牛栏江滇池补水工程取水防沙措施的模拟研究
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摘要
德泽水库是牛栏江滇池补水工程的水源工程。由于入库泥沙偏细及水沙运动规律复杂,导致汛期取水口含沙量或浊度偏高,因而对滇池水环境及瀑布公园和盘龙江水景观带来了较大影响。针对在取水口上游干、支流上修建拦沙坝以及新建分层取水口方案,采用三维水沙数学模型研究了其对降低取水口含沙量的效果。模拟结果表明:新建分层取水口能充分利用含沙量的分层特性,较大程度上提高汛期取水含沙量满足要求的时间,使表层取水浊度有47.0%~62.1%的时间达到小于17.1NTU的要求,其余时间取水浊度也较低,只有0%~7.6%的时间大于100NTU。修建拦沙坝能够促进泥沙在拦沙坝以上库区的淤积,降低中层即现有取水口的取水浊度,但降低后的浊度仍然偏高,达标时间占比仅为13.9%~18.5%,与建坝前接近。总体来看,新建分层取水口方案在提高取水含沙量满足要求的时间上较修建拦沙坝方案有明显优势,可作为牛栏江滇池补水工程取水防沙措施的首选方案。
The Deze Reservoir is the water source for the Niulan River-Dian Lake Water Supplementation Project.The very fine incoming sediment and the complicated flow and sediment transport processes in the reservoir have led to high sediment concentrations and turbid water in the intake during floods,which has an adverse impact on the water environment of Dian Lake,Kunming Waterfall Park and Panlong River.This study investigated the effects of two solutions for reducing the intake sediment concentration by three-dimensional modeling.One solution is the construction of check dams in the mainstream and its tributaries while the other is the construction of a new multi-level water intake.The simulations show that the new multi-level water intake designed based on the stratification characteristics of the sediment concentration will increase the length of time until the sediment concentration exceeds the desired limits.The modified intake design keeps the surface layer turbidities to lower than 17.1 NTU during the flood season for between 47.0% and 62.1% of the time surface layer turbidities larger than 100 NTU for less than 7.6% of the time.The check dams will accelerate the deposition upstream of the check dams and reduce the water turbidity at the existing water intake;however,the turbidity is still high with the surface turbidity below the limit for only 13.9%-18.5% of the flood season,which are not much better than the values without the check dams.Thus,the multi-level water intake is the better choice for solving the sediment problems of the Niulan River-Dian Lake Water Supplementation Project because it provides longer periods of low turbidity than the check dams.
The Deze Reservoir is the water source for the Niulan River-Dian Lake Water Supplementation Project.The very fine incoming sediment and the complicated flow and sediment transport processes in the reservoir have led to high sediment concentrations and turbid water in the intake during floods,which has an adverse impact on the water environment of Dian Lake,Kunming Waterfall Park and Panlong River.This study investigated the effects of two solutions for reducing the intake sediment concentration by three-dimensional modeling.One solution is the construction of check dams in the mainstream and its tributaries while the other is the construction of a new multi-level water intake.The simulations show that the new multi-level water intake designed based on the stratification characteristics of the sediment concentration will increase the length of time until the sediment concentration exceeds the desired limits.The modified intake design keeps the surface layer turbidities to lower than 17.1 NTU during the flood season for between 47.0% and 62.1% of the time surface layer turbidities larger than 100 NTU for less than 7.6% of the time.The check dams will accelerate the deposition upstream of the check dams and reduce the water turbidity at the existing water intake;however,the turbidity is still high with the surface turbidity below the limit for only 13.9%-18.5% of the flood season,which are not much better than the values without the check dams.Thus,the multi-level water intake is the better choice for solving the sediment problems of the Niulan River-Dian Lake Water Supplementation Project because it provides longer periods of low turbidity than the check dams.
引文
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[26]SONG Y,HAIDVOGEL D.A semi-implicit ocean circulation model using a generalized topography-following coordinate system[J].Journal of Computational Physics,1994,115(1):228-244.
[27]张瑞瑾.河流泥沙动力学[M].2版.北京:中国水利水电出版社,1998.ZHANG R J.Mechanics of sediment transport[M].2nd ed.Beijing:China Water&Power Press,1998.(in Chinese)
[2]吴保生,张俊华,曲少军,等.牛栏江干河泵站汛期取水防沙治理研究报告[R].北京:清华大学,2018.WU B S,ZHANG J H,QU S J,et al.Study report on sediment preventing measures for the water intake and sand control of the pump station in the Niulan River and Gan River in flood seasons[R].Beijing:Tsinghua University,2018.(in Chinese)
[3]朱鉴远.水利水电工程泥沙设计[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2010.ZHU J Y.Sediment design for hydraulic engineering[M].Beijing:China Water&Power Press,2010.(in Chinese)
[4]中国水利学会泥沙专业委员会.泥沙手册[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1992.Sediment commission of China water conservancy association.Sediment manual[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,1992.(in Chinese)
[5]张少雄.大型水库分层取水下泄水温研究[D].天津:天津大学,2012.ZHANG S X.Study on temperature of water released by selective withdrawal from large reservoirs[D].Tianjin:Tianjin University,2012.(in Chinese)
[6]范志国,郑向晖,刘国军,等.新型分层取水结构的研究与应用[J].水利水电技术,2017,48(10):103-108,128.FAN Z G,ZHENG X H,LIU G J,et al.Study and application of new type multi-level intake structure[J].Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering,2017,48(10):103-108,128.(in Chinese)
[7]爦EBNEM E.Effects of thermal stratification and mixing on reservoir water quality[J].Limnology,2008,9(2):135-142.
[8]MILSTEIN A,ZORAN M.Effect of water withdrawal from the epilimnion on thermal stratification in deep dual purpose reservoirs for fish culture and field irrigation[J].Aquaculture International,2001,9(1):81-86.
[9]钱宁,万兆惠.泥沙运动力学[M].北京:科学出版社,1983.QIAN N,WAN Z H.Mechanics of sediment transport[M].Beijing:Science Press,1983.(in Chinese)
[10]LIEN H P.Design of slit dams for controlling stony debris flows[J].International Journal of Sediment Research,2003,18(1):74-87.
[11]贾世涛,崔鹏,陈晓清,等.拦沙坝调节泥石流拦挡与输移性能的试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2011,30(11):2338-2345.JIA S T,CUI P,CHEN X Q,et al.Experimental study of regulating barrage and transportation properties of debris flow by silt-trap dam[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2011,30(11):2338-2345.(in Chinese)
[12]况文军,孟天友,杨秀才.拦沙坝、谷坊在赫章县水土保持防护体系中的作用[J].中国水土保持,2007(8):44-45.KUANG W J,MENG T Y,YANG X C.The effects of check dams on the water and soil conservation in Hezhang County[J].Soil and Water Conservation in China,2007(8):44-45.(in Chinese)
[13]曹成,李凤梅.拦沙坝对小流域水土保持能力调控研究[J].水土保持应用技术,2015(3):5-6.CAO C,LI F M.Study on the functions of check dams on regulating the water and soil conservation capacity[J].Technology of Soil and Water Conservation,2015(3):5-6.(in Chinese)
[14]李希霞,王延贵,吕秀贞.板桥峪抽水蓄能电站防沙措施的试验研究[J].泥沙研究,2002(4):30-34.LI X X,WANG Y G,LU X Z.Experimental study on sediment preventing measures for Banqiaoyu pumped storage hydroplant[J].Journal of Sediment Research,2002(4):30-34.(in Chinese)
[15]ZHANG Y,BAPTISTA A M.SELFE:A semi-implicit Eulerian-Lagrangian finite-element model for cross-scale ocean circulation[J].Ocean Modelling,2008,21:71-96.
[16]ZHANG Y J,YE F,STANEV E V,et al.Seamless cross-scale modeling with SCHISM[J].Ocean Modelling,2016,102:64-81.
[17]YE F,ZHANG Y J,FRIEDRICHS M A M,et al.A 3-D,cross-scale,baroclinic model with implicit vertical transport for the Upper Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries[J].Ocean Modelling,2016,107:82-96.
[18]ZHANG Y J,STANEV E V,GRASHORN S.Unstructured-grid model for the North Sea and Baltic Sea:Validation against observations[J].Ocean Modelling,2016,97:91-108.
[19]AZEVEDO A,OLIVEIRA A,FORTUNATO A B,et al.A cross-scale numerical modeling system for management support of oil spill accidents[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2014,80:132-147.
[20]李肖男.黄河三维水沙数学模型研究及应用[D].北京:清华大学,2017.LI X N.Study and application of the three-dimensional numerical model for water-sediment transport in the Yellow River[D].Beijing:Tsinghua University,2017.(in Chinese)
[21]PINTO L,FORTUNATO A B,ZHANG Y,et al.Development and validation of a three-dimensional morphodynamic modelling system for non-cohesive sediments[J].Ocean Modelling,2012,57–58(11):1-14.
[22]WU W,RODI W,WENKA T.3-D numerical modeling of flow and sediment transport in open channels[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2000,126(1):4-15.
[23]ZHANG H,HUANG Y,ZHAO L.A mathematical model for unsteady sediment transport in the Lower Yellow River[J].International Journal of Sediment Research,2001,16(2):150-158.
[24]张红武,张清.黄河水流挟沙力的计算公式[J].人民黄河,1992(11):7-9.ZHANG H W,ZHANG Q.Formula of sediment carrying capacity of the Yellow River[J].Yellow River,1992(11):7-9.(in Chinese)
[25]李义天.冲淤平衡状态下床沙质级配初探[J].泥沙研究,1987(1):82-87.LI Y T.Preliminary study on the bed material gradation under the balanced state of silting and scoring[J].Journal of Sediment Research,1987(1):82-87.(in Chinese)
[26]SONG Y,HAIDVOGEL D.A semi-implicit ocean circulation model using a generalized topography-following coordinate system[J].Journal of Computational Physics,1994,115(1):228-244.
[27]张瑞瑾.河流泥沙动力学[M].2版.北京:中国水利水电出版社,1998.ZHANG R J.Mechanics of sediment transport[M].2nd ed.Beijing:China Water&Power Press,1998.(in Chinese)