测色仪与中国标准土壤色卡测定土壤颜色比较——以川中丘陵区为例
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摘要
Munsell色卡是测定土壤颜色的传统工具,而测色仪是测定土壤颜色的新兴仪器。利用统计参数及相关颜色差异等级,比较2种原理、价格不同的测色仪测定川中丘陵区27个拟定土系共97个过2 mm筛风干土壤Munsell颜色与利用《中国标准土壤色卡》目测(即目测法)的差异。结果表明,川中丘陵区风干土壤色调集中于YR色调,未出现RP色调,明度较高,彩度较低。2种测色仪均较目测法测定土壤Munsell颜色色调偏黄,但明度、彩度较一致;以目测值为参照,CM600d实测值和Nix校正值的色调、明度、彩度均方根误差(RMSE)分别为1.74、0.98、0.97和2.04、0.57、0.88,与目测差异等级为"微弱"、"明显"和"强烈"数量分别为90.72%、8.25%、1.03%和84.54%、14.43%、1.03%,表明使用2种测色仪均能辅助研究者判别土壤颜色,提高土壤颜色判别精确度,Nix测定土壤Munsell颜色明度更接近目测,且更具价格优势。
【Objective】Soil color is a reflectance spectra characteristic of the soil in the visible light band and also a kind of visual perception. The Munsell color chart is a traditional tool to determine Munsell color of soils, however, soil color determination by color charts may be subjective due to the impacts of human subjective consciousness and environmental conditions. With advancement of the optical technology,numerous instruments have been developed one by one for determining soil colors, such as spectrographs,digital cameras, and even more convenient mobile phones that can all be used to determine soil colors.However, spectrometers are often quite expensive and bulky, and digital cameras and mobile phones are not so easy to get calibrated. So portable colorimeters pop up as a new type of tool that has the advantages of being small in size, easy to carry, and moderate in price. The use of colorimeters to determine soil colors helps to avoid subjective factors and some objective environmental factors, and hence improves work efficiency. The object of this study is to compare the New Standard Soil Colour Charts with two types of portable colorimeters in determining Munsell color of soils, in an attempt to find out differences between them and select a superior one for determination of Munsell color of soils.【Method】A total of 97 soil samples of 27 soil series were collected in the Central Sichuan hilly region, for determination of Munsell color after they were purged of plant and animal residues, air-dried, ground to pass a sieve, and mixed to get homogenized, separately. Each sample under went three treatments, that is, determination of Munsell soil color, with the New Standard Soil Colour Charts, Nix and CM600 d, separately. The data of hue, value and chroma of soil Munsell color could be achieved directly via ocular estimation of the sample against the New Standard Soil Colour Charts, the use of CM600 d, and the use of the color conversion formula to process the CIE XYZ data obtained with NIX. Then with the help of statistical parameters and rules for grading differences in Munsell soil color, comparison was done of the data obtained with the three different methods.【Result】The hue of the air-dried soil in Central Sichuan hilly area lingered mainly in YR, with5 YR and 10 YR appearing the most frequently, or 33 and 30 times, respectively. The soil classified as purple soil in the Chinese Soil Genetic Classification System, after being air-dried, did not show any hue of RP,and lingered in the range of 4～8 in value and in the range of 2～6 in chroma, with "value/chroma" ratio being 5/3, 5/4, 6/4 and 7/4, the most frequently, indicating that the soils tested were quite high in value, but low in chroma. With the result of the ocular estimation method as reference for comparison, the Munsell soil color obtained with the colorimeter method tended to be yellowish and agreeable value and chroma. The RMSE of hue, value and chroma measured with the CM600 d was 1.74, 0.98 and 0.97 unit, respectively, and that with the NIX was 2.04, 0.57 and 0.88 unit, respectively. The difference between the ocular estimation method and the colorimeter methods in Munsell soil color could be graded into"Faint","Distinct"and"Prominent", which was 90.72%, 8.25% and 1.03%, respectively, for CM600 d and 84.54%, 14.43% and1.03%, respectively for NIX.【Conclusion】 The two kinds of colorimeters are useful to help researchers measure Munsell soil color, and improve accuracy of the measurement, too. The Nix method is closer to the ocular estimation method in measuring value of the Munsell soil color and moreover superior in price.
【Objective】Soil color is a reflectance spectra characteristic of the soil in the visible light band and also a kind of visual perception. The Munsell color chart is a traditional tool to determine Munsell color of soils, however, soil color determination by color charts may be subjective due to the impacts of human subjective consciousness and environmental conditions. With advancement of the optical technology,numerous instruments have been developed one by one for determining soil colors, such as spectrographs,digital cameras, and even more convenient mobile phones that can all be used to determine soil colors.However, spectrometers are often quite expensive and bulky, and digital cameras and mobile phones are not so easy to get calibrated. So portable colorimeters pop up as a new type of tool that has the advantages of being small in size, easy to carry, and moderate in price. The use of colorimeters to determine soil colors helps to avoid subjective factors and some objective environmental factors, and hence improves work efficiency. The object of this study is to compare the New Standard Soil Colour Charts with two types of portable colorimeters in determining Munsell color of soils, in an attempt to find out differences between them and select a superior one for determination of Munsell color of soils.【Method】A total of 97 soil samples of 27 soil series were collected in the Central Sichuan hilly region, for determination of Munsell color after they were purged of plant and animal residues, air-dried, ground to pass a sieve, and mixed to get homogenized, separately. Each sample under went three treatments, that is, determination of Munsell soil color, with the New Standard Soil Colour Charts, Nix and CM600 d, separately. The data of hue, value and chroma of soil Munsell color could be achieved directly via ocular estimation of the sample against the New Standard Soil Colour Charts, the use of CM600 d, and the use of the color conversion formula to process the CIE XYZ data obtained with NIX. Then with the help of statistical parameters and rules for grading differences in Munsell soil color, comparison was done of the data obtained with the three different methods.【Result】The hue of the air-dried soil in Central Sichuan hilly area lingered mainly in YR, with5 YR and 10 YR appearing the most frequently, or 33 and 30 times, respectively. The soil classified as purple soil in the Chinese Soil Genetic Classification System, after being air-dried, did not show any hue of RP,and lingered in the range of 4～8 in value and in the range of 2～6 in chroma, with "value/chroma" ratio being 5/3, 5/4, 6/4 and 7/4, the most frequently, indicating that the soils tested were quite high in value, but low in chroma. With the result of the ocular estimation method as reference for comparison, the Munsell soil color obtained with the colorimeter method tended to be yellowish and agreeable value and chroma. The RMSE of hue, value and chroma measured with the CM600 d was 1.74, 0.98 and 0.97 unit, respectively, and that with the NIX was 2.04, 0.57 and 0.88 unit, respectively. The difference between the ocular estimation method and the colorimeter methods in Munsell soil color could be graded into"Faint","Distinct"and"Prominent", which was 90.72%, 8.25% and 1.03%, respectively, for CM600 d and 84.54%, 14.43% and1.03%, respectively for NIX.【Conclusion】 The two kinds of colorimeters are useful to help researchers measure Munsell soil color, and improve accuracy of the measurement, too. The Nix method is closer to the ocular estimation method in measuring value of the Munsell soil color and moreover superior in price.
引文
[1]徐彬彬,戴昌达.土壤颜色的分光光度计算法.土壤学报,1979,16(4):397-408Xu B B,Dai C D.Computation of soil color by reflectospectomter analysis(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,1979,16(4):397-408
[2]Schoeneberger P J,Wysocki D A,Benham E C,et al.Field book for describing and sampling soils,Version 3.0.Lincoln:Natural Resources Conservation Service,Nationl Soil Survey Centre,2012
[3]Thompson J A,Pollio A R,Turk P J.Comparison of Munsell soil color charts and the GLOBE soil color book.Soil Science Society of America Journal,2013,77(6):2089-2093
[4]龚子同.中国土壤系统分类:理论·方法·实践.北京:科学出版社,1999Gong Z T.C h i n e s e s o i l t a x o n o m y:Theory,methodology,practice(In Chinese).Beijing:Science Press,1999
[5]GómezRobledo L,LópezRuiz N,Melgosa M,et al.Using the mobile phone as Munsell soil-colour sensor:An experiment under controlled illumination conditions.Computers&Electronics in Agriculture,2013,99(7):200-208
[6]Mauk L.Billmeyer and Saltzman’s principles of color technology.Color Research&Application,2001,26(4):322-324
[7]Kirillova N P,Vodyanitskii Y N,Sileva T M.Conversion of soil color parameters from the Munsell system to the CIE-L*a*b*system.Eurasian Soil Science,2015,48(5):468-475
[8]吴才武,杨越,夏建新.基于RGB的黑土有机质快速测定方法研究.土壤通报,2016,47(4):853-859Wu C W,Yang Y,Xi a J X.Rapid method for estimating organic matter of black soil based on RGB(In Chinese).Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2016,47(4):853-859
[9]Islam K,McBratney A B,Singh B.Estimation of soil colour from visible reflectance spectra.Super Soil2004:3rd Australian New Zealand Soils Conference,Sydney,2004
[10]Levin N,BenaDor E,Singer A.A digital camera as a tool to measure colour indices and related properties of sandy soils in semi-arid environments.International Journal of Remote Sensing,2005,26(24):5475-5492
[11]Fan Z,Herrick J E,Saltzman R,et al.Measurement of soil color:A comparison between smartphone camera and the Munsell color charts.Soil Science Society of America Journal,2017,81(5):1139-1146
[12]Stiglitz R,Mikhailova E,Post C,et al.Evaluation of an inexpensive sensor to measure soil color.Computers&Electronics in Agriculture,2016,121(C):141-148
[13]冯力威,吴克宁,查理思,等.仰韶文化遗址区古土壤色度特征及其气候意义.生态环境学报,2015,24(5):892-897F e n g L W,Wu K N,Zha L S,et al.Chroma character i s t ics and its cl imat ic s ignif icance of Yangshao Cultural Relic(In Chinese).Ecology and Environmnet,2015,24(5):892-897
[14]Stiglitz R,Mikhailova E,Post C,et al.Using an inexpensive color sensor for rapid assessment of soil organic carbon.Geoderma,2017,286:98-103
[15]刘洋,丁潇,刘焕军,等.黑土土壤水分反射光谱特征定量分析与预测.土壤学报,2014,51(5):1021-1026Liu Y,Ding X,Liu H J,et al.Quantitative analysis of reflectance spectrum of black soil as affected by soil moisture for prediction of soil moisture in black soil(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2014,51(5):1021-1026
[16]Miyahara M,Yoshida Y.Mathematical transform of(R,G,B)color data to Munsell(H,V,C)color data.Proceedings of SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering,1988,1001(3):650-657
[17]Rossel R A V,Minasny B,Roudier P,et al.Colour space models for soil science.Geoderma,2006,133(3):320-337
[18]谢文,赵小敏,郭熙,等.基于组合模型的庐山森林土壤有效铁光谱间接反演研究.土壤学报,2017,54(3):601-612Xie W,Zhao X M,Guo X,et al.Composite-ModelBased indirect reversion of soil available iron spectrum of forest soil in Lushan(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2017,54(3):601-612
[19]Rossel R A V,Cattle S R,Ortega A,et al.In situ measurements of soil colour,mineral composition and clay content by vis-NIR spectroscopy.Geoderma,2009,150(3):253-266
[20]余建军,陈沅,白晓梅,等.《中国标准土壤色卡》中芒塞尔颜色系统的建立.土壤,1997,29(4):212-214Yu J J,Chen Y,Bai X M,et al.The establishment of Munsell color system in Chinese Standard Soil Color Card(In Chinese).Soils,1997,29(4):212-214
[21]付旭东,周广胜,张新时.浑善达克沙地沙丘剖面颜色变化的古气候意义.沉积学报,2016,34(1):70-78Fu X D,Zhou G S,Zhang X S.Color variations of paleosol-sand profiles across Otindag Sandy Land and its paleoclimatic implications(In Chinese).Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2016,34(1):70-78
[22]沈星诚,周婷,范俊俊,等.“日本红枫”春季叶片色彩评价.南京林业大学学报(自然科学版):2017:1-9.http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/32.1161.S.20171204.1029.006.html Shen X C,Zhou T,Fan J J,et al.Evaluation of leaf color of Japanese Maple in spring(In Chinese).Journal of Nanjing Forestry University(Natural Sciences Edition),2017:1-9.http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/32.1161.S.20171204.1029.006.html
[23]石培宏,杨太保,田庆春,等.靖远黄土-古土壤色度变化特征分析及古气候意义.兰州大学学报(自然科学版),2012,48(2):15-23Shi P H,Yang T B,Ti an Q C,et a l.Chroma characteristics in the loess-paleosol at Jingyuan section and its signification to paleoclimate(In Chinese).Journal of Lanzhou University(Natural Science),2012,48(2):15-23
[24]高鹏坤,庞奖励,黄春长,等.陕南丹凤茶房村黄土-古土壤剖面色度参数特征.沉积学报,2015,33(3):537-542Gao P K,Pang J L,Huang C C,et al.Chroma characteristics and its significances of the Chafangcun loess-paleosol profile in southeast Shaanxi,China(In Chinese).Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2015,33(3):537-542
[25]Baumann K,Schoning I,Schrumpf M,et al.Rapid assessment of soil organic matter:Soil color analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.Geoderma,2016,278:49-57
[26]徐芙姗,徐海松,王勇.孟塞尔色序系统与CIE1931标准色度系统转换新算法.光子学报,2007,36(4):650-654Xu F S,Xu H S,Wang Y.A new conversion algorithm between Munsell color order system and CIE1931 standard colorimetric system(In Chinese).Acta Photonica Sinica,2007,36(4):650-654
[27]叶程,刘真,吴光远,等.基于结构相似的C I EL*a*b*颜色信号向孟塞尔色序系统分级转换.液晶与显示,2016,31(6):626-633Ye C,Liu Z,Wu G Y,et al.Hierarchical conversion algorithm of signal from CIELAB space to Munsell system which based on structure correlation analysis(In Chinese).Chinese Journal of Liquid Crystals and Displays,2016,31(6):626-633
[28]M ahyar F,Cheung V,Wes t land S.Dif ferent transformation methods between CIELAB coordinates and Munsell hue.Coloration Technology,2010,126(1):31-36
[2]Schoeneberger P J,Wysocki D A,Benham E C,et al.Field book for describing and sampling soils,Version 3.0.Lincoln:Natural Resources Conservation Service,Nationl Soil Survey Centre,2012
[3]Thompson J A,Pollio A R,Turk P J.Comparison of Munsell soil color charts and the GLOBE soil color book.Soil Science Society of America Journal,2013,77(6):2089-2093
[4]龚子同.中国土壤系统分类:理论·方法·实践.北京:科学出版社,1999Gong Z T.C h i n e s e s o i l t a x o n o m y:Theory,methodology,practice(In Chinese).Beijing:Science Press,1999
[5]GómezRobledo L,LópezRuiz N,Melgosa M,et al.Using the mobile phone as Munsell soil-colour sensor:An experiment under controlled illumination conditions.Computers&Electronics in Agriculture,2013,99(7):200-208
[6]Mauk L.Billmeyer and Saltzman’s principles of color technology.Color Research&Application,2001,26(4):322-324
[7]Kirillova N P,Vodyanitskii Y N,Sileva T M.Conversion of soil color parameters from the Munsell system to the CIE-L*a*b*system.Eurasian Soil Science,2015,48(5):468-475
[8]吴才武,杨越,夏建新.基于RGB的黑土有机质快速测定方法研究.土壤通报,2016,47(4):853-859Wu C W,Yang Y,Xi a J X.Rapid method for estimating organic matter of black soil based on RGB(In Chinese).Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2016,47(4):853-859
[9]Islam K,McBratney A B,Singh B.Estimation of soil colour from visible reflectance spectra.Super Soil2004:3rd Australian New Zealand Soils Conference,Sydney,2004
[10]Levin N,BenaDor E,Singer A.A digital camera as a tool to measure colour indices and related properties of sandy soils in semi-arid environments.International Journal of Remote Sensing,2005,26(24):5475-5492
[11]Fan Z,Herrick J E,Saltzman R,et al.Measurement of soil color:A comparison between smartphone camera and the Munsell color charts.Soil Science Society of America Journal,2017,81(5):1139-1146
[12]Stiglitz R,Mikhailova E,Post C,et al.Evaluation of an inexpensive sensor to measure soil color.Computers&Electronics in Agriculture,2016,121(C):141-148
[13]冯力威,吴克宁,查理思,等.仰韶文化遗址区古土壤色度特征及其气候意义.生态环境学报,2015,24(5):892-897F e n g L W,Wu K N,Zha L S,et al.Chroma character i s t ics and its cl imat ic s ignif icance of Yangshao Cultural Relic(In Chinese).Ecology and Environmnet,2015,24(5):892-897
[14]Stiglitz R,Mikhailova E,Post C,et al.Using an inexpensive color sensor for rapid assessment of soil organic carbon.Geoderma,2017,286:98-103
[15]刘洋,丁潇,刘焕军,等.黑土土壤水分反射光谱特征定量分析与预测.土壤学报,2014,51(5):1021-1026Liu Y,Ding X,Liu H J,et al.Quantitative analysis of reflectance spectrum of black soil as affected by soil moisture for prediction of soil moisture in black soil(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2014,51(5):1021-1026
[16]Miyahara M,Yoshida Y.Mathematical transform of(R,G,B)color data to Munsell(H,V,C)color data.Proceedings of SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering,1988,1001(3):650-657
[17]Rossel R A V,Minasny B,Roudier P,et al.Colour space models for soil science.Geoderma,2006,133(3):320-337
[18]谢文,赵小敏,郭熙,等.基于组合模型的庐山森林土壤有效铁光谱间接反演研究.土壤学报,2017,54(3):601-612Xie W,Zhao X M,Guo X,et al.Composite-ModelBased indirect reversion of soil available iron spectrum of forest soil in Lushan(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2017,54(3):601-612
[19]Rossel R A V,Cattle S R,Ortega A,et al.In situ measurements of soil colour,mineral composition and clay content by vis-NIR spectroscopy.Geoderma,2009,150(3):253-266
[20]余建军,陈沅,白晓梅,等.《中国标准土壤色卡》中芒塞尔颜色系统的建立.土壤,1997,29(4):212-214Yu J J,Chen Y,Bai X M,et al.The establishment of Munsell color system in Chinese Standard Soil Color Card(In Chinese).Soils,1997,29(4):212-214
[21]付旭东,周广胜,张新时.浑善达克沙地沙丘剖面颜色变化的古气候意义.沉积学报,2016,34(1):70-78Fu X D,Zhou G S,Zhang X S.Color variations of paleosol-sand profiles across Otindag Sandy Land and its paleoclimatic implications(In Chinese).Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2016,34(1):70-78
[22]沈星诚,周婷,范俊俊,等.“日本红枫”春季叶片色彩评价.南京林业大学学报(自然科学版):2017:1-9.http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/32.1161.S.20171204.1029.006.html Shen X C,Zhou T,Fan J J,et al.Evaluation of leaf color of Japanese Maple in spring(In Chinese).Journal of Nanjing Forestry University(Natural Sciences Edition),2017:1-9.http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/32.1161.S.20171204.1029.006.html
[23]石培宏,杨太保,田庆春,等.靖远黄土-古土壤色度变化特征分析及古气候意义.兰州大学学报(自然科学版),2012,48(2):15-23Shi P H,Yang T B,Ti an Q C,et a l.Chroma characteristics in the loess-paleosol at Jingyuan section and its signification to paleoclimate(In Chinese).Journal of Lanzhou University(Natural Science),2012,48(2):15-23
[24]高鹏坤,庞奖励,黄春长,等.陕南丹凤茶房村黄土-古土壤剖面色度参数特征.沉积学报,2015,33(3):537-542Gao P K,Pang J L,Huang C C,et al.Chroma characteristics and its significances of the Chafangcun loess-paleosol profile in southeast Shaanxi,China(In Chinese).Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2015,33(3):537-542
[25]Baumann K,Schoning I,Schrumpf M,et al.Rapid assessment of soil organic matter:Soil color analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.Geoderma,2016,278:49-57
[26]徐芙姗,徐海松,王勇.孟塞尔色序系统与CIE1931标准色度系统转换新算法.光子学报,2007,36(4):650-654Xu F S,Xu H S,Wang Y.A new conversion algorithm between Munsell color order system and CIE1931 standard colorimetric system(In Chinese).Acta Photonica Sinica,2007,36(4):650-654
[27]叶程,刘真,吴光远,等.基于结构相似的C I EL*a*b*颜色信号向孟塞尔色序系统分级转换.液晶与显示,2016,31(6):626-633Ye C,Liu Z,Wu G Y,et al.Hierarchical conversion algorithm of signal from CIELAB space to Munsell system which based on structure correlation analysis(In Chinese).Chinese Journal of Liquid Crystals and Displays,2016,31(6):626-633
[28]M ahyar F,Cheung V,Wes t land S.Dif ferent transformation methods between CIELAB coordinates and Munsell hue.Coloration Technology,2010,126(1):31-36