柏林会议与“东方问题”巴尔干化的起源
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摘要
19世纪70年代欧洲国际体系经历了地缘政治革命,德国和意大利统一,维也纳体系的重心进一步东移,中欧成为欧洲协调的关键。德意志帝国首相俾斯麦试图构建大陆联盟体系缓解德国统一对欧洲体系的冲击,同时改善德国的周边安全环境。巴尔干半岛的起义以及随后发生的战争将德国推上了风口浪尖,声称在巴尔干半岛没有利益的德国召集了解决近东危机的柏林会议。柏林会议重建了"大国协调",但是带来的问题远远比解决的问题更多,柏林会议是欧洲列强最后一次不顾巴尔干国家的意愿而试图主宰巴尔干国家的命运。巴尔干民族国家的构建、奥斯曼帝国的衰落以及欧洲体系内部矛盾的挤压和积聚,最终让巴尔干半岛成为"欧洲火药桶"。巴尔干半岛最终成为俾斯麦大陆联盟体系中难以逾越的障碍,而柏林会议开启了"东方问题"的"巴尔干化"的进程,国家构建、区域秩序开启以及欧洲地缘秩序重构的三重压力和逻辑,让"东方问题"成为无解之题。
Resumed from its 20-years silence,the"Eastern Question"re-emerged as a key issue in the European international system after the breakout of the Near East Crisis.The European international system in 1870s had gone through a geopolitical revolution,w hich witnessed the reunification of Germany and Italy,w ith the core of Vienna system moving eastw ard and Central Europe becoming a crucial role in Concert of Europe.Bismarck,the Chancellor of German Empire aimed to establish a continental alliance system to relieve the impact that German reunification had brought to European international system,and to improve German's peripheral security in the meanw hile.The uprising in Balkan Peninsula and the wars afterw ards put German in the center of the storm,the latter claimed to have no interest concern in Balkan Peninsula and convened the Berlin Conference to settle the Near East Crisis.The Berlin Conference rebuilt the Concert of Europe,yet it created more problems than the ones it resolved.It was the last effort European pow ers had made to dominate the Balkan nation regardless of the latter's ow n will.The nation-state building of the Balkans,the declining of Ottoman Empire,and the overw helmed internal conflicts of European international system had made Balkan Peninsula a"pow der keg of Europe".Eventually the Balkan Peninsula turned to an inevitable defect for Bismarck's continental alliance system,and Berlin Conference initiated the"Balkanization"of the"Eastern Question".The triple pressures of nation-state building,initiating of regional order and reconstruction of European geopolitical order had led to a severe dilemma to the"Eastern Question".
Resumed from its 20-years silence,the"Eastern Question"re-emerged as a key issue in the European international system after the breakout of the Near East Crisis.The European international system in 1870s had gone through a geopolitical revolution,w hich witnessed the reunification of Germany and Italy,w ith the core of Vienna system moving eastw ard and Central Europe becoming a crucial role in Concert of Europe.Bismarck,the Chancellor of German Empire aimed to establish a continental alliance system to relieve the impact that German reunification had brought to European international system,and to improve German's peripheral security in the meanw hile.The uprising in Balkan Peninsula and the wars afterw ards put German in the center of the storm,the latter claimed to have no interest concern in Balkan Peninsula and convened the Berlin Conference to settle the Near East Crisis.The Berlin Conference rebuilt the Concert of Europe,yet it created more problems than the ones it resolved.It was the last effort European pow ers had made to dominate the Balkan nation regardless of the latter's ow n will.The nation-state building of the Balkans,the declining of Ottoman Empire,and the overw helmed internal conflicts of European international system had made Balkan Peninsula a"pow der keg of Europe".Eventually the Balkan Peninsula turned to an inevitable defect for Bismarck's continental alliance system,and Berlin Conference initiated the"Balkanization"of the"Eastern Question".The triple pressures of nation-state building,initiating of regional order and reconstruction of European geopolitical order had led to a severe dilemma to the"Eastern Question".
引文
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[25]Jelavich B.Russia’s Balkan Entanglements(1806-1914).Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1991.
[26]布伦丹·西姆斯:《欧洲:1453年以来的争霸之途》,孟维瞻译,北京:中信出版社,2016年。
[27]Kennedy P.The Realities Behind Diplomacy:Background Influences on British External Policy,1865-1980.Waukegan:Fontana Press,1981.
[28]艾伦·帕麦尔:《俾斯麦传》,高年生、张连根译,北京:商务印书馆,2000年。
[29]Forbes N,Toynbee A J,Mitrany D,et al.The Balkans A History of Bulgaria-Serbia-Greece-Rumania-Turkey.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1915.
[30]扎多欣·尼佐夫斯基:《欧洲的火药桶:20世纪巴尔干战争》,徐锦栋等译,北京:东方出版社,2004年。
[31]Kent M.The Great Powers and the End of the Ottoman Empire.Taylor&Francis e-Library,2005.
[32]尤金·罗根:《奥斯曼帝国的衰亡:一战中东,1914-1920》,王阳阳译,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2017年。
[33]昝涛:《现代国家与民族建构:20世纪前期土耳其民族主义研究》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2011年。
[34]Hall R C.War in the Balkans:An Encylopedic History from the Fall of the Ottoman Empire to the Breakup of Yugoslavia.Santa Barbra:ABC-CLIO,2014.
[35]罗伯特·杰维斯:《系统效应:政治与社会生活中的复杂性》,李少军等译,上海:上海人民出版社,2008年。
[2]Othon A,David M,Elizabeth R.Balkan Legacies of the Great War.London:Palgrave Macmillan,2016.
[3]Mustafa A.The Ottoman Road to War in 1914.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2008.
[4]Rene A C.A Diplomatic History of Europe since the Congress of Vienna.New York:Harper&Row Pubilshers Inc.,1973.
[5]J.P.T·伯里:《新编剑桥世界近代史》(10),中国社会科学院世界历史研究所译,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1999年。
[6]Macfie A L.The End of the Ottoman Empire 1908-1923.London:Routledge,2013.
[7]Barbara J.History of the Balkans:Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1983.
[8]Buxton N,Leese C L.Balkan Problems and European Peace.New York:Charles Scribner’s Sons,1919.
[9]玛丽·富布卢克:《剑桥德国史》,高旖嬉译,北京:新星出版社,2017年。
[10]杰弗里·巴勒克拉夫:《当代史导论》,张广勇、张宇宏译,上海:上海社会科学院出版社,2011年。
[11]奥托·冯·俾斯麦:《回忆与思考---俾斯麦回忆录》第2卷,杨德友、同鸿印等译,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2006年。
[12]米夏埃尔·施蒂默尔:《德意志帝国:一段寻找自我的国家历史》,李超译,北京:中信出版社,2017年。
[13]Craig G A.The Politics of the Prussian Army(1640-1945).Oxford:Oxford University Press,1955.
[14]Deak I.Beyond Nationalism:A Social and Political History of the Habsburg Officer Corps(1848-1918).Oxford:Oxford University Press,1990.
[15]欣斯利:《新编剑桥世界近代史》(11),中国社会科学院世界历史研究所译,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1999年。
[16]徐弃郁:《脆弱的崛起:大战略与德意志帝国的命运》,北京:新华出版社,2011年。
[17]Hupchick D P.The Balkans from Constantinople to Communism.London:Palgrave Macmillan,2002.
[18]Davison R H.Reform in the Ottoman Empire(1856-1876).Princeton:Princeton University Press,1963.
[19]Glenny M.The Balkans Nationalism,War,and the Great Powers(1804-2012).Toronto:House of Anansi Press Inc.,2012.
[20]Jankovic B M.The Balkans in International Relations.London:Macmillan Press Ltd.,1988.
[21]George Douglas Campbell Argyll.The Eastern Question:From the Treaty of Paris in 1856 to the Treaty of Berlin in1878,and to the Second Afghan War(Vol.1).London:Strahan&Company Limited,1879.
[22]悉那·阿克辛:《土耳其的崛起》,吴奇俊、刘春燕译,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2017年。
[23]《国际条约集(1872-1916)》,北京:世界知识出版社,1986年。
[24]Hall R C.The Balkan Wars 1912-1913:Prelude to the First World War.London:Routledge,2000.
[25]Jelavich B.Russia’s Balkan Entanglements(1806-1914).Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1991.
[26]布伦丹·西姆斯:《欧洲:1453年以来的争霸之途》,孟维瞻译,北京:中信出版社,2016年。
[27]Kennedy P.The Realities Behind Diplomacy:Background Influences on British External Policy,1865-1980.Waukegan:Fontana Press,1981.
[28]艾伦·帕麦尔:《俾斯麦传》,高年生、张连根译,北京:商务印书馆,2000年。
[29]Forbes N,Toynbee A J,Mitrany D,et al.The Balkans A History of Bulgaria-Serbia-Greece-Rumania-Turkey.Oxford:Clarendon Press,1915.
[30]扎多欣·尼佐夫斯基:《欧洲的火药桶:20世纪巴尔干战争》,徐锦栋等译,北京:东方出版社,2004年。
[31]Kent M.The Great Powers and the End of the Ottoman Empire.Taylor&Francis e-Library,2005.
[32]尤金·罗根:《奥斯曼帝国的衰亡:一战中东,1914-1920》,王阳阳译,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2017年。
[33]昝涛:《现代国家与民族建构:20世纪前期土耳其民族主义研究》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2011年。
[34]Hall R C.War in the Balkans:An Encylopedic History from the Fall of the Ottoman Empire to the Breakup of Yugoslavia.Santa Barbra:ABC-CLIO,2014.
[35]罗伯特·杰维斯:《系统效应:政治与社会生活中的复杂性》,李少军等译,上海:上海人民出版社,2008年。