生态城市规划方法启示下的海绵城市规划工具建立——基于敏感性和适宜度分析的海绵型场地选址模型
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摘要
生态城市规划领域中较为成熟的量化分析方法能够为海绵城市规划研究提供重要借鉴。在提炼生态城市规划和灾害威胁下建设用地规划研究框架的基础上,以长春为例,从多层筛选的视角探索基于敏感性和适宜度分析的海绵型场地选址研究方法。以TOPMODEL模型为核心进行水文敏感性的指数化计算,划定水文敏感区和水文低敏感区;通过综述国内外雨洪管理体系内涵与目标的发展历程,选定人口密度、空间整合度和城市蓝绿系统3个适宜度评价影响因子,并基于GIS的多因子加权分析法进行海绵型场地适宜度评价,将建设区域分为最适宜、较适宜等5类用地;最后将敏感性与适宜度分析进行叠加,选取具有最高敏感性和最高、较高适宜度的区域为海绵型场地选址区。以安全、社会、经济、生态等多价值提升为目标构建可视化的海绵型场地选址研究方法,为海绵城市在城市规划层面的实现提供了新思维。
The scientific quantitative analysis methods coming from ecological planning can be reference for sponge city. Taking Changchun as the research object, we explore the research method of identifying sites for sponge space based on analysis of sensitivity and suitability from multi-level filtering perspective. TOPMODEL is chosen to analyze hydrological sensitivity which is based on calculation of topographic index. Through reviewing development process of connotation and objective of rain-flood management system, three factors of population density, spatial integration and urban green system are ultimately selected for suitability evaluation. Based on analysis of sensitivity and suitability, we identify the areas with highest sensitivity and highest, higher suitability as the sites for sponge space. The visualized model of identifying sites for sponge space has been built, providing city managers with scientific and quantitative analysis.
The scientific quantitative analysis methods coming from ecological planning can be reference for sponge city. Taking Changchun as the research object, we explore the research method of identifying sites for sponge space based on analysis of sensitivity and suitability from multi-level filtering perspective. TOPMODEL is chosen to analyze hydrological sensitivity which is based on calculation of topographic index. Through reviewing development process of connotation and objective of rain-flood management system, three factors of population density, spatial integration and urban green system are ultimately selected for suitability evaluation. Based on analysis of sensitivity and suitability, we identify the areas with highest sensitivity and highest, higher suitability as the sites for sponge space. The visualized model of identifying sites for sponge space has been built, providing city managers with scientific and quantitative analysis.
引文
[1]俞孔坚,李迪华,袁弘,等.“海绵城市”理论与实践[J].城市规划,2015(6):26-36.YU Kongjian,LI Dihua,YUAN Hong,et al.Sponge city:theory and practice[J].City Planning Review,2015(6):26-36.
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[9]丁雨淋.水文变化驱动的暴雨—洪涝灾害主动模拟方法[D].武汉:武汉大学,2014.DING Yulin,Hydrological changes driven flood disaster simulation method[D].Wuhan:Wuhan University,2014.
[10]RENGER R,CIMETTA A.Geographical information system as an evaluation tool[J].The American Journal of Evaluation,2002,23(4):469-479.
[11]COLLINS K,LAWRENCE.Opportunities and challenges for managing nitrogen in urban storm water:a review and synthesis.Ecological Engineering,36(11):1507–1519.
[12]MARTIN C,BEURS K,JULIAN J,et al.Identifying priority sites for low impact development(LID)in a mixed-use watershed[J].Landscape&Urban Planning,2015(140):29–41.
[13]AGNEW L,GéRARD-MARCHANT P,COLLINS V,et al.Identifying hydrologically sensitive areas:bridging the gap between science and application[J].Journal of Environmental Management,78(1):63–76.
[14]车伍,吕放放,李俊奇,等.发达国家典型雨洪管理体系及启示[J].中国给水排水,2009(20):12-17.CHE Wu,LYU Fangfang,LI Junqi,et al.Typical stormwater and flood management systems in developed countries and their inspiratio[J].China Water&Waste Water,2009(20):12-17.
[15]车伍,闫攀,赵杨,等.国际现代雨洪管理体系的发展及剖析[J].中国给水排水,2014(18):45-51.CHE Wu,YAN Pan,ZHAO Yang,et al.Development and analysis of international updated storm water management systems[J].China Water&Waste Water,2014(18):45-51.
[16]程江,徐启新,杨凯,等.国外城市雨水资源利用管理体系的比较及启示[J].中国给水排水,2007(12):68-72.CHENG Jiang,XU Qixin,YANG Kai,et al.Comparison of foreign urban rainwater resource utilization management systems and some inspiration[J].China Water&Waste Water,2007(12):68-72.
[17]HILLIER B.Cities as movement of economies[J].Urban Design International 1996(1):41-60.
[18]READ S.Flat city:a space syntax derived urban movement network model[C]//A.v.Nes(ed.)the 5th Space Syntax Symposium Proceedings.Delft:Delft University Press,2005.
[19]GIL J,STEINBACH P.From flood risk to indirect flood impact:evaluation of street network performance for effective management,response and repair[C]//1st International Conference on Flood Recovery Innovation and Response(FRIAR).2008.
[20]胡楠,李雄,戈晓宇.因水而变——从城市绿地系统视角谈对海绵城市体系的理性认知[J].中国园林,2015(6):21-25.HU Nan,LI Xiong,GE Xiaoyu.Change with water:the rational cognition of sponge city system from the perspective of urban green space[J].Chinese Landscape Architecture,2015(6):21-25.
[21]杨柳.生态适宜度评价在城市规划中的应用——以上海南桥新城总体规划为例[J].上海城市规划,2012(6):35-39.YANG Liu.Application of ecological suitability assessment in urban planning:a case study on master plan of Nanqiao,Shanghai[J].Shanghai Urban Planning Review,2012(6):35-39.
[22]石垚,张微,任景明,等.生态敏感区旅游开发适宜性评价及生态制图方法[J].生态学报,2015(23):7887-7898.SHI Yao,ZHANG Wei,REN Jingming,et al.Ecological suitability assessment and eco-mapping for tourism development in an Eco-sensitive region[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(23):7887-7898.
[23]肖扬,CHIARADIA A,宋小冬.空间句法在城市规划中应用的局限性及改善和扩展途径[J].城市规划学刊,2014(5):32-38.XIAO Yang,CHIARADIA A,SONG Xiaodong.A discussions on implementing space syntax method in urban planning[J].Urban Planning Forum,2014(5):32-38.
[24]伍敏,杨一帆,肖礼军.空间句法在大尺度城市设计中的运用[J].城市规划学刊,2014(2):94-104.WU Min,YANG Yifan,XIAO Lijun.The usage of space syntax in general urban design[J].Urban Planning Forum,2014(2):94-104.
[25]侯利萍,何萍,钱金平,等.河岸缓冲带宽度确定方法研究综述[J].湿地科学,2012(4):500-506.HOU Liping,HE Ping,QIAN Jinping,et al.A review on determination methods for width of riparian buffer[J].Wetland Science,2012(4):500-506.
(1)海绵型场地是对应海绵城市而提的,是指能够将70%的降雨就地消纳和利用的场地。
(2)在同一研究区域内,具有相同地形指数值的点对降雨具有相同的水文响应,且具有较大地形指数值的点,将首先趋于饱和,暗示着潜在的产流面积。
[2]车伍,赵杨,李俊奇,等.海绵城市建设指南解读之基本概念与综合目标[J].中国给水排水,2015(8):1-5.CHE Wu,ZHAO Yang,LI Junqi,et al.Explanation of Sponge City Development Technical Guide:basic concepts and comprehensive goals[J].China Water&Waste Water,2015(8):1-5.
[3]李昂,赵天宇.基于生态敏感性评价的严寒地区林业村镇景观生态安全格局研究[J].中国园林,2016(3):85-89.LI Ang,ZHAO Tianyu.Research on the landscape ecological security pattern of forestry villages and towns in cold regions based on ecological sensitivity evaluation[J].Chinese Landscape Architecture,2016(3):85-89.
[4]RENGER R,CIMIETTA A.Geographical information system as an evaluation tool[J].The American Journal of Evaluation,2002,23(4):469-479.
[5]闫艳.北京延庆新城规划区地质灾害及其危险性区划研究[D].北京:中国地质大学北京,2011.YAN Yan,Research of geological hazards and risk division for new town planning of Beijing Yanqing[D].Beijing:China University of Geosciences,2011.
[6]王晨懿.地质灾害威胁下山地农村居民点用地规划适宜性评价及空间模拟研究[D].成都:四川农业大学,2011.WANG Chenyi,Suitability evaluation and spatial simulation of mountainous residential area planning against geological hazards[D].Chengdu:Sichuan Agricultural University,2011.
[7]COLLINS M,STEINER F,RUSHMAN M.Land-use suitability analysis in the United States:historical development and promising technological achievements[J].Environmental Management,2001,28(5):611-621
[8]刘勇,张韶月,柳林,等.智慧城市视角下城市洪涝模拟研究综述[J].地理科学进展,2015(4):494-504.LIU Yong,ZHANG Shaoyue,LIU Lin,et al.Research on urban flood simulation:a review from the smart city perspective[J].Progress in Geography,2015(4):494-504.
[9]丁雨淋.水文变化驱动的暴雨—洪涝灾害主动模拟方法[D].武汉:武汉大学,2014.DING Yulin,Hydrological changes driven flood disaster simulation method[D].Wuhan:Wuhan University,2014.
[10]RENGER R,CIMETTA A.Geographical information system as an evaluation tool[J].The American Journal of Evaluation,2002,23(4):469-479.
[11]COLLINS K,LAWRENCE.Opportunities and challenges for managing nitrogen in urban storm water:a review and synthesis.Ecological Engineering,36(11):1507–1519.
[12]MARTIN C,BEURS K,JULIAN J,et al.Identifying priority sites for low impact development(LID)in a mixed-use watershed[J].Landscape&Urban Planning,2015(140):29–41.
[13]AGNEW L,GéRARD-MARCHANT P,COLLINS V,et al.Identifying hydrologically sensitive areas:bridging the gap between science and application[J].Journal of Environmental Management,78(1):63–76.
[14]车伍,吕放放,李俊奇,等.发达国家典型雨洪管理体系及启示[J].中国给水排水,2009(20):12-17.CHE Wu,LYU Fangfang,LI Junqi,et al.Typical stormwater and flood management systems in developed countries and their inspiratio[J].China Water&Waste Water,2009(20):12-17.
[15]车伍,闫攀,赵杨,等.国际现代雨洪管理体系的发展及剖析[J].中国给水排水,2014(18):45-51.CHE Wu,YAN Pan,ZHAO Yang,et al.Development and analysis of international updated storm water management systems[J].China Water&Waste Water,2014(18):45-51.
[16]程江,徐启新,杨凯,等.国外城市雨水资源利用管理体系的比较及启示[J].中国给水排水,2007(12):68-72.CHENG Jiang,XU Qixin,YANG Kai,et al.Comparison of foreign urban rainwater resource utilization management systems and some inspiration[J].China Water&Waste Water,2007(12):68-72.
[17]HILLIER B.Cities as movement of economies[J].Urban Design International 1996(1):41-60.
[18]READ S.Flat city:a space syntax derived urban movement network model[C]//A.v.Nes(ed.)the 5th Space Syntax Symposium Proceedings.Delft:Delft University Press,2005.
[19]GIL J,STEINBACH P.From flood risk to indirect flood impact:evaluation of street network performance for effective management,response and repair[C]//1st International Conference on Flood Recovery Innovation and Response(FRIAR).2008.
[20]胡楠,李雄,戈晓宇.因水而变——从城市绿地系统视角谈对海绵城市体系的理性认知[J].中国园林,2015(6):21-25.HU Nan,LI Xiong,GE Xiaoyu.Change with water:the rational cognition of sponge city system from the perspective of urban green space[J].Chinese Landscape Architecture,2015(6):21-25.
[21]杨柳.生态适宜度评价在城市规划中的应用——以上海南桥新城总体规划为例[J].上海城市规划,2012(6):35-39.YANG Liu.Application of ecological suitability assessment in urban planning:a case study on master plan of Nanqiao,Shanghai[J].Shanghai Urban Planning Review,2012(6):35-39.
[22]石垚,张微,任景明,等.生态敏感区旅游开发适宜性评价及生态制图方法[J].生态学报,2015(23):7887-7898.SHI Yao,ZHANG Wei,REN Jingming,et al.Ecological suitability assessment and eco-mapping for tourism development in an Eco-sensitive region[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(23):7887-7898.
[23]肖扬,CHIARADIA A,宋小冬.空间句法在城市规划中应用的局限性及改善和扩展途径[J].城市规划学刊,2014(5):32-38.XIAO Yang,CHIARADIA A,SONG Xiaodong.A discussions on implementing space syntax method in urban planning[J].Urban Planning Forum,2014(5):32-38.
[24]伍敏,杨一帆,肖礼军.空间句法在大尺度城市设计中的运用[J].城市规划学刊,2014(2):94-104.WU Min,YANG Yifan,XIAO Lijun.The usage of space syntax in general urban design[J].Urban Planning Forum,2014(2):94-104.
[25]侯利萍,何萍,钱金平,等.河岸缓冲带宽度确定方法研究综述[J].湿地科学,2012(4):500-506.HOU Liping,HE Ping,QIAN Jinping,et al.A review on determination methods for width of riparian buffer[J].Wetland Science,2012(4):500-506.
(1)海绵型场地是对应海绵城市而提的,是指能够将70%的降雨就地消纳和利用的场地。
(2)在同一研究区域内,具有相同地形指数值的点对降雨具有相同的水文响应,且具有较大地形指数值的点,将首先趋于饱和,暗示着潜在的产流面积。