抗氧化剂对生物柴油排放的影响
|
摘要
通过添抗氧化剂改变生物柴油的酸值与过氧化值,提高生物柴油的氧化安定性。该研究选择迷迭香(K1)和茶多酚(K2)2种抗氧化剂添加到生物柴油与柴油形成的调合油(B20)中,在186F柴油机上进行排放特性试验。考察了标定转速3 000 r/min,10%、25%、50%、75%和100%负荷工况时,抗氧化剂对HC、CO、碳烟和NOx排放的影响。研究表明:与柴油相比,燃用B20调合油HC、CO排放和烟度值大幅降低,NOx排放增加;与B20调合油相比,燃用添加抗氧化剂(迷迭香和茶多酚)的K1B20和K2B20在各工况下生成的HC、CO排放和烟度值的平均值分别升高了1.2%、10.2%、8.5%和6.4%、3.8%、4.3%,NOx排放分别比B20降低了9.5%和4.2%。添加抗氧化剂可以有效降低生物柴油的NOx排放。
Biodiesel is a clean-burning alternative fuel produced from renewable resources, such as vegetable oils or animal fats. Therefore, biodiesels are becoming increasingly important due to their ease in adaptation. Biodiesel also contributes to slowing up the depletion of fossil resources and reducing the emissions from the transport sector, both environmental benefits and prospect in energy security. Biodiesels with higher unsaturated esters content with a higher tendency to lose stability through degradation are susceptible to oxidative degradation due to autoxidation in the presence of oxygen. Antioxidant addition is a prospective solution to the problem of improving the oxidation stability of biodiesel. Biodiesel contains a lot of unsaturated fats monoester, which will generate short chain alkenes, alkynes under high temperature cracking reaction. The concentration of H has a great influence on the decomposition path of unsaturated fat monoester and the breakdown products in the process of reaction. The mechanism of adding antioxidant includes that H is supplied by the phenol hydroxyl(OH) end the transmission of free radical chain reaction. Also the phenol hydroxyl-supplied H promotes the reduction reaction and inhibits oxidation reaction. As a result, addition of antioxidants to biodiesel could promote the reductive reactions and inhibit the oxidative reactions, which could increase the emission of soot, HC and CO but decrease NOX emission.The aim of the present study is to investigate engine performance and the exhaust emissions of a diesel engine using oxidative stabilized biodiesel. The biodiesel fuel used in the study was prepared from waste edible oils. It's an experimental investigation of the effect of antioxidant addition to biodiesel on emission characteristics. In this experiment, mark rosemary and tea polyphenol as K1 and K2. Add 8‰ of K1 and K2 into the diesel blend(B20) respectively, and mark the 2 kinds of blending fuel as K1B20 and K2B20. Test the emission characteristics of 4 kinds of fuel on 186 F diesel engines, and each diesel engine was used to carry out tests under conditions of constant load and varying speed. At the rated speed of 3000r/min, on 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% load conditions, compare the HC, CO, NOX, and soot emissions of the 4 kinds of fuel. Results show that, B20 reduced CO, HC, and soot emissions, and raised NOX emissions compared with diesel. K1B20 raised CO emission, HC emission, and smoke value respectively by 1.2%, 10.2%, and 8.5% compared with B20. K2B20 raised CO emission, HC emission, and smoke value respectively by 6.4%, 3.8%, and 4.3% compared with B20. K1B20 and K2B20 reduced NOX respectively by 9.5% and 4.2% compared with B20. The emission levels of the three pollutants were lower than those of diesel. The power and brake-specific fuel consumption of biodiesel fuel with antioxidant have no obvious difference from the biodiesel without added antioxidant. Thus, B20 blends with added antioxidant can be used in diesel engines without any modifications. Adding antioxidants can effectively reduce the NOx emissions of biodiesel and have little influence on CO, HC, and soot emissions.
Biodiesel is a clean-burning alternative fuel produced from renewable resources, such as vegetable oils or animal fats. Therefore, biodiesels are becoming increasingly important due to their ease in adaptation. Biodiesel also contributes to slowing up the depletion of fossil resources and reducing the emissions from the transport sector, both environmental benefits and prospect in energy security. Biodiesels with higher unsaturated esters content with a higher tendency to lose stability through degradation are susceptible to oxidative degradation due to autoxidation in the presence of oxygen. Antioxidant addition is a prospective solution to the problem of improving the oxidation stability of biodiesel. Biodiesel contains a lot of unsaturated fats monoester, which will generate short chain alkenes, alkynes under high temperature cracking reaction. The concentration of H has a great influence on the decomposition path of unsaturated fat monoester and the breakdown products in the process of reaction. The mechanism of adding antioxidant includes that H is supplied by the phenol hydroxyl(OH) end the transmission of free radical chain reaction. Also the phenol hydroxyl-supplied H promotes the reduction reaction and inhibits oxidation reaction. As a result, addition of antioxidants to biodiesel could promote the reductive reactions and inhibit the oxidative reactions, which could increase the emission of soot, HC and CO but decrease NOX emission.The aim of the present study is to investigate engine performance and the exhaust emissions of a diesel engine using oxidative stabilized biodiesel. The biodiesel fuel used in the study was prepared from waste edible oils. It's an experimental investigation of the effect of antioxidant addition to biodiesel on emission characteristics. In this experiment, mark rosemary and tea polyphenol as K1 and K2. Add 8‰ of K1 and K2 into the diesel blend(B20) respectively, and mark the 2 kinds of blending fuel as K1B20 and K2B20. Test the emission characteristics of 4 kinds of fuel on 186 F diesel engines, and each diesel engine was used to carry out tests under conditions of constant load and varying speed. At the rated speed of 3000r/min, on 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% load conditions, compare the HC, CO, NOX, and soot emissions of the 4 kinds of fuel. Results show that, B20 reduced CO, HC, and soot emissions, and raised NOX emissions compared with diesel. K1B20 raised CO emission, HC emission, and smoke value respectively by 1.2%, 10.2%, and 8.5% compared with B20. K2B20 raised CO emission, HC emission, and smoke value respectively by 6.4%, 3.8%, and 4.3% compared with B20. K1B20 and K2B20 reduced NOX respectively by 9.5% and 4.2% compared with B20. The emission levels of the three pollutants were lower than those of diesel. The power and brake-specific fuel consumption of biodiesel fuel with antioxidant have no obvious difference from the biodiesel without added antioxidant. Thus, B20 blends with added antioxidant can be used in diesel engines without any modifications. Adding antioxidants can effectively reduce the NOx emissions of biodiesel and have little influence on CO, HC, and soot emissions.
引文
[1]李小昱,韩鹤友,王为,等.柴油机应用不同配比生物柴油的经济性和排放特性[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(1):177-182.Li Xiaoyu,Han Heyou,Wang Wei.et al.Economy and emission characteristics of different proportions of biodiesel from diesel engine[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2009,25(1):177-182.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[2]吴伟光,仇焕广,徐志刚.生物柴油发展现状、影响与展望[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(3):298-302.Wu Weiguang,Qiu Huanguang,Xu Zhigang.Biodiesel development:Current status,potential impacts and perspectives[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2009,25(3):298-302.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]许英武,谢晓敏,黄震,等.废煎炸油制生物柴油全生命周期分析[J].农业机械学报,2010,41(2):99-103.Xu Yingwu,Xie Xiaomin,Huang Zhen,et al.Life cycle assessment of biodiesel made of residual frying oil[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2010,41(2):99-103.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]孟中磊,蒋剑春,李翔宇.生物柴油的发展近况及趋势[J].农业工程学报,2006,22(1):225-230.Meng Zhonglei,Jiang Jianchun,Li Xiangyu.Present situation and development prospects of biodiesel[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2006,22(1):225-230.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]胡志远,孙晓清,谭丕强,等.共轨柴油机燃用麻疯树制生物柴油的性能及排放特性[J].农业工程学报,2010,27(1):308-312.Hu Zhiyuan,Sun Xiaoqing,Tan Piqiang,et al.Performance and emission characteristics of common rail engine fueled with jatropha based biodiesel blends[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2010,27(1):308-312.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]楼狄明,石健,赵杰,等.共轨柴油机燃用不同配比生物柴油的性能与排放特性[J].内燃机工程,2009,30(6):21-25.Lou Diming,Shi Jian,Zhao Jie,et al.Performance and emission characteristics of a common rail diesel engine fuelled with different proportion bio-diesel blends[J].Chinese Internal Combustion Engine Engineering,2009,30(6):21-25.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]韩旭东,黄勇成,易延洪,等.玉米秸秆生物油对直喷式柴油机燃烧与排放的影响[J].燃烧科学与技术,2012,18(3):248-255.Han Xudong,Huang Yongcheng,Yi Yanhong,et al.Effect of corn stalk bio-oil on combustion and emission characteristics of direct injection diesel engine[J].Journal of Combustion Science and Technology,2012,18(3):248-255.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]葛蕴珊,陆小明,高力平,等.废食用油生物柴油的制备及其掺烧时的动力与排放特性[J].环境科学,2005,26(3):12-15.Ge Yunshan,Lu Xiaoming,Gao Liping,et al.Preparation of biodiesel from waste edible oils and performance and exhaust emissions of engines fueled with blends of the biodiesel[J].Enviromental Science,2005,26(3):12-15.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]雷基林,申立中,毕玉华,等.乙醇-生物柴油-柴油混合燃料对柴油机性能和排放的影响[J].农业机械学报,2012,43(11):21-25.Lei Jilin,Shen Lizhong,Bi Yuhua,et al.Impact of combustion of BED blend fuel on diesel engine performance and emissions[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2012,43(11):21-25.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]李雪梅,刘守庆,敖新宇,等.生物柴油的抗氧化研究进展[J].生物质化学工程,2010,44(4):56-59.Li Xuemei,Liu Shouqing,Ao Xinyu,et al.Research progress on ant oxidation of biodiesel[J].Biomass Chemical Engineering,2010,44(4):56-59.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]Palash S M,Kalam M A,Masjuki H H,et al.Impacts of NOx reducing antioxidant additive on performance and emissions of a multi-cylinder diesel engine fueled with Jatropha biodiesel blends[J].Energy Conversion and Management,2014(77):755-785.
[12]Varatharajana K,Cheralathan M.Effect of aromatic amine antioxidants on NOx emissions from a soybean biodiesel powered DI diesel engine[J].Fuel Processing Technology,2013(106):526-532.
[13]Gan Suyin,Hoon K N.Effects of antioxidant additives on pollutant formation from the combustion of palmvoil methyl ester blends with diesel in a non-pressurised burner[J].Energy Conversion and Management,2010(51):1536-1546.
[14]Ryu K.The characteristics of performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine using a biodiesel with antioxidants[J].Bioresource Technology,2010(101):578-582.
[15]Thomas T K,Lukács K,ákos B.Engine performance:Exhaust emissions and combustion characteristics of a CI engine fuelled with croton megalocarpus methyl ester with antioxidant[J].Fuel,2011(90):2782-2789.
[16]Erol L,Günnur Koar.Effects of antioxidant additives on engine performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine fueled with canola oil methyl ester-dieselblend[J].Energy Conversion and Management,2013(76):145-154.
[17]Metin G,Atilla K,Ozer C,et al.Biodiesel production from waste chicken fat based sources and evaluation with Mg based additive in a diesel engine[J].Renewable Energy,2010(35):637-643.
[18]Varatharajan K,Cheralathan M,Velraj R.Mitigation of NOX emissions from a jatropha biodiesel fulled DI diesel engine using antioxidant additives[J].Fuel,2011,90:21-27.
[19]Rizwanul F I M,Masjuki H H,Kalam M A,et al.Effect of antioxidant on the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with palm biodiesel blends[J].Energy Conversion and Management,2014(79):265-272.
[20]Hess M A,Haas M J,Foglia T A,et al.Effect of antioxidant addition on NOX emissions from biodiesel[J].Energy Fuels,2005,19(17):49-54.
[21]Vedaraman N,Puhan S,Nagarajan G,et al.Preparation of palm oil biodiesel and effect of various additives on NOx emission reduction in B20[J].Green Energy,2011,8(3):83-97.
[22]Varatharajan K,Velraj R.Mtigation of NOx emissions from a jatropha biodiesel fuelled DI diesel engine using antioxidant additives[J].Fuel,2011(90):2721-2725.
[23]Erolleri,Günnur K.Experimental investigation of the effect of antioxidant additives on NOx emissions of a diesel engine using biodiesel[J].Fuel,2014(125):44-49.
[24]Melissa A H,Michael J H,Thomas A F,et al.Effect of antioxidant addition on NOx emissions from biodiesel[J].Energy&Fuels,2005,19(4):1749-1754.
[25]陆洋,杨波涛,陈凤香.复配天然抗氧化剂对食用油脂抗氧化效果研究[J].食品科学,2009,30(11):55-57.Lu Yang,Yang Botao,Chen Fengxiang.Study on antioxidation of natural antioxidant compound on edible oil[J].Food Science,2009,30(11):55-57.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]刘建,孟春丽,杨萍.茶多酚对食用油脂的抗氧化性探讨[J].河南工业大学学报,2007,28(4):37-40.Liu Jian,Meng Chunli,Yang Ping.Study on anti-oxidation ability of edible oil with tea polyphenols[J].Journal of Henan University of Technology,2007,28(4):37-40.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]Garner S,Brezinsky K.Biologically derived diesel fuel and NO formation:An experimental and chemical kinetic study,Part 1[J].Combustion and Flame,2011(158):2289-2301.
[28]Yang L Wang,Qi Yao Feng,Fokion N,et al.Studies of C4and C10 methyl ester flames[J].Combustion and Flame,2011(158):1507-1519.
[29]Sebastian L P,Raghu S,Su M C,et al.Experiment and theory on methylformate and methylacetate kinetics at high temperatures:Rate constants for H-atom abstraction and thermal decomposition[J].Combustion and Flame,2012(159):2312-2323.
[30]Yu Zhang,Yi Yang,AndréL B,et al.Premixed ignition behavior of C9 fatty acid esters:A motored engine study[J].Combustion and Flame,2009(156):1202-1213.
[2]吴伟光,仇焕广,徐志刚.生物柴油发展现状、影响与展望[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(3):298-302.Wu Weiguang,Qiu Huanguang,Xu Zhigang.Biodiesel development:Current status,potential impacts and perspectives[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2009,25(3):298-302.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]许英武,谢晓敏,黄震,等.废煎炸油制生物柴油全生命周期分析[J].农业机械学报,2010,41(2):99-103.Xu Yingwu,Xie Xiaomin,Huang Zhen,et al.Life cycle assessment of biodiesel made of residual frying oil[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2010,41(2):99-103.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]孟中磊,蒋剑春,李翔宇.生物柴油的发展近况及趋势[J].农业工程学报,2006,22(1):225-230.Meng Zhonglei,Jiang Jianchun,Li Xiangyu.Present situation and development prospects of biodiesel[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2006,22(1):225-230.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]胡志远,孙晓清,谭丕强,等.共轨柴油机燃用麻疯树制生物柴油的性能及排放特性[J].农业工程学报,2010,27(1):308-312.Hu Zhiyuan,Sun Xiaoqing,Tan Piqiang,et al.Performance and emission characteristics of common rail engine fueled with jatropha based biodiesel blends[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2010,27(1):308-312.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]楼狄明,石健,赵杰,等.共轨柴油机燃用不同配比生物柴油的性能与排放特性[J].内燃机工程,2009,30(6):21-25.Lou Diming,Shi Jian,Zhao Jie,et al.Performance and emission characteristics of a common rail diesel engine fuelled with different proportion bio-diesel blends[J].Chinese Internal Combustion Engine Engineering,2009,30(6):21-25.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]韩旭东,黄勇成,易延洪,等.玉米秸秆生物油对直喷式柴油机燃烧与排放的影响[J].燃烧科学与技术,2012,18(3):248-255.Han Xudong,Huang Yongcheng,Yi Yanhong,et al.Effect of corn stalk bio-oil on combustion and emission characteristics of direct injection diesel engine[J].Journal of Combustion Science and Technology,2012,18(3):248-255.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]葛蕴珊,陆小明,高力平,等.废食用油生物柴油的制备及其掺烧时的动力与排放特性[J].环境科学,2005,26(3):12-15.Ge Yunshan,Lu Xiaoming,Gao Liping,et al.Preparation of biodiesel from waste edible oils and performance and exhaust emissions of engines fueled with blends of the biodiesel[J].Enviromental Science,2005,26(3):12-15.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]雷基林,申立中,毕玉华,等.乙醇-生物柴油-柴油混合燃料对柴油机性能和排放的影响[J].农业机械学报,2012,43(11):21-25.Lei Jilin,Shen Lizhong,Bi Yuhua,et al.Impact of combustion of BED blend fuel on diesel engine performance and emissions[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2012,43(11):21-25.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]李雪梅,刘守庆,敖新宇,等.生物柴油的抗氧化研究进展[J].生物质化学工程,2010,44(4):56-59.Li Xuemei,Liu Shouqing,Ao Xinyu,et al.Research progress on ant oxidation of biodiesel[J].Biomass Chemical Engineering,2010,44(4):56-59.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]Palash S M,Kalam M A,Masjuki H H,et al.Impacts of NOx reducing antioxidant additive on performance and emissions of a multi-cylinder diesel engine fueled with Jatropha biodiesel blends[J].Energy Conversion and Management,2014(77):755-785.
[12]Varatharajana K,Cheralathan M.Effect of aromatic amine antioxidants on NOx emissions from a soybean biodiesel powered DI diesel engine[J].Fuel Processing Technology,2013(106):526-532.
[13]Gan Suyin,Hoon K N.Effects of antioxidant additives on pollutant formation from the combustion of palmvoil methyl ester blends with diesel in a non-pressurised burner[J].Energy Conversion and Management,2010(51):1536-1546.
[14]Ryu K.The characteristics of performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine using a biodiesel with antioxidants[J].Bioresource Technology,2010(101):578-582.
[15]Thomas T K,Lukács K,ákos B.Engine performance:Exhaust emissions and combustion characteristics of a CI engine fuelled with croton megalocarpus methyl ester with antioxidant[J].Fuel,2011(90):2782-2789.
[16]Erol L,Günnur Koar.Effects of antioxidant additives on engine performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine fueled with canola oil methyl ester-dieselblend[J].Energy Conversion and Management,2013(76):145-154.
[17]Metin G,Atilla K,Ozer C,et al.Biodiesel production from waste chicken fat based sources and evaluation with Mg based additive in a diesel engine[J].Renewable Energy,2010(35):637-643.
[18]Varatharajan K,Cheralathan M,Velraj R.Mitigation of NOX emissions from a jatropha biodiesel fulled DI diesel engine using antioxidant additives[J].Fuel,2011,90:21-27.
[19]Rizwanul F I M,Masjuki H H,Kalam M A,et al.Effect of antioxidant on the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with palm biodiesel blends[J].Energy Conversion and Management,2014(79):265-272.
[20]Hess M A,Haas M J,Foglia T A,et al.Effect of antioxidant addition on NOX emissions from biodiesel[J].Energy Fuels,2005,19(17):49-54.
[21]Vedaraman N,Puhan S,Nagarajan G,et al.Preparation of palm oil biodiesel and effect of various additives on NOx emission reduction in B20[J].Green Energy,2011,8(3):83-97.
[22]Varatharajan K,Velraj R.Mtigation of NOx emissions from a jatropha biodiesel fuelled DI diesel engine using antioxidant additives[J].Fuel,2011(90):2721-2725.
[23]Erolleri,Günnur K.Experimental investigation of the effect of antioxidant additives on NOx emissions of a diesel engine using biodiesel[J].Fuel,2014(125):44-49.
[24]Melissa A H,Michael J H,Thomas A F,et al.Effect of antioxidant addition on NOx emissions from biodiesel[J].Energy&Fuels,2005,19(4):1749-1754.
[25]陆洋,杨波涛,陈凤香.复配天然抗氧化剂对食用油脂抗氧化效果研究[J].食品科学,2009,30(11):55-57.Lu Yang,Yang Botao,Chen Fengxiang.Study on antioxidation of natural antioxidant compound on edible oil[J].Food Science,2009,30(11):55-57.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]刘建,孟春丽,杨萍.茶多酚对食用油脂的抗氧化性探讨[J].河南工业大学学报,2007,28(4):37-40.Liu Jian,Meng Chunli,Yang Ping.Study on anti-oxidation ability of edible oil with tea polyphenols[J].Journal of Henan University of Technology,2007,28(4):37-40.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]Garner S,Brezinsky K.Biologically derived diesel fuel and NO formation:An experimental and chemical kinetic study,Part 1[J].Combustion and Flame,2011(158):2289-2301.
[28]Yang L Wang,Qi Yao Feng,Fokion N,et al.Studies of C4and C10 methyl ester flames[J].Combustion and Flame,2011(158):1507-1519.
[29]Sebastian L P,Raghu S,Su M C,et al.Experiment and theory on methylformate and methylacetate kinetics at high temperatures:Rate constants for H-atom abstraction and thermal decomposition[J].Combustion and Flame,2012(159):2312-2323.
[30]Yu Zhang,Yi Yang,AndréL B,et al.Premixed ignition behavior of C9 fatty acid esters:A motored engine study[J].Combustion and Flame,2009(156):1202-1213.