人类基因编辑与基因本质主义——以CRISPR技术在人类胚胎中的应用为例
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摘要
贺建奎事件引发了全球生物学家、伦理学者和社会公众对于人类基因编辑的激烈讨论。贺建奎团队用CRISPR技术打开了基因编辑人类婴儿的禁区大门,该技术被认为是最具前景的基因治疗手段。大众舆论对此的反应透露着一种恐慌,即人们对于该技术可能带来的未知风险的恐慌。这种恐慌部分地受到了基因本质主义这一认知偏向的影响。论文首先概述CRISPR技术的历史,并介绍贺建奎团队对于CRISPR的应用。接着从认知角度探讨基因本质主义在贺建奎事件中的表现,并试图澄清其中被过度诠释的部分,以期部分缓解人们对人类基因编辑技术的恐慌。
The recent He Jiankui event has led to heated discussions on the application of human gene editing technology among biologists, ethicists and the public across the world. CRIPSR is considered to be the most promising approach for gene therapy, and He has used this technology in human embryos for the first time in history. The news aroused much fear about unknown risks of human gene editing, a fear that was partly caused by a genetic essentialist bias. This paper first aims at sketching the history of CRISPR and describing He's application of it in his experiments. The second goal is to explore the origin of gene essentialist cognition and to analyze its manifestations in He's event in order to partially alleviate people's panic about human gene editing technology.
The recent He Jiankui event has led to heated discussions on the application of human gene editing technology among biologists, ethicists and the public across the world. CRIPSR is considered to be the most promising approach for gene therapy, and He has used this technology in human embryos for the first time in history. The news aroused much fear about unknown risks of human gene editing, a fear that was partly caused by a genetic essentialist bias. This paper first aims at sketching the history of CRISPR and describing He's application of it in his experiments. The second goal is to explore the origin of gene essentialist cognition and to analyze its manifestations in He's event in order to partially alleviate people's panic about human gene editing technology.
引文
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[18]张建琴、张华夏.论新本质主义中的自然类与自然律概念[J].科学技术哲学研究,2013,30(5),5-10.
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(1)限制性内切酶(restriction endonuclease)属于内切酶的一种。内切酶是一类能从DNA分子中间水解磷酸二酯键,从而切断双链DNA的核酸水解酶。限制性内切酶则能在特定位点或其附近切割DNA序列。
[2]Jinek,M.,Chylinski,K.,Fonfara,I.,Hauer,M.,Doudna,J.A.,Charpentier,E.'A Programmable Dual-RNA-Guided DNA Endonuclease in Adaptive Bacterial Immunity'[J].Science,2012,337,816-821.
[3]Adli,M.'The CRISPR Tool Kit for Genome Editing and Beyond'[J].Nature Communications,2018,9(1),1911.
[4]邱仁宗.人类基因编辑:科学,伦理学和治理[J].医学与哲学:A,2017,38(5),91-93.
[5]Novembre,J.,Galvani,A.P.,Slatkin,M.'The Geographic Spread of the CCR5Δ32 HIV-Resistance Allele'[J].PLoSBiology,2005,3(11),e339.
[6]李建会、张鑫.胚胎基因设计的伦理问题研究[J].医学与哲学:A,2016,37(7):8-13.
[7]伊丽莎白·希尔特.基因工程中的风险:以人类生殖细胞系基因编辑为例[J].自然辩证法通讯,2016,38(6):1-6.
[8]Atran,S.'Folk Biology'[A],Medin,D.L.,Atran,S.(Eds)Folkbiology[C],MIT Press.1999,316.
[9]Gelman,S.A.,Hirschfeld,L.A.'How Biological is Essentialism'[A],Medin,D.L.,Atran,S.(Eds)Folkbiology[C],MIT Press.1999,403-446.
[10]Sousa,P.,Atran,S.,Medin,D.'Essentialism and Folkbiology:Evidence from Brazil'[J].Journal of Cognition and Culture,2002,2(3),195-223.
[11]Devitt,M.'Resurrecting Biological Essentialism'[J].Philosophy of Science,2008,75(3),344-382.
[12]肖显静.“新物种本质主义”的合理性分析[J].哲学研究,2016,(3),106-112.
[13]Griffiths,P.,Machery,E.,Linquist,S.'The Vernacular Concept of Innateness'[J].Mind&Language,2009,24(5),605-630.
[14]Dar-Nimrod,I.,Heine,S.J.'Genetic Essentialism:On the Deceptive Determinism of DNA'[J].Psychological Bulletin,2011,137(5),800-818.
[15]Stotz,K.,Griffiths,P.E.'A Developmental Systems Account of Human Nature'[A],Lewens,T.,Hannon,E.(Eds)Why We Disagree about Human Nature[C],Oxford&New York:Oxford University Press,2018,58-75.
[16]Morgan,H.D.,Sutherland,H.G.,Martin,D.I.,Whitelaw,E.'Epigenetic Inheritance at the Agouti Locus in the Mouse'[J].Nature Genetics,1999,23(3),314-318.
[17]陆俏颖.表观遗传学及其引发的哲学思考[J].自然辩证法研究,2013,29(7),25-30.
[18]张建琴、张华夏.论新本质主义中的自然类与自然律概念[J].科学技术哲学研究,2013,30(5),5-10.
[19]陈明益.生物物种是自然类吗?[J].自然辩证法通讯,2016,38(6),48-54.
[20]Moore,G.E.Principia Ethica[M].Cambridge University Press,1993.
[21]Jablonka,E.,Lamb,M.J.,Zeligowski,A.Evolution in Four Dimensions(Revised Edition):Genetic,Epigenetic,Behavioral,and Symbolic Variation in the History of Life[M].MIT Press,2014.
(1)限制性内切酶(restriction endonuclease)属于内切酶的一种。内切酶是一类能从DNA分子中间水解磷酸二酯键,从而切断双链DNA的核酸水解酶。限制性内切酶则能在特定位点或其附近切割DNA序列。