岔巴沟流域降雨不同时间尺度的空间变异特征
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摘要
基于黄土高原岔巴沟流域13个雨量站2004—2006年5 min降雨数据资料,分析了流域2 h、6 h、24 h、3 d、7 d、月和年(5—10月)等7个时间尺度的降雨量空间变异特征。结果表明:①以曹坪雨量站为代表的单站5—9月降雨量占全年的90%以上,其中7—8月以中雨和大雨、暴雨为主,降雨量占年降雨量的60%～80%。②不同时间尺度降雨量的空间变异程度不同,2、6、24 h最大降雨量的变异系数C_V分别为0.27～0.93、0.06～0.81、0.06～0.69,呈减小趋势;3 d到7 d尺度上C_V值并非一直减小;月降雨的C_V以6月最大,年(5—10月)降雨量的C_V为0.05～0.11。③暴雨中心在2004年、2005年分布在流域上游,2006年则移至下游。降雨量的空间变异性随着丰水年水汽运移强度增大及降雨量增大而减小,局地性降雨尤其是局地暴雨是引起空间不均匀性的主要原因。
The characteristics of spatial variability on precipitation at seven timescales(2 h, 6 h, 24 h, 3 d, 7 d, month and year(May to October)) were analyzedby using 5 min precipitation data in 2004-2006 at 13 rainfall stations in Chabagou catchment of the Loess Plateau. The results show that a) the precipitation between May and September accounts for more than 90% of annual precipitation according to Caoping Rainfall Station. It is mainly moderate rain, heavy rain and storm in July and August, which accounts for 60% to 80% of annual precipitation. b) It is different about the spatial variability of precipitation due to the time scales. The variation coefficients CV of 2 h, 6 h and 24 h maximum rainfall are between 0.27-0.93, 0.06-0.81 and 0.06-0.69 respectively, which shows a decreasing trend. However, the CV value doesn't always decrease from 3 d to 7 d scale. The maximum CV value of monthly rainfall is occurred in June and the CV value of yearly precipitation is decreased slightly. c) The storm rainfall center in 2004 and 2005 are distributed in the upper catchment, while in 2006, it moves downstream. The spatial variability of precipitation decreases with the increase of water vapor transport intensity and precipitation. The local precipitation, especially the local storm is the main cause of the spatial inhomogeneity of precipitation.
The characteristics of spatial variability on precipitation at seven timescales(2 h, 6 h, 24 h, 3 d, 7 d, month and year(May to October)) were analyzedby using 5 min precipitation data in 2004-2006 at 13 rainfall stations in Chabagou catchment of the Loess Plateau. The results show that a) the precipitation between May and September accounts for more than 90% of annual precipitation according to Caoping Rainfall Station. It is mainly moderate rain, heavy rain and storm in July and August, which accounts for 60% to 80% of annual precipitation. b) It is different about the spatial variability of precipitation due to the time scales. The variation coefficients CV of 2 h, 6 h and 24 h maximum rainfall are between 0.27-0.93, 0.06-0.81 and 0.06-0.69 respectively, which shows a decreasing trend. However, the CV value doesn't always decrease from 3 d to 7 d scale. The maximum CV value of monthly rainfall is occurred in June and the CV value of yearly precipitation is decreased slightly. c) The storm rainfall center in 2004 and 2005 are distributed in the upper catchment, while in 2006, it moves downstream. The spatial variability of precipitation decreases with the increase of water vapor transport intensity and precipitation. The local precipitation, especially the local storm is the main cause of the spatial inhomogeneity of precipitation.
引文
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[14] 王万忠,焦菊英.黄土高原暴雨空间分布的不均匀性及点面关系[J].水科学进展,1999,10(2):165-169.
[2] 刘宪锋,任志远,张翀,等.1959—2008年黄土高原地区年内降水集中度和集中期时空变化特征[J].地理科学进展,2012,31(9):1157-1163.
[3] 王麒翔,范晓辉,王孟本.近50年黄土高原地区降水时空变化特征[J].生态学报,2011,31(19):5512-5523.
[4] 段建军,王小利,高照良,等.黄土高原地区50年降水时空动态与趋势分析[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(5):143-146.
[5] 刘汗,雷廷武,赵军.土壤初始含水率和降雨强度对黏黄土入渗性能的影响[J].中国水土保持科学,2009,7(2):1-6.
[6] LIU X, SONG X, ZHANG Y, et al. Spatio-Temporal Variations of δ2H and δ18O in Precipitation and Shallow Groundwater in the Hilly Loess Region of the Loess Plateau, China[J]. Environmental Earth Sciences, 2011, 63(5): 1105-1118.
[7] 刘鑫,宋献方,夏军,等.黄土高原岔巴沟流域降水氢氧同位素特征及水汽来源初探[J].资源科学,2007,29(3):59-66.
[8] 宋献方,刘鑫,夏军,等.基于氢氧同位素的岔巴沟流域地表水—地下水转化关系研究[J].应用基础与工程科学学报,2009,17(1):8-20.
[9] 夏军,乔云峰,宋献方,等.岔巴沟流域不同下垫面对降雨径流关系影响规律分析[J].资源科学,2007,29(1):70-76.
[10] 张汉雄.黄土高原的暴雨特性及其分布规律[J].地理学报,1983,38(4):416-425.
[11] 孟庆香,刘国彬,杨勤科.黄土高原降水量的空间插值方法研究[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2006,34(3):83-88.
[12] 林忠辉,莫兴国.一种改进的生成区域日降水场的方法及精度分析[J].地理研究,2008,27(5):1161-1168.
[13] 叶爱中.变化环境下流域水循环模拟研究[D].武汉:武汉大学,2007:41-51.
[14] 王万忠,焦菊英.黄土高原暴雨空间分布的不均匀性及点面关系[J].水科学进展,1999,10(2):165-169.