塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地大气边界层参数化方案的模拟评估
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摘要
沙尘起沙、沉降、传输均受到沙漠地区大气边界层条件的制约。沙漠地区观测资料匮乏,限制大气边界层模拟效果的检验和评估。利用WRFV3.7.1中尺度数值模式中5种边界层参数化方案(ACM2、BL、MYJ、MYNN2.5、YSU),模拟2014年4月塔克拉玛干沙漠大气边界层特征,并与塔中80 m塔及风廓线雷达晴朗天气下的观测资料对比分析。结果表明:5种方案均能模拟出近地面气温及地表温度,边界层高度,感热、潜热、地表热通量的变化趋势,但未能模拟出边界层风速的日变化趋势,温风湿廓线能较好的反映晴日沙漠地区边界层结构的变化特征,但未模拟出风速随高度变化趋势。沙漠地区下垫面干燥,热容量低,晴天极易形成对流不稳定边界层,非局地湍流参数化方案,ACM2方案是沙漠地区大气边界层模拟较为合理的选择。
Dust emission,sedimentation and transportation are controlled by the Planetary Boundary Layer( PBL) over the deserts. Lack of observation data in desert areas limits the examination and evaluation on PBL simulations. In this study,the performances of five PBL parameterizations of ACM2,BL,MYJ,MYNN2. 5 and YSU in the mesoscale numerical model WRF( Weather Research and Forecast 3. 7. 1) were assessed by simulating the PBL in the Taklimakan Desert in April 2014,and compared with the observations of a 80 m tower and wind profile radar under sunny weather at Tazhong. The comparison results revealed that five PBL schemes could reasonably capture the diurnal variations of near-surface air temperature,surface temperature,boundary layer height,sensible heat,latent heat and surface heat flux,except for wind speed. Regarding the vertical PBL structures,all the simulated temperature,wind and moisture profiles can be well reproduced the boundary layer structures only with the underestimated simulations of wind speed during the daytime. The dry desert's thermal heat capacity is too low to easily form convective unstable boundary layer in sunny days. The combination of local and non-local ACM2 scheme could be a more appropriable PBL scheme for simulating the PBL in the desert area.
Dust emission,sedimentation and transportation are controlled by the Planetary Boundary Layer( PBL) over the deserts. Lack of observation data in desert areas limits the examination and evaluation on PBL simulations. In this study,the performances of five PBL parameterizations of ACM2,BL,MYJ,MYNN2. 5 and YSU in the mesoscale numerical model WRF( Weather Research and Forecast 3. 7. 1) were assessed by simulating the PBL in the Taklimakan Desert in April 2014,and compared with the observations of a 80 m tower and wind profile radar under sunny weather at Tazhong. The comparison results revealed that five PBL schemes could reasonably capture the diurnal variations of near-surface air temperature,surface temperature,boundary layer height,sensible heat,latent heat and surface heat flux,except for wind speed. Regarding the vertical PBL structures,all the simulated temperature,wind and moisture profiles can be well reproduced the boundary layer structures only with the underestimated simulations of wind speed during the daytime. The dry desert's thermal heat capacity is too low to easily form convective unstable boundary layer in sunny days. The combination of local and non-local ACM2 scheme could be a more appropriable PBL scheme for simulating the PBL in the desert area.
引文
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[18]何清,魏文寿,李祥余,等.塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地沙尘暴过境时近地层风速、温度和湿度廓线特征.沙漠与绿洲气象,2008,2(6):6-11.HE Qing,WEI Wenshou,LI Xiangyu,et al.Profile characteristics of wind velocity,temperature and humidity in the surface layer during a sandstorm passing Taklimakan Desert hinterland.Desert and Oasis Meteorology(in Chinese),2008,2(6):6-11.
[19]杨兴华,何清,阿吉古丽·沙依提,等.塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地沙尘暴过程的大气边界层特征分析.沙漠与绿洲气象,2011,5(6):11-15.YANG Xinghua,HE Qing,Ajiguli·SHAYITI,et al.Character analysis of boundary layer during a sandstorm in hinterland of the Taklimakan Desert.Desert and Oasis Meteorology(in Chinese),2011,5(6):11-15.
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[26]Nakanishi M.Large-eddy simulation of radiation fog.Bound.Layer Meteor.,2000,94(3):461-493.
[27]Nakanishi M,Niino H.An improved Mellor-Yamada level-3 model with condensation physics:Its design and verification.Bound.Layer Meteor.,2004,112(1):1-31.
[28]郑辉,刘树华.沙漠陆面过程参数化与模拟.地球物理学报,2013,56(7):2207-2217.ZHENG Hui,LIU Shuhua.Land surface parameterization and modeling over desert.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),2013,56(7):2207-2217.
[29]朱德琴,高晓清,陈文.陆面模式(SSiB)对敦煌荒漠戈壁下垫面陆面过程的模拟及敏感性试验.中国沙漠,2006,26(3):466-472.ZHU Deqin,GAO Xiaoqing,CHEN Wen.Validation of SSiB model over Gobi in Dunhuang and its sensitivity to vegetation parameters.Journal of Desert Research(in Chinese),2006,26(3):466-472.
[30]周德刚,黄刚,马耀明.中国西北干旱区戈壁下垫面夏季的热力输送.大气科学学报,2012,35(5):541-549.ZHOU Degang,HUANG Gang,MA Yaoming.Summer heat transfer over a Gobi underlying surface in the arid region of Northwest China.Transactions of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),2012,35(5):541-549.
[31]张杰,张强,唐从国.极端干旱区大气边界层厚度时间演变及其与地表能量平衡的关系.生态学报,2013,33(8):2545-2555.ZHANG Jie,ZHANG Qiang,TANG Congguo.Temporal variety of boundary layer height over deep arid region and the relations with energy balance.Acta Ecologica Sinica(in Chinese),2013,33(8):2545-2555.
[32]Noh Y,Cheon W G,Hong S Y,et al.Improvement of the K-profile model for the planetary boundary layer based on large eddy simulation data.Bound.Layer Meteor.,2003,107(2):401-427.
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[2]贵志成,郑益群,曾新民,等.不同边界层参数化方案对东亚夏季风气候模拟的对比研究.气象科学,2014,34(6):638-646.GUI Zhicheng,ZHENG Yiqun,ZENG Xinmin,et al.Impact of different planetary boundary layer parameterizations on summer monsoonal climate simulation in East Asia.Journal of the Meteorological Sciences(in Chinese),2014,34(6):638-646.
[3]刘晓冉,李国平.WRF模式边界层参数化方案对西南低涡模拟的影响.气象科学,2014,34(2):162-170.LIU Xiaoran,LI Guoping.Effects of planetary boundary layer parameterization schemes in WRF model on southwest vortex simulation.Journal of the Meteorological Sciences(in Chinese),2014,34(2):162-170.
[4]HU Xiaoming,Nielsen-Gammon J W,ZHANG Fuqing.Evaluation of three planetary boundary layer schemes in the WRF model.J.Appl.Meteor.Climatol.,2010,49(9):1831-1844.
[5]Pleim J E.A combined local and nonlocal closure model for the atmospheric boundary layer.Part I:Model description and testing.J.Appl.Meteor.Climatol.,2007,46(9):1383-1395.
[6]石春娥,李耀孙,杨军,等.MM5和WRF对中国东部地区冬季边界层模拟效果比较.高原气象,2015,34(2):389-400.SHI Chun’e,LI Yaosun,YANG Jun,et al.Comparison of simulations on winter sounding profiles in PBL in East China between WRF and MM5.Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),2015,34(2):389-400.
[7]张碧辉,刘树华,LIU Heping,等.MYJ和YSU方案对WRF边界层气象要素模拟的影响.地球物理学报,2012,55(7):2239-2248.ZHANG Bihui,LIU Shuhua,LIU Heping,et al.The effect of MYJ and YSU schemes on the simulation of boundary layer meteorological factors of WRF.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),2012,55(7):2239-2248.
[8]Balzarini A,Angelini F,Ferrero L,et al.Comparing WRF PBL schemes with experimental data over northern Italy//Steyn D,MathurR.Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXIII.Cham:Springer,2014:545-549.
[9]Pérez C,Jiménez P,Jorba O,et al.Influence of the PBL scheme on high-resolution photochemical simulations in an urban coastal area over the western Mediterranean.Atmos.Environ.,2006,40(27):5274-5297.
[10]邱贵强,李华,张宇,等.高寒草原地区边界层参数化方案的适用性评估.高原气象,2013,32(1):46-55.QIU Guiqiang,LI Hua,ZHANG Yu,et al.Applicability research of planetary boundary layer parameterization scheme in WRF model over the alpine grassland area.Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),2013,32(1):46-55.
[11]王寅钧.青藏高原东南部WRF边界层模拟与观测对比探讨研究[D].南京:南京信息工程大学,2011.WANG Yinjun.Contrast the simulation result of WRF model to bounder layer observation at southeast Tibetan plateau[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University of Information Science&Technology(in Chinese),2011.
[12]张龙,张镭,王颖,等.基于WRF不同边界层方案的黄土高原丘陵冬季地面气象要素日变化模拟分析.干旱气象,2012,30(2):158-168.ZHANG Long,ZHANG Lei,WANG Ying,et al.Simulation of daily variations about surface meteorological factor in Loess Plateau hilly region in winter based on different PBL schemes of WRF.Journal of Arid Meteorology(in Chinese),2012,30(2):158-168.
[13]张小培,银燕.复杂地形地区WRF模式四种边界层参数化方案的评估.大气科学学报,2013,36(1):68-76.ZHANG Xiaopei,YIN Yan.Evaluation of the four PBL schemes in WRF Model over complex topographic areas.Transactions of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),2013,36(1):68-76.
[14]罗峰.晴朗及有云条件下WRF模式中边界层参数化方案的比较研究[D].南京:南京信息工程大学,2015.LUO Feng.A study on comparison of the boundary layer parameterization schemes in the WRF model during clear and cloudy days[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University of Information Science&Technology(in Chinese),2015.
[15]Garratt J R.Review:The atmospheric boundary layer//The atmospheric boundary layer.Cambridge University Press,1992:89-134.
[16]张强,王胜.西北干旱区夏季大气边界层结构及其陆面过程特征.气象学报,2008,66(4):599-608.ZHANG Qiang,WANG Sheng.A study on atmospheric boundary layer structure on a clear day in the arid region in Northwest China.Acta Meteorologica Sinica(in Chinese),2008,66(4):599-608.
[17]何清,赵景峰.塔里木盆地浮尘时空分布及对环境影响的研究.中国沙漠,1997,17(2):119-126.HE Qing,ZHAO Jingfeng.The studies on the distribution of floating dusts in the Tarim Basin and its effects on environment.Journal of Desert Research(in Chinese),1997,17(2):119-126.
[18]何清,魏文寿,李祥余,等.塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地沙尘暴过境时近地层风速、温度和湿度廓线特征.沙漠与绿洲气象,2008,2(6):6-11.HE Qing,WEI Wenshou,LI Xiangyu,et al.Profile characteristics of wind velocity,temperature and humidity in the surface layer during a sandstorm passing Taklimakan Desert hinterland.Desert and Oasis Meteorology(in Chinese),2008,2(6):6-11.
[19]杨兴华,何清,阿吉古丽·沙依提,等.塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地沙尘暴过程的大气边界层特征分析.沙漠与绿洲气象,2011,5(6):11-15.YANG Xinghua,HE Qing,Ajiguli·SHAYITI,et al.Character analysis of boundary layer during a sandstorm in hinterland of the Taklimakan Desert.Desert and Oasis Meteorology(in Chinese),2011,5(6):11-15.
[20]HONG Songyou,PAN Hualu.Nonlocal boundary layer vertical diffusion in a medium-range forecast model.Mon.Wea.Rev.,1996,124(10):2322-2339.
[21]HONG Songyou,Noh Y,Dudhia J.A new vertical diffusion package with an explicit treatment of entrainment processes.Mon.Wea.Rev.,2006,134(9):2318-2341.
[22]Pleim J E.A combined local and nonlocal closure model for the atmospheric boundary layer.Part II:Application and evaluation in a mesoscale meteorological model.J.Appl.Meteor.Climatol.,2007,46(9):1396-1409.
[23]Janji C'Z I.The step-mountain coordinate:Physical package.Mon.Wea.Rev.,1990,118(7):1429-1443.
[24]Mellor G L,Yamada T.Development of a turbulence closure model for geophysical fluid problems.Rev.Geophys.,1982,20(4):851-875.
[25]Bougeault P,Lacarrère P.Parameterization of orography-induced turbulence in a mesobeta-scale model.Mon.Wea.Rev.,1989,117(8):1872-1890.
[26]Nakanishi M.Large-eddy simulation of radiation fog.Bound.Layer Meteor.,2000,94(3):461-493.
[27]Nakanishi M,Niino H.An improved Mellor-Yamada level-3 model with condensation physics:Its design and verification.Bound.Layer Meteor.,2004,112(1):1-31.
[28]郑辉,刘树华.沙漠陆面过程参数化与模拟.地球物理学报,2013,56(7):2207-2217.ZHENG Hui,LIU Shuhua.Land surface parameterization and modeling over desert.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),2013,56(7):2207-2217.
[29]朱德琴,高晓清,陈文.陆面模式(SSiB)对敦煌荒漠戈壁下垫面陆面过程的模拟及敏感性试验.中国沙漠,2006,26(3):466-472.ZHU Deqin,GAO Xiaoqing,CHEN Wen.Validation of SSiB model over Gobi in Dunhuang and its sensitivity to vegetation parameters.Journal of Desert Research(in Chinese),2006,26(3):466-472.
[30]周德刚,黄刚,马耀明.中国西北干旱区戈壁下垫面夏季的热力输送.大气科学学报,2012,35(5):541-549.ZHOU Degang,HUANG Gang,MA Yaoming.Summer heat transfer over a Gobi underlying surface in the arid region of Northwest China.Transactions of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),2012,35(5):541-549.
[31]张杰,张强,唐从国.极端干旱区大气边界层厚度时间演变及其与地表能量平衡的关系.生态学报,2013,33(8):2545-2555.ZHANG Jie,ZHANG Qiang,TANG Congguo.Temporal variety of boundary layer height over deep arid region and the relations with energy balance.Acta Ecologica Sinica(in Chinese),2013,33(8):2545-2555.
[32]Noh Y,Cheon W G,Hong S Y,et al.Improvement of the K-profile model for the planetary boundary layer based on large eddy simulation data.Bound.Layer Meteor.,2003,107(2):401-427.
[33]Shin H H,HONG Songyou.Intercomparison of planetary boundary-layer parametrizations in the WRF Model for a single day from CASES-99.Bound.Layer Meteor.,2011,139(2):261-281.
[34]Banks R F,Tiana-Alsina J,Baldasano J M,et al.Sensitivity of boundary-layer variables to PBL schemes in the WRF model based on surface meteorological observations,Lidar,and radiosondes during the Hygr A-CD campaign.Atmos.Res.,2016,176-177:185-201.
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