美加引渡制度探析:以孟晚舟案为例
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摘要
从加拿大将犯罪嫌疑人引渡回美国需要经历"正式提出引渡申请—签发授权进行书—举行引渡听证会—签发拘押令—签发移交令"等步骤,后续还包括上诉以及司法审查程序。1999年颁布新《引渡法》之后,加拿大在引渡制度上逐渐放宽了审查标准。在孟晚舟案中,加拿大的司法与行政系统都将对孟晚舟案的引渡结果产生影响,其中加拿大司法部长的作用尤其重要。孟晚舟一方应在引渡听证会上准备充分证据,影响法官的决定,并以美方的引渡请求存在政治干扰为由向司法部长进行抗辩。中国政府也应积极与美加两国进行外交斡旋,敦促美国司法部撤销起诉,推动加拿大尽快释放孟晚舟,以维护我国公民权益。
Extradition from Canada to the United States commonly includes the following steps: A formal extradition request made by the U.S.,Authority to Proceed issued by the Minister of Justice of Canada,Extradition hearing held by the court,Order of Committal issued by the judges and Surrender Order made by the Minister. It may also comprise proceedings such as appeal and judicial review of the Minister's Order when necessary. After the promulgation of the new Extradition Act in 1999, it became easier and easier to extradite from Canada to the other countries. In the case of Meng Wanzhou,both judicial and executive systems of Canada play important parts in the process,during which the role of the Minister is more essential. For Meng,she ought to submit sufficient evidence for the discharge order,and at the same time,defend herself in front of the Minster with U.S.'s political motives for this extradition. The Chinese government will also work with the governments of Canada and the U.S. for the speedy release of Meng to protect her legal rights.
Extradition from Canada to the United States commonly includes the following steps: A formal extradition request made by the U.S.,Authority to Proceed issued by the Minister of Justice of Canada,Extradition hearing held by the court,Order of Committal issued by the judges and Surrender Order made by the Minister. It may also comprise proceedings such as appeal and judicial review of the Minister's Order when necessary. After the promulgation of the new Extradition Act in 1999, it became easier and easier to extradite from Canada to the other countries. In the case of Meng Wanzhou,both judicial and executive systems of Canada play important parts in the process,during which the role of the Minister is more essential. For Meng,she ought to submit sufficient evidence for the discharge order,and at the same time,defend herself in front of the Minster with U.S.'s political motives for this extradition. The Chinese government will also work with the governments of Canada and the U.S. for the speedy release of Meng to protect her legal rights.
引文
[1]Department of Justice,Chinese Telecommunications Conglomerate Huawei and Huawei CFO Wanzhou Meng Charged With Financial Fraud,https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/chinese-telecommunications-conglomerate-huawei-and-huawei-cfo-wanzhou-meng-charged-financial(last visited Feb.15,2019).
[2]王世洲:《现代国际刑法学原理》,中国人民公安大学出版社2009年版,第172页。
[3]Extradition Act,S.C.1999,c.18.
[4]See Office of the Historian:John Jay’s Treaty 1794-95,https://history.state.gov/milestones/1784-1800/jay-treaty(last visited Feb.15,2019).
[5]Jay’s Treaty-1794:Treaty of Amity,Commerce and Navigation,http://caid.ca/Jay1794.pdf(last visited Feb.15,2019).
[6]Donald R.Hickey,The Monroe-Pinkney Treaty of 1806:A Reappraisal(1987),44 THE WILLIAM AND MARY QUARTERLY 65,65-88(1960).
[7]See Gerald Hallowell,THE OXFORD COMPANION TO CANADIAN HISTORY(2004).
[8]United States Treaties and International Agreements:1776-1949,https://www.loc.gov/law/help/us-treaties/bevans.php(last visited Feb.5,2019)
[9]Extradition Act,S.C.1999,c.18.
[10]Murphy v.United States,369 U.S.402(1962).
[11]加拿大曾为英国的殖民地,因此加拿大的引渡经验基本都建立在英国与美国之间引渡的基础之上。The Anne Warner La Forest,Balance Between Liberty and Comity in the Evidentiary Requirements Applicable to Extradition Proceedings,28 QUEEN’S L.J.97(2002).
[12]加拿大1999年《引渡法》最开始是1998年5月的C-40法案,1998年10月经过了二次审议,1998年12月被众议院通过时并没有引起热议,但在参议院通过时却进行了多次听证,并最终于1999年6月17日获得皇室的同意。
[13]张磊:《从高山案看中国境外追逃的法律问题》,《吉林大学社会科学学报》2014年第1期,第88页。
[14]Canada won’t be haven for criminals,Justice Minister says,https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/canada-wont-behaven-for-criminals-justice-minister-says/article25432304/(last visited Feb.26,2019).
[15]Canada’s high extradition rate spurs calls for reform,https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/extradition-arrest-canada-diab-1.4683289(last visited Feb.16,2019).
[16]Extradition Act,S.C.1999,c.18.
[17]Department of Justice,Chinese Telecommunications Conglomerate Huawei and Huawei CFO Wanzhou Meng Charged with Financial Fraud,https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/chinese-telecommunications-conglomerate-huawei-and-huawei-cfo-wanzhou-meng-charged-financial(last visited Feb.15,2019).
[18]2006年之后,加拿大的检察机关不再是司法部的内设机构,但双方仍然保持合作关系。
[19]USA.v.Drysdale,[2000]O.J.No.214.(Ont.S.C.).
[20]United States of America v.Shephard,[1977]2 S.C.R.1067.
[21]Canada v.Schmidt,[1987]1 S.C.R.500.
[22]Gary Botting,EXTRADITION,INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS VS.INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATION 247(2012).
[23]Extradition Act,S.C.1999,c.18.
[24]黄风:《加拿大引渡制度简介》,《中国司法》2006年第8期,第109-110页。
[25]Extradition Act,S.C.1999,c.18.
[26]Department of Justice,General Overview of the Canadian Extradition Process,https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/cj-jp/emla-eej/extradition.html(last visited Feb.10,2019).
[27]Extradition Act,S.C.1999,c.18.
[28]Extradition Act,S.C.1999,c.18;Gary Botting,EXTRADITION,INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS VS.INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATION 323(2012).
[29]Extradition Act,S.C.1999,c.18.
[30]See Anne Warner La Forest,The Balance Between Liberty and Comity in the Evidentiary Requirements Applicable to Extradition Proceedings,28 QUEEN’S L.J.95(2002).
[31]黄炎:《中国与加拿大跨境追逃法律机制研究》,《大连海事大学学报(社会科学版)》2016年第5期,第29页,转引自贾宇:《国际刑法学》,中国政法大学出版社2004年,第408页。
[32]United States v.Burns[2001]1 S.C.R.283,2001 SCC 7.
[33]Anne Warner La Forest,The Balance between Liberty and Comity in the Evidentiary Requirements Applicable to Extradition Proceedings,28 QUEEN’S L.J.95-176(2002).
[34]The Honourable David Lametti,Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada Mandate Letter(November 12,2015),https://pm.gc.ca/eng/minister/honourable-david-lametti(last visited Feb.17,2019).
[35]Gervasoni v.Canada,(1996),72 B.C.A.C.141(CA).
[36]Gervasoni v.Canada,(1996),72 B.C.A.C.141(CA).
[37]United States of America v.Ferras;United States of America v.Latty,[2006]2 S.C.R.77,2006 S.C.C.33.
[38]Russian Federation v.Pokidyshev,[1999]O.J.No.3292,138 C.C.C.(3d)321(Ont.C.A.).
[39]United States of America v.Saad,[2004]O.J.No.1148,183 C.C.C.(3d)97,(sub nom,United States v.Saad)21 C.R.(6th)317(Ont.C.A.).
[40]Idziak v.Canada,[1992]3 S.C.R.631.
[41]Srikandarajah v.United States of America,[2012]S.C.J.No.70,[2012]3 S.C.R.609,2012 S.C.C.70(S.C.C.).
[42]United States v.Cotroni,[1989]1 S.C.R.1469.
[43]United States of America v.Dynar,[1997]2 S.C.R.462.
[44]United States of America v.Earles,[2003]B.C.J.No.46,171C.C.C(3d)116(B.C.C.A).
[45]Extradition Act,S.C.1999,c.18.
[46]Doyle Fowler v.Canada,[2013]Q.J.No.5929.Hanson v.Canada,[2015]B.C.J.No.268.
[47]王世洲:《现代国际刑法学原理》,中国人民公安大学出版社2009年版,第172页。
[48]Jim Bronskill,Court’s Refusal to hear appeal brings Diab Closer to Extradion to France,https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/hassan-diab-appeal/article21570146/(last visited Feb.20,2019).
[49]Ganis v.Canada(Minister of Justice),(2006)233 B.C.A.C.243(CA).
[50]Gary Botting,EXTRADITION,INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS VS.INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATION 209(2012).
[51]See Gary Botting,CANADIAN EXTRADITION LAW PRACTICE(2011).
[52]Department of Justice,Chinese Telecommunications Conglomerate Huawei and Huawei CFO Wanzhou Meng Charged with Financial Fraud,https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/chinese-telecommunications-conglomerate-huawei-and-huawei-cfo-wanzhou-meng-charged-financial(last visited Feb.15,2019).
[53]United States of America v.Anekwu,[2009]3 S.C.R.3.
[54]参考消息:华为回应美方指控称“感到非常失望”并否认相关罪名,http://www.cankaoxiaoxi.com/finance/20190129/2370397.shtml,最后访问时间:2019年2月24日。
[55]United States of America v.Davis[1999]B.C.J No.209,132 C.C.C.[3d]442(B.C.S.C).
[56]黄风:《逃往境外人员自首认定问题研究》,《中国刑事法杂志》2010年第10期,第23页。
[57]人民网:加驻美大使称美将引渡孟晚舟外交部:敦促加美立即纠正错误,http://world.people.com.cn/n1/2019/0122/c1002-30585585.html,最后访问时间:2019年2月23日。
[2]王世洲:《现代国际刑法学原理》,中国人民公安大学出版社2009年版,第172页。
[3]Extradition Act,S.C.1999,c.18.
[4]See Office of the Historian:John Jay’s Treaty 1794-95,https://history.state.gov/milestones/1784-1800/jay-treaty(last visited Feb.15,2019).
[5]Jay’s Treaty-1794:Treaty of Amity,Commerce and Navigation,http://caid.ca/Jay1794.pdf(last visited Feb.15,2019).
[6]Donald R.Hickey,The Monroe-Pinkney Treaty of 1806:A Reappraisal(1987),44 THE WILLIAM AND MARY QUARTERLY 65,65-88(1960).
[7]See Gerald Hallowell,THE OXFORD COMPANION TO CANADIAN HISTORY(2004).
[8]United States Treaties and International Agreements:1776-1949,https://www.loc.gov/law/help/us-treaties/bevans.php(last visited Feb.5,2019)
[9]Extradition Act,S.C.1999,c.18.
[10]Murphy v.United States,369 U.S.402(1962).
[11]加拿大曾为英国的殖民地,因此加拿大的引渡经验基本都建立在英国与美国之间引渡的基础之上。The Anne Warner La Forest,Balance Between Liberty and Comity in the Evidentiary Requirements Applicable to Extradition Proceedings,28 QUEEN’S L.J.97(2002).
[12]加拿大1999年《引渡法》最开始是1998年5月的C-40法案,1998年10月经过了二次审议,1998年12月被众议院通过时并没有引起热议,但在参议院通过时却进行了多次听证,并最终于1999年6月17日获得皇室的同意。
[13]张磊:《从高山案看中国境外追逃的法律问题》,《吉林大学社会科学学报》2014年第1期,第88页。
[14]Canada won’t be haven for criminals,Justice Minister says,https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/canada-wont-behaven-for-criminals-justice-minister-says/article25432304/(last visited Feb.26,2019).
[15]Canada’s high extradition rate spurs calls for reform,https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/extradition-arrest-canada-diab-1.4683289(last visited Feb.16,2019).
[16]Extradition Act,S.C.1999,c.18.
[17]Department of Justice,Chinese Telecommunications Conglomerate Huawei and Huawei CFO Wanzhou Meng Charged with Financial Fraud,https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/chinese-telecommunications-conglomerate-huawei-and-huawei-cfo-wanzhou-meng-charged-financial(last visited Feb.15,2019).
[18]2006年之后,加拿大的检察机关不再是司法部的内设机构,但双方仍然保持合作关系。
[19]USA.v.Drysdale,[2000]O.J.No.214.(Ont.S.C.).
[20]United States of America v.Shephard,[1977]2 S.C.R.1067.
[21]Canada v.Schmidt,[1987]1 S.C.R.500.
[22]Gary Botting,EXTRADITION,INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS VS.INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATION 247(2012).
[23]Extradition Act,S.C.1999,c.18.
[24]黄风:《加拿大引渡制度简介》,《中国司法》2006年第8期,第109-110页。
[25]Extradition Act,S.C.1999,c.18.
[26]Department of Justice,General Overview of the Canadian Extradition Process,https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/cj-jp/emla-eej/extradition.html(last visited Feb.10,2019).
[27]Extradition Act,S.C.1999,c.18.
[28]Extradition Act,S.C.1999,c.18;Gary Botting,EXTRADITION,INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS VS.INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATION 323(2012).
[29]Extradition Act,S.C.1999,c.18.
[30]See Anne Warner La Forest,The Balance Between Liberty and Comity in the Evidentiary Requirements Applicable to Extradition Proceedings,28 QUEEN’S L.J.95(2002).
[31]黄炎:《中国与加拿大跨境追逃法律机制研究》,《大连海事大学学报(社会科学版)》2016年第5期,第29页,转引自贾宇:《国际刑法学》,中国政法大学出版社2004年,第408页。
[32]United States v.Burns[2001]1 S.C.R.283,2001 SCC 7.
[33]Anne Warner La Forest,The Balance between Liberty and Comity in the Evidentiary Requirements Applicable to Extradition Proceedings,28 QUEEN’S L.J.95-176(2002).
[34]The Honourable David Lametti,Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada Mandate Letter(November 12,2015),https://pm.gc.ca/eng/minister/honourable-david-lametti(last visited Feb.17,2019).
[35]Gervasoni v.Canada,(1996),72 B.C.A.C.141(CA).
[36]Gervasoni v.Canada,(1996),72 B.C.A.C.141(CA).
[37]United States of America v.Ferras;United States of America v.Latty,[2006]2 S.C.R.77,2006 S.C.C.33.
[38]Russian Federation v.Pokidyshev,[1999]O.J.No.3292,138 C.C.C.(3d)321(Ont.C.A.).
[39]United States of America v.Saad,[2004]O.J.No.1148,183 C.C.C.(3d)97,(sub nom,United States v.Saad)21 C.R.(6th)317(Ont.C.A.).
[40]Idziak v.Canada,[1992]3 S.C.R.631.
[41]Srikandarajah v.United States of America,[2012]S.C.J.No.70,[2012]3 S.C.R.609,2012 S.C.C.70(S.C.C.).
[42]United States v.Cotroni,[1989]1 S.C.R.1469.
[43]United States of America v.Dynar,[1997]2 S.C.R.462.
[44]United States of America v.Earles,[2003]B.C.J.No.46,171C.C.C(3d)116(B.C.C.A).
[45]Extradition Act,S.C.1999,c.18.
[46]Doyle Fowler v.Canada,[2013]Q.J.No.5929.Hanson v.Canada,[2015]B.C.J.No.268.
[47]王世洲:《现代国际刑法学原理》,中国人民公安大学出版社2009年版,第172页。
[48]Jim Bronskill,Court’s Refusal to hear appeal brings Diab Closer to Extradion to France,https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/hassan-diab-appeal/article21570146/(last visited Feb.20,2019).
[49]Ganis v.Canada(Minister of Justice),(2006)233 B.C.A.C.243(CA).
[50]Gary Botting,EXTRADITION,INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS VS.INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATION 209(2012).
[51]See Gary Botting,CANADIAN EXTRADITION LAW PRACTICE(2011).
[52]Department of Justice,Chinese Telecommunications Conglomerate Huawei and Huawei CFO Wanzhou Meng Charged with Financial Fraud,https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/chinese-telecommunications-conglomerate-huawei-and-huawei-cfo-wanzhou-meng-charged-financial(last visited Feb.15,2019).
[53]United States of America v.Anekwu,[2009]3 S.C.R.3.
[54]参考消息:华为回应美方指控称“感到非常失望”并否认相关罪名,http://www.cankaoxiaoxi.com/finance/20190129/2370397.shtml,最后访问时间:2019年2月24日。
[55]United States of America v.Davis[1999]B.C.J No.209,132 C.C.C.[3d]442(B.C.S.C).
[56]黄风:《逃往境外人员自首认定问题研究》,《中国刑事法杂志》2010年第10期,第23页。
[57]人民网:加驻美大使称美将引渡孟晚舟外交部:敦促加美立即纠正错误,http://world.people.com.cn/n1/2019/0122/c1002-30585585.html,最后访问时间:2019年2月23日。