上海都市区边界划分——基于手机信令数据的探索
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摘要
都市区是中心城市及其主要影响范围,在区域经济发展中有重要的引领作用。国外都市区范围根据中心城市与外围地区的通勤联系划分,本质上是与中心城市具有密切经济联系的统一劳动市场区。国内由于统计数据的缺乏,通过通勤联系划分都市区的相关研究难以开展,且划分结果在内涵上与国外都市区差异较大。移动电话是目前普及率最高的移动通讯终端设备,其包含的地理位置标签可反映用户的职住地信息。利用上海移动2014年上半年某两周2G手机信令数据,识别用户的居住地和工作地,参照国外标准,根据中心与外围地区的通勤联系划分上海市都市区。在通勤联系的基础上,尝试采用消费联系作为都市区划分的辅助标准,并对划分结果进行了调整。结果表明:(1)基于通勤联系的上海都市区主要包括中心城周边地区、松江新城及外围大型工业区,基于消费联系调整的上海都市区包括中心城周边地区、松江、嘉定、青浦等新城及浦东惠南地区、长兴岛,整体上呈现东西略长、南北略窄的形态;(2)通勤联系和消费联系可以相互结合划分中国的都市区边界,通勤联系作为主要指标,消费联系作为辅助指标;(3)上海与国外城市都市区差异较大,国外都市区范围扩展极广,上海都市区范围未超过行政边界,局限在在中心城周围相对较小的范围内。
A metropolitan area, which plays a dominant role in the regional economic development, is defined as a composite of a densely populated urban core and its surrounding interlocking territories. It is essentially a unified labor market that is delimited by the commute flows between a principal city and the peripheral area in most of foreign countries. However,due to the absence of commuting census data in China, it is either too difficult to conduct delimitations based on the commuting linkage or the results could be completely different from those in foreign countries. We based our delimitation on commuting flows identified from mobile phone data, which records the users' spatio-temporal information while they communicate with the network via towers. First, we inferred the user's residence and workplace using two weeks of China Mobile's 2 G mobile signaling data in 2014. Then, we delimited the boundary of Shanghai metropolitan area according to the foreign standards. Additionally, we proposed to utilize the recreational activity, also inferred from the mobile phone data, as an auxiliary standard to adjust the boundary. The conclusions can be drawn as follows:(1) In terms of commuting flows, the Shanghai metropolitan area covers the surrounding area of the central city, the Songjiang new town and the large industrial zones in the urban fringe, while in terms of recreational activity, it includes the surrounding area of the central city, the new towns of Songjiang, Jiading, Qingpu, the Huinan area, and the Changxing Island. Morphologically,the Shanghai metropolitan area is slightly longer in the east-west direction and narrower in the north-south direction.(2) The commuting and recreational connections can be combined to delimit a metropolitan area in China, while the former could be the primary indicator with the latter as the auxiliary.(3) Huge difference exists between the metropolitan area of Shanghai and the foreign ones. The foreign metropolitan areas usually have more expanded ranges covering surrounding jurisdictional zones, while the Shanghai metropolitan area mainly grows within its administrative boundary and is confined to a relatively small area around the central city.
A metropolitan area, which plays a dominant role in the regional economic development, is defined as a composite of a densely populated urban core and its surrounding interlocking territories. It is essentially a unified labor market that is delimited by the commute flows between a principal city and the peripheral area in most of foreign countries. However,due to the absence of commuting census data in China, it is either too difficult to conduct delimitations based on the commuting linkage or the results could be completely different from those in foreign countries. We based our delimitation on commuting flows identified from mobile phone data, which records the users' spatio-temporal information while they communicate with the network via towers. First, we inferred the user's residence and workplace using two weeks of China Mobile's 2 G mobile signaling data in 2014. Then, we delimited the boundary of Shanghai metropolitan area according to the foreign standards. Additionally, we proposed to utilize the recreational activity, also inferred from the mobile phone data, as an auxiliary standard to adjust the boundary. The conclusions can be drawn as follows:(1) In terms of commuting flows, the Shanghai metropolitan area covers the surrounding area of the central city, the Songjiang new town and the large industrial zones in the urban fringe, while in terms of recreational activity, it includes the surrounding area of the central city, the new towns of Songjiang, Jiading, Qingpu, the Huinan area, and the Changxing Island. Morphologically,the Shanghai metropolitan area is slightly longer in the east-west direction and narrower in the north-south direction.(2) The commuting and recreational connections can be combined to delimit a metropolitan area in China, while the former could be the primary indicator with the latter as the auxiliary.(3) Huge difference exists between the metropolitan area of Shanghai and the foreign ones. The foreign metropolitan areas usually have more expanded ranges covering surrounding jurisdictional zones, while the Shanghai metropolitan area mainly grows within its administrative boundary and is confined to a relatively small area around the central city.
引文
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(1)图中所示总务省标准又称为关东大都市圈,是根据官方定义划定的范围。富田和晓标准是指向东京都23区通勤人口占总就业人口5%以上地区构成的区域。一都三县是东京大都市圈的大致范围,是在“县”一级汇总后的结果,包括东京都、千叶县、神奈川县和埼玉县,一都三县概念的使用较为广泛。
(2)利用手机信令数据识别的消费休闲出行是指用户出行频率较低、停留时间较长的出行,包括消费休闲活动及一般的办事活动,如就医、探亲访友等,是广义的消费概念,在本文中简称消费联系。在内涵上属于非工作的生活性出行。
(3)利用手机数据识别的常住人口。
(4)内向消费率(S_1)是指外围地区所有具有稳定居住地和工作地的人口中发生消费休闲行为的人群至中心城内消费的比例。外向消费率(S_2)是指中心城所有具有稳定居住地和工作地的人口中发生消费休闲行为的人群至外围地区消费的比例。双向消费率(S_3)是指内向消费率与外向消费率之和。
(5)利用手机数据识别的就业人口。
(6)纵坐标通勤率的对数指的是通勤率百分数的对数,即ln(通勤率*100),而不是ln(通勤率),消费率的对数同理。
(7)少量没有稳定工作地的就业人口不包含在内,由于这部分总数较少,对结果影响不大。
(8)东京都市区的中心城为东京都区部23区。
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[3] Luo Haiming, Tang Jin, Hu Linqian, et al. The New Development of Standards for Defining the Metropolitan Area in American. Urban Planning International, 2005, 20(3):50-53.[罗海明,汤晋,胡伶倩,等.美国大都市区界定指标体系新进展.国外城市规划, 2005, 20(3):50-53.]
[4] Meng Xiaochen, Ma Liang. The concept of"metropolitan area". Urban Studies, 2010, 17(9):36-40.[孟晓晨,马亮.“都市区”概念辨析.城市发展研究, 2010, 17(9):36-40.]
[5] Kanemoto Y, Tokuoka K. Proposal for the standards of metropolitan areas of Japan. Applied Geography Research, 2002(7):1-15.[金本良嗣,德冈一幸.日本の都市圏設定基準.应用地域学研究, 2002(7):1-15.]
[6] Yao Shimou, Zhou Chunshan, Wang De, et al. New Perspectives on Urban Agglomerations in China. Beijing:Science Press, 2017.[姚士谋,周春山,王德,等.中国城市群新论.北京:科学出版社, 2017.]
[7] Hong Shijian, Huang Xiaofen. Study on the concept and definition of metropolitan areas. Urban Planning International,2007, 22(5):50-57.[洪世健,黄晓芬.大都市区概念及其界定问题探讨.国际城市规划, 2007, 22(5):50-57.]
[8] Zhang Congguo, Yang Yongchun. Concept analysis of metropolitan coordinating region. City Planning Review, 2007, 31(4):31-36, 47.[张从果,杨永春.都市圈概念辨析.城市规划, 2007, 31(4):31-36, 47.]
[9] Zhou Yixing, Shi Yulong. Toward establishing the concept of physical urban area in China. Acta Geographica Sinica,1995, 50(4):289-301.[周一星,史育龙.建立中国城市的实体地域概念.地理学报, 1995, 50(4):289-301.]
[10] Hu Xuwei, Zhou Yixing, Gu Chaolin, et al. Studies on the Spatial Agglomeration and Dispersion in China's Coastal City-and-Town Concentrated Areas. Beijing:Science Press, 2000.[胡序威,周一星,顾朝林,等.中国沿海城镇密集地区空间集聚与扩散研究.北京:科学出版社, 2000.]
[11] Zhou Yixing. The primary scientific issue of urban research in China is the correctness of basic urban concepts. Urban Planning Forum, 2006(1):1-5.[周一星.城市研究的第一科学问题是基本概念的正确性.城市规划学刊, 2006(1):1-5.]
[12] Ning Yuemin. Definition of Chinese metropolitan areas and large urban agglomerations:Role of large urban agglomerations in regional development. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2011, 31(3):257-263.[宁越敏.中国都市区和大城市群的界定:兼论大城市群在区域经济发展中的作用.地理科学, 2011, 31(3):257-263.]
[13] Zhang Xinwei, Ning Yuemin. The definition and development of metropolitan areas in China based on the data from the6th national census. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2015, 35(2):665-673.[张欣炜,宁越敏.中国大都市区的界定和发展研究:基于第六次人口普查数据的研究.地理科学, 2015, 35(2):665-673.]
[14] Gu Chaolin. A preliminary study on the division of urban economic regions in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1991, 46(2):129-141.[顾朝林.中国城市经济区划分的初步研究.地理学报, 1991, 46(2):129-141.]
[15] Luo Haiming, Zhen Feng. Study on defining the metropolitan areas of Yangtze River Delta:Comparison between standards for defining metropolitan areas in China and those in America. Human Geography, 2005, 20(4):9-14.[罗海明,甄峰.长江三角洲大都市区划分研究:兼论中美大都市区界定指标体系的比较.人文地理, 2005, 20(4):9-14.]
[16] Sun Yinshe. Forming mechanism and delimitation of metropolitan area in China:A case study of Beijing. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1992, 47(6):552-560.[孙胤社.大都市区的形成机制及其定界:以北京为例.地理学报, 1992, 47(6):552-560.]
[17] Wang Guoxia, Cai Jianming. Research on the method of quantifying the spatial boundary of metropolitan regions.Economic Geography, 2008, 28(2):191-195, 249.[王国霞,蔡建明.都市区空间范围的划分方法.经济地理, 2008, 28(2):191-195, 249.]
[18] Luo Shougui, Johnston A, Chen Dongchun. Approach to delimiting metropolitan regions'boundary and grading urban hierarchy within a metropolitan region:A case study of Shanghai metropolitan region. Chinese Geographical Science,2008, 18(3):197-205.
[19] Sun Juan. Research for defining the scope of the metropolitan area:A case study of Nanjing metropolitan area. Urban Planning Forum, 2003(4):73-77, 96.[孙娟.都市圈空间界定方法研究.城市规划汇刊, 2003(4):73-77, 96.]
[20] Cheng Yunlong, Liu Xiaopeng, Liu Hongxiang, et al. Metropolitan circle space limits method applied research:Case of Chengdu City Circle. Urban Studies, 2011, 18(8):64-67, 81.[程云龙,刘小鹏,刘泓翔,等.都市圈空间界定方法的应用研究:以成都都市圈为例.城市发展研究, 2011, 18(8):64-67, 81.]
[21] Liu Lichen, Dong Xiaofeng, Chi Shouqian. Quantitative delimitation of metropolitan areas based on a synthetic method:Case study in the Lanzhou metropolitan area. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 2010, 136(4):357-364.
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(1)图中所示总务省标准又称为关东大都市圈,是根据官方定义划定的范围。富田和晓标准是指向东京都23区通勤人口占总就业人口5%以上地区构成的区域。一都三县是东京大都市圈的大致范围,是在“县”一级汇总后的结果,包括东京都、千叶县、神奈川县和埼玉县,一都三县概念的使用较为广泛。
(2)利用手机信令数据识别的消费休闲出行是指用户出行频率较低、停留时间较长的出行,包括消费休闲活动及一般的办事活动,如就医、探亲访友等,是广义的消费概念,在本文中简称消费联系。在内涵上属于非工作的生活性出行。
(3)利用手机数据识别的常住人口。
(4)内向消费率(S_1)是指外围地区所有具有稳定居住地和工作地的人口中发生消费休闲行为的人群至中心城内消费的比例。外向消费率(S_2)是指中心城所有具有稳定居住地和工作地的人口中发生消费休闲行为的人群至外围地区消费的比例。双向消费率(S_3)是指内向消费率与外向消费率之和。
(5)利用手机数据识别的就业人口。
(6)纵坐标通勤率的对数指的是通勤率百分数的对数,即ln(通勤率*100),而不是ln(通勤率),消费率的对数同理。
(7)少量没有稳定工作地的就业人口不包含在内,由于这部分总数较少,对结果影响不大。
(8)东京都市区的中心城为东京都区部23区。