that the technical attributes and the technology diffusion environment had a significant influence on farmers' technology adoption behavior. In summary, the paper suggested that some problems should be solved on the agricultural science and technology park and its innovation diffusion.
引文
[1]Hagestrand T.Innovation as A Spatial Process.Chicago:University of Press,1967.
[2]Rogers E M.Diffusion of Innovation.3rd ed.New York:Free Press,1983.
[3]Haverkort B,Kamp J V D,Waters Bayer A.Joining Farmers'Experiments.London:Intermediate Technology Publications,1991.
[4]陈玉萍,吴海涛.农业技术扩散与农户经济行为.武汉:湖北人民出版社,2010.[Chen Yuping,Wu Haitao.Diffusion of Agricultural Innovation and Farmer's Economic Behavior.Wuhan:Hubei People Press,2010.]
[5]Chambers R,Pacey A,Thrupp L A.Farmer First:Farmer Innovation&Agricultural Research.London:Intermediate Technology Publications,1989.
[6]龙冬平,李同昇,于正松.农业技术扩散中的农户采用行为研究:国外进展与国内趋势.地域研究与开发,2014,33(5):132-139.[Long Dongping,Li Tongsheng,Yu Zhengsong.Research on behavior of farmers'adoption under technology diffusion of agriculture:Abroad progress and domestic trends.Areal Research and Development,2014,33(5):132-139.]
[7]邓正华.环境友好型农业技术扩散中农户行为研究.武汉:华中农业大学博士学位论文,2013.[Deng Zhenghua.Study on the behavior of farmers in environment-friendly agricultural technology extension.Wuhan:Doctoral Dissertation of Huazhong Agricultural University,2013.]
[8]Janis M C,Zilberman D.A model of investment under uncertainty:modern irrigation technology and emerging markets in water.American Journal of Agricultural Economics,2002,84(1):171-183.
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[11]徐玖平,廖志高.技术创新扩散速度模型.管理学报,2004,(3):330-340.[Xu Jiuping,Liao Zhigao.Technology innovation diffusion velocity model.Journal of Management,2004,(3):330-340.]
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[13]周玉玺,周霞,宋欣.影响农户农业节水技术采用水平差异的因素分析:基于山东省17市333个农户的问卷调查.干旱区资源与环境,2014,28(3):37-43.[Zhou Yuxi,Zhou Xia,Song Xin.Analysis of the factors affecting the peasant's adopting different of agricultural water-saving techniques:Based on 333 farmers'questionnaires in Shandong.Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2014,28(3):37-43.]
[14]朱萌,郭振宏,邬兰娅,等.新型农业经营主体农业技术需求影响因素的实证分析:以江苏省南部395户种稻大户为例.中国农村观察,2015,(1):30-38.[Zhu Meng,Guo Zhenghong,Wu Lanya,et al.Empirical analysis on factors of new agricultural business entities'agricultural technology needs:Taking 395 scaled rice farers in southern Jiangsu province as the example.China Rural Survey,2015,(1):30-38.]
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[17]李同昇,罗雅丽.杨凌示范区农业技术推广模式分析与优化途径.西北大学学报:社会科学版,2007,37(1):11-15.[Li Tongsheng,Luo Yali.Extension patterns of agriculture technology in Yang-ling Demonstration Zone:Analyzing and optimizing.Journal of Northwest University:Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition,2007,37(1):11-15.]
[18]刘战平.农业科技园区技术推广机制与模式研究.北京:经济科学出版社,2010.[Liu Zhanping.Agr-tech-park Technology Promotion Mechanism and Model Research.Beijing:Economic Science Press,2010.]
[19]满明俊.西北传统农区农户的技术采用行为研究.西安:西北大学博士学位论文,2010.[Man Mingjun.Study on the behavior of farmers'adoption of agricultural technology in traditional agricultural areas Northwest.Xi'an:Doctoral Dissertation of Northwest University,2010.]
[20]刘笑明.地理学视野中的农业科技园区技术创新扩散研究.中国科技论坛,2008,(1):75-78.[Liu Xiaoming.Study on the agr-tech-park technology diffusion in the perspective of geography.Chinese Science and Technology BBS,2008,(1):75-78.]
[21]Barbera F,Fassero S.The place-based nature of technological innovation:The case of Sophia Antipolis.Journal of Technology Transfer,2013,38(3):216-234.
[22]刘炜,李郇,欧俏珊.产业集群的非正式联系及其对技术创新的影响:以顺德家电产业集群为例.地理研究,2013,32(3):518-530.[Liu Wei,Li Xun,Ou Qiaoshan.Informal ties in industrial cluster and its impacton technological innovation:A case study of household appliance cluster in Shunde.Geographical Research,2013,32(3):518-530.]
[23]李丹丹,汪涛,魏也华,等.中国城市尺度科学知识网络与技术知识网络结构的时空复杂性.地理研究,2015,34(3):525-540.[Li Dandan,Wang Tao,Wei YD,et al.Spatial and temporal complexity of scientific knowledge network and technological knowledge network on China's urban scale.Geographical Research,2015,34(3):525-540.]
[24]龙冬平,李同昇,苗园园,等.陕甘宁地区农业龙头企业集群发展的区位选择:基于6个国家级农业科技园区内的企业管理者调查.地理研究,2014,33(8):1515-1528.[Long Dongping,Li Tongsheng,Miao Yuanyuan,et al.Research on location choices of agricultural leading enterprises'cluster development:A survey of enterprise managers from six national agricultural science and technology parks in Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Region.Geographical Research,2014,33(8):1515-1528.]
[25]刘笑明.农业科技园区技术扩散研究:以杨凌农业示范园区为例.西安:西北大学博士学位论文,2008.[Liu Xiaoming.Study on the technology diffusion of astp:A case study of Yangling Agricultural Demonstration Zone.Xi'an:Doctoral Dissertation of Northwest University,2008.]
[26]方维慰,李同昇.农业技术空间扩散环境的分析与评价.科技进步与对策,2006,(11):48-50.[Fang Weiwei,Li Tongsheng.Evaluation and study on diffusion environment of agri-technique.Science&Technology Progress and Policy,2006,(11):48-50.]
[27]刘笑明,李同昇.农业技术创新扩散环境的定量化评价研究:以杨凌、关中地区为例.地理科学,2008,28(5):656-661.[Liu Xiaoming,Li Tongsheng.A quantitative evaluation study on diffusion environment of agri-technique innovation:Taking Guanzhong area as an example.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2008,28(5):656-661.]
[28]李树奎,李同昇.我国西北地区县域农业技术扩散环境的评价研究.干旱区地理,2011,34(1):179-186.[Li Shukui,Li Tongsheng.A quantitative evaluation and study of diffusion environment of agri-technique at country level in the Northwestern China.Arid Land Geography,2011,34(1):179-186.]
[29]王武科,李同昇,刘笑明,等.农业科技园技术扩散的实证研究:以杨凌示范区为例.经济地理,2008,28(4):661-667.[Wang Wuke,Li Tongsheng,Liu Xiaoming,et al.The empirical study of agri-tech-park technology diffusion:An example of Yangling Demonstration Zone.Economic geography,2008,28(4):661-667.]
[30]王武科,李同昇,刘笑明.不同尺度下农业创新技术空间扩散的实证研究:以中国果业协会果业技术扩散为例.人文地理,2009,24(1):76-80.[Wang Wuke,Li Tongsheng,Liu Xiaoming.Research on spatial diffusion of agricultural technology:A case study of diffusion of fruit cultivation technique.Human Geography,2009,24(1):76-80.]
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[32]Adesina A A,Mabila D,Nakamleu G B,et al.Econometric analysis of the determinants of adoption of alley farming by farmers in the Forest Zone of Southwest Cameroon.Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environmen,2000,80(3):255-265.
[33]李佳怡,李同昇,李树奎.不同农业技术扩散环境区农户技术采用行为分析:以西北干旱半干旱地区节水灌溉技术为例.水土保持通报,2010,30(5):201-205,236.[Li Jiayi,Li Tongsheng,Li Shukui.Analysis of farmer's technology adoption behavior in different environments of agri-technique diffusion:A case study of watersaving irrigation technology in the arid and semiarid area of Northwest China.Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,30(5):201-205,236.]
[34]满明俊,李同昇,李树奎,等.技术环境对西北传统农区农户采用新技术的影响分析:基于三种不同属性农业技术的调查研究.地理科学,2010,30(1):66-74.[Man Mingjun,Li Tongsheng,Li Shukui,et al.Analysis of the technology environment's impact on the farmer's adoption of new technology in northwest traditional agricultural areas:Based on the survey in three type of agricultural technology with different attributes.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2010,30(1):66-74.]
[2]Rogers E M.Diffusion of Innovation.3rd ed.New York:Free Press,1983.
[3]Haverkort B,Kamp J V D,Waters Bayer A.Joining Farmers'Experiments.London:Intermediate Technology Publications,1991.
[4]陈玉萍,吴海涛.农业技术扩散与农户经济行为.武汉:湖北人民出版社,2010.[Chen Yuping,Wu Haitao.Diffusion of Agricultural Innovation and Farmer's Economic Behavior.Wuhan:Hubei People Press,2010.]
[5]Chambers R,Pacey A,Thrupp L A.Farmer First:Farmer Innovation&Agricultural Research.London:Intermediate Technology Publications,1989.
[6]龙冬平,李同昇,于正松.农业技术扩散中的农户采用行为研究:国外进展与国内趋势.地域研究与开发,2014,33(5):132-139.[Long Dongping,Li Tongsheng,Yu Zhengsong.Research on behavior of farmers'adoption under technology diffusion of agriculture:Abroad progress and domestic trends.Areal Research and Development,2014,33(5):132-139.]
[7]邓正华.环境友好型农业技术扩散中农户行为研究.武汉:华中农业大学博士学位论文,2013.[Deng Zhenghua.Study on the behavior of farmers in environment-friendly agricultural technology extension.Wuhan:Doctoral Dissertation of Huazhong Agricultural University,2013.]
[8]Janis M C,Zilberman D.A model of investment under uncertainty:modern irrigation technology and emerging markets in water.American Journal of Agricultural Economics,2002,84(1):171-183.
[9]Cavallo E,Ferrari E,Bollani L,et al.Attitudes and behaviours of adopters of technological innovations in agricultural tractors:A case study in Italian agricultural system.Agricultural Systems,2014,130:44-54.
[10]刘笑明,李同昇.农业技术创新扩散的国际经验及国内趋势.经济地理,2006,26(6):931-935.[Liu Xiaoming,Li Tongsheng.International experience and the domestic trend of agricultural technology innovation diffusion.Economic Geography,2006,26(6):931-935.]
[11]徐玖平,廖志高.技术创新扩散速度模型.管理学报,2004,(3):330-340.[Xu Jiuping,Liao Zhigao.Technology innovation diffusion velocity model.Journal of Management,2004,(3):330-340.]
[12]常向阳,韩园园.农业技术扩散动力及渠道运行对农业生产效率的影响研究:以河南省小麦种植区为例.中国农村观察,2014,(4):63-70.[Chang Xiangyang,Han Yuanyuan.A research about effects of agricultural technology diffusion power and channel operation on farmers'production efficiency:Based on the data of Henan wheat planting area.China Rural Survey,2014,(4):63-70.]
[13]周玉玺,周霞,宋欣.影响农户农业节水技术采用水平差异的因素分析:基于山东省17市333个农户的问卷调查.干旱区资源与环境,2014,28(3):37-43.[Zhou Yuxi,Zhou Xia,Song Xin.Analysis of the factors affecting the peasant's adopting different of agricultural water-saving techniques:Based on 333 farmers'questionnaires in Shandong.Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2014,28(3):37-43.]
[14]朱萌,郭振宏,邬兰娅,等.新型农业经营主体农业技术需求影响因素的实证分析:以江苏省南部395户种稻大户为例.中国农村观察,2015,(1):30-38.[Zhu Meng,Guo Zhenghong,Wu Lanya,et al.Empirical analysis on factors of new agricultural business entities'agricultural technology needs:Taking 395 scaled rice farers in southern Jiangsu province as the example.China Rural Survey,2015,(1):30-38.]
[15]刘辉,李小芹,李同昇.农业技术扩散的因素和动力机制分析:以杨凌农业示范区为例.农业现代化研究,2006,27(3):178-181.[Liu Hui,Li Xiaoqin,Li Tongsheng.Analysis of factors and mechanism of agricultural technology diffusion:A case study of agricultural demonstration areas in Yangling.Research of Agricultural Modernization,2006,27(3):178-181.]
[16]张建忠.农业科技园技术创新扩散理论与实证研究.西安:西北大学硕士学位论文,2007.[Zhang Jianzhong.Theoretical and empirical study on the technology innovation diffusion of agricultural science and technology park:A case study of Yangling Demonstration Zone.Xi'an:Master Dissertation of Northwest University,2007.]
[17]李同昇,罗雅丽.杨凌示范区农业技术推广模式分析与优化途径.西北大学学报:社会科学版,2007,37(1):11-15.[Li Tongsheng,Luo Yali.Extension patterns of agriculture technology in Yang-ling Demonstration Zone:Analyzing and optimizing.Journal of Northwest University:Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition,2007,37(1):11-15.]
[18]刘战平.农业科技园区技术推广机制与模式研究.北京:经济科学出版社,2010.[Liu Zhanping.Agr-tech-park Technology Promotion Mechanism and Model Research.Beijing:Economic Science Press,2010.]
[19]满明俊.西北传统农区农户的技术采用行为研究.西安:西北大学博士学位论文,2010.[Man Mingjun.Study on the behavior of farmers'adoption of agricultural technology in traditional agricultural areas Northwest.Xi'an:Doctoral Dissertation of Northwest University,2010.]
[20]刘笑明.地理学视野中的农业科技园区技术创新扩散研究.中国科技论坛,2008,(1):75-78.[Liu Xiaoming.Study on the agr-tech-park technology diffusion in the perspective of geography.Chinese Science and Technology BBS,2008,(1):75-78.]
[21]Barbera F,Fassero S.The place-based nature of technological innovation:The case of Sophia Antipolis.Journal of Technology Transfer,2013,38(3):216-234.
[22]刘炜,李郇,欧俏珊.产业集群的非正式联系及其对技术创新的影响:以顺德家电产业集群为例.地理研究,2013,32(3):518-530.[Liu Wei,Li Xun,Ou Qiaoshan.Informal ties in industrial cluster and its impacton technological innovation:A case study of household appliance cluster in Shunde.Geographical Research,2013,32(3):518-530.]
[23]李丹丹,汪涛,魏也华,等.中国城市尺度科学知识网络与技术知识网络结构的时空复杂性.地理研究,2015,34(3):525-540.[Li Dandan,Wang Tao,Wei YD,et al.Spatial and temporal complexity of scientific knowledge network and technological knowledge network on China's urban scale.Geographical Research,2015,34(3):525-540.]
[24]龙冬平,李同昇,苗园园,等.陕甘宁地区农业龙头企业集群发展的区位选择:基于6个国家级农业科技园区内的企业管理者调查.地理研究,2014,33(8):1515-1528.[Long Dongping,Li Tongsheng,Miao Yuanyuan,et al.Research on location choices of agricultural leading enterprises'cluster development:A survey of enterprise managers from six national agricultural science and technology parks in Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Region.Geographical Research,2014,33(8):1515-1528.]
[25]刘笑明.农业科技园区技术扩散研究:以杨凌农业示范园区为例.西安:西北大学博士学位论文,2008.[Liu Xiaoming.Study on the technology diffusion of astp:A case study of Yangling Agricultural Demonstration Zone.Xi'an:Doctoral Dissertation of Northwest University,2008.]
[26]方维慰,李同昇.农业技术空间扩散环境的分析与评价.科技进步与对策,2006,(11):48-50.[Fang Weiwei,Li Tongsheng.Evaluation and study on diffusion environment of agri-technique.Science&Technology Progress and Policy,2006,(11):48-50.]
[27]刘笑明,李同昇.农业技术创新扩散环境的定量化评价研究:以杨凌、关中地区为例.地理科学,2008,28(5):656-661.[Liu Xiaoming,Li Tongsheng.A quantitative evaluation study on diffusion environment of agri-technique innovation:Taking Guanzhong area as an example.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2008,28(5):656-661.]
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