间伐强度对杉木人工林林下植被和土壤性质的影响
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摘要
【目的】从发展林下植被、改善群落结构的角度,探讨适合杉木人工林的间伐强度,为提高人工林的稳定性和维护地力、维持人工林的可持续经营提供依据。【方法】2013年对福建省将乐国有林场的杉木人工林采取3种强度间伐:弱度间伐(LT,10%～25%)、中度间伐(MT,25%～35%)和强度间伐(HT,40%～50%),并设置对照样地(CK,未间伐)。于2016年对样地内林木进行每木检尺,调查林下植被物种多样性、盖度、生物量和土壤理化性质。对测定数据进行单因素方差分析,用Tukey法多重比较进行两两差异显著性检验,并对林下植被与土壤理化性质进行Pearson相关分析。【结果】间伐3年后,未间伐、弱度和中度间伐的盖度分别为25.52%、52.81%和58.98%,林下植被均未能形成群落,强度间伐的盖度为100%,林下形成灌木蕨类群落;灌木层物种丰富度、多样性指数、盖度和生物量均随间伐强度增加而增加,均匀度指数随间伐强度的增加而降低;草本层物种丰富度、多样性指数、均匀度指数、盖度和生物量均随间伐强度增加而增加;间伐3年后,弱度、中度、强度间伐林比未间伐林的表层土(0～10 cm)有机质含量分别增加71.41%、39.31%和98.10%,全氮含量分别增加82.76%、51.27%和115.87%,碱解氮含量分别增加49.47%、25.59%和42.22%,有效磷含量分别增加138.29%、112.23%和174.29%,速效钾含量分别增加-16.25%、-24.25%和16.27%,对表层土pH值、全磷含量和土壤物理性质的影响均不显著;灌木的盖度和生物量与土壤的有机质、全氮、全磷和有效磷含量均显著(P<0.05)正相关,此外灌木的盖度还与速效钾含量显著(P<0.05)正相关,草本盖度与土壤理化性质相关性不强,草本生物量与土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮以及有效磷含量显著(P<0.05)正相关,林下植被的盖度和生物量均与土壤pH值和物理性质没有显著相关性。【结论】未间伐的杉木人工林林下植被的物种多样性、盖度和生物量均低,林下植被未能形成群落,缺乏稳定性;间伐能够促进林下植被的发育,增加林下植被生物多样性、盖度和生物量,林下植被能形成群落,可提高维护地力的能力,尤其是强度间伐;建议杉木人工幼龄林进行40%～50%强度的抚育间伐,将郁闭度调整到0.6～0.7较为合理。
【Objective】In order to provide a basis for enhancing the stability of plantations and maintaining land fertility sustainable management of plantations, this study explores the suitable thinning intensities for Chinese fir plantations from the perspective of developing understory vegetation and improving community structure.【Method】Three intensities were used for the thinning of Chinese fir plantations in Jiangle State owned Forest Farm of Fujian Province in 2013, namely low(LT, 10%-25%), moderate(MT, 25%-35%),high(HT, 40%-50%), and the control(CK, no thinning).In 2016, all trees in the sample plots were measured and species diversity, coverage, biomass of the understory vegetation and soil properties were in vestigated.A one-way analysis of variance(ANOVA) and Tukey multiple comparisons were used for significance test and Pearson correlation analysis between understory vegetation and soil properties was conducted.【Result】Three years after thinning, there were no community formed for the three thinning intensities CK, LT and MT, with a coverage of 25.52%,52.81%,and 58.98% respectively. While the shrub-fern community formed with a coverage of 100%after a high intensity thinning. In the shrub layer, the richness index, Simpson index, Shannon-Wiener index, coverage and biomass significantly increased with increasing thinning intensity while the evenness index displayed an opposite relation with the thinning intensity. In the herb layer, the richness index, Simpson index, Shannon-Wiener index, evenness index, coverage and biomass all significantly increased with increasing thinning intensity. Three years after thinning, compared with the CK, the organic matter content of the topsoil(0-10 cm) under the treatments of LT, MT, and HT increased by 71.41%, 39.31%,and 98.10%,respectively; the total nitrogen content increased by 82.76%, 51.27%, and 115.87% respectively; the content of available nitrogen increased by 49.47%, 25.59%, and 42.22% respectively; the available phosphorus content increased by 138.29%, 112.23%, and 174.29% respectively; the contents of available potassium increased by-16.25%,-24.25%, and 16.27%, respectively. Thinning intensity had no significant effect on pH, total phosphorus content and soil physical properties of top soil.The coverage and biomass of the shrub layer were positively correlated(P<0.05) with the organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and available phosphorus contents of topsoil. The coverage of the shrub layer was also positively correlated(P<0.05) with available potassium content. The coverage of herb layer was not strongly correlated with soil physical and chemical properties and the biomass of herb layer was positively correlated(P<0.05) with soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available nitrogen, and available phosphorus contents of topsoil. There was no significant correlation between coverage and biomass of the understory vegetation with soil pH and physical properties.【Conclusion】The understory vegetation in the un-thinned Chinese fir plantations had low species diversity, coverage and biomass, unable to form a community structure and lack of stability. Thinning can promote the development of understory vegetation, leading to the increases of biodiversity, coverage, and biomass of the understory vegetation, formation of community structure, and improvement of the ability to maintain the soil fertility, and it is particularly evident for the high intensity thinning. For young Chinese fir plantation, a thinning intensity of 40%-50% was proposed to be suitable, and it adjusts the canopy coverage to 0.6-0.7.
【Objective】In order to provide a basis for enhancing the stability of plantations and maintaining land fertility sustainable management of plantations, this study explores the suitable thinning intensities for Chinese fir plantations from the perspective of developing understory vegetation and improving community structure.【Method】Three intensities were used for the thinning of Chinese fir plantations in Jiangle State owned Forest Farm of Fujian Province in 2013, namely low(LT, 10%-25%), moderate(MT, 25%-35%),high(HT, 40%-50%), and the control(CK, no thinning).In 2016, all trees in the sample plots were measured and species diversity, coverage, biomass of the understory vegetation and soil properties were in vestigated.A one-way analysis of variance(ANOVA) and Tukey multiple comparisons were used for significance test and Pearson correlation analysis between understory vegetation and soil properties was conducted.【Result】Three years after thinning, there were no community formed for the three thinning intensities CK, LT and MT, with a coverage of 25.52%,52.81%,and 58.98% respectively. While the shrub-fern community formed with a coverage of 100%after a high intensity thinning. In the shrub layer, the richness index, Simpson index, Shannon-Wiener index, coverage and biomass significantly increased with increasing thinning intensity while the evenness index displayed an opposite relation with the thinning intensity. In the herb layer, the richness index, Simpson index, Shannon-Wiener index, evenness index, coverage and biomass all significantly increased with increasing thinning intensity. Three years after thinning, compared with the CK, the organic matter content of the topsoil(0-10 cm) under the treatments of LT, MT, and HT increased by 71.41%, 39.31%,and 98.10%,respectively; the total nitrogen content increased by 82.76%, 51.27%, and 115.87% respectively; the content of available nitrogen increased by 49.47%, 25.59%, and 42.22% respectively; the available phosphorus content increased by 138.29%, 112.23%, and 174.29% respectively; the contents of available potassium increased by-16.25%,-24.25%, and 16.27%, respectively. Thinning intensity had no significant effect on pH, total phosphorus content and soil physical properties of top soil.The coverage and biomass of the shrub layer were positively correlated(P<0.05) with the organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and available phosphorus contents of topsoil. The coverage of the shrub layer was also positively correlated(P<0.05) with available potassium content. The coverage of herb layer was not strongly correlated with soil physical and chemical properties and the biomass of herb layer was positively correlated(P<0.05) with soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available nitrogen, and available phosphorus contents of topsoil. There was no significant correlation between coverage and biomass of the understory vegetation with soil pH and physical properties.【Conclusion】The understory vegetation in the un-thinned Chinese fir plantations had low species diversity, coverage and biomass, unable to form a community structure and lack of stability. Thinning can promote the development of understory vegetation, leading to the increases of biodiversity, coverage, and biomass of the understory vegetation, formation of community structure, and improvement of the ability to maintain the soil fertility, and it is particularly evident for the high intensity thinning. For young Chinese fir plantation, a thinning intensity of 40%-50% was proposed to be suitable, and it adjusts the canopy coverage to 0.6-0.7.
引文
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龚固堂,牛牧,慕长龙,等.2015.间伐强度对柏木人工林生长及林下植物的影响.林业科学,51(4):8-15.(Gong G T,Niu M,Mu C L,et al.2015.Impacts of different thinning intensities on growth of Cupressus funebris plantation and understory plants.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,51(4):8-15.[in Chinese])
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李春义,马履一,王希群,等.2007.抚育间伐对北京山区侧柏人工林林下植物多样性的短期影响.北京林业大学学报,29(3):60-66.(Li C Y,Ma L Y,Wang X Q,et al.2007.Short-term effects of tending on the undergrowthdiversity of Platycladus orientalis plantations in Beijing mountainous areas.Journal of Beijing Forestry University,29(3):60-66.[in Chinese])
李慧蓉.2004.生物多样性和生态系统功能研究综述.生态学杂志,23(3):109-114.(Li H R.2004.Review on study of biodiversity and ecosystem function.Chinese Journal of Ecology,23(3):109-114.[in Chinese])
李瑞霞,马洪靖,闵建刚,等.2012.间伐对马尾松人工林林下植物多样性的短期和长期影响.生态环境学报,21(5):807-812.(Li R X,Ma H J,Min J G,et al.2012.Effects of thinning on understory species diversities of Pinus massoniana forests.Ecology and Environmental Sciences,21(5):807-812.[in Chinese])
马履一,李春义,王希群,等.2007.不同强度间伐对北京山区油松生长及其林下植物多样性的影响.林业科学,43(5):2-8.(Ma L Y,Li C Y,Wang X Q,et al.2007.Effects of thinning on the growth and the diversity of undergrowth of Pinus tabulaeformis plantation in Beijing Mountainous Areas.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,43(5):2-8.[in Chinese])
毛志宏,朱教君.2006a.干扰对植物群落物种组成及多样性的影响.生态学报,26(8):2695-2701.(Mao Z H,Zhu J J.2006a.Effects of disturbances on species composition and diversity of plant communities.Acta Ecologica Sinica,26(8):2695-2701.[in Chinese])
毛志宏,朱教君,刘足根,等.2006b.间伐对落叶松人工林内草本植物多样性及其组成的影响.生态学杂志,25(10):1201-1207.(Mao Z H,Zhu J J,Liu Z G,et al.2006b.Effects of thinning on species diversity and composition of understory herbs in a larch plantation.Chinese Journal of Ecology,25(10):1201-1207.[in Chinese])
盛炜彤.2001a.不同密度杉木人工林林下植被发育与演替的定位研究.林业科学研究,14(5):463-471.(Sheng W T.2001a.A long-term study on development and succession of undergrowth vegetation in Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantations with different density.Forest Research,14(5):463-471.[in Chinese])
盛炜彤.2001b.杉木林的密度管理与长期生产力研究.林业科学,37(5):2-9.(Sheng W T.2001b.Studies on density management and long-term productivity of Cunninghamia lanceolata forests.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,37(5):2-9.[in Chinese])
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