美国残疾人就业支持的经验与启示——以波士顿为例
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摘要
合理借鉴国外先进经验并进行本土化处理,将有助于我国残疾人就业工作的完善。美国波士顿残疾人就业支持经过多年发展,取得了一些成功经验:践行"平等共融"理念以提供强大文化保障;完善法律体系并严格执行为残疾人就业提供坚实体制保障;政府部门全力培育融合文化并提供可靠机制保障;多元主体尤其是社会组织积极参与提供多样化组织保障;残疾人个人潜能激发提供可行的主体保障。通过比较分析与批判借鉴,我国残疾人就业支持获得了有益启示:既要细致立法、严格执法以强化制度保障,也要从观念文化、无障碍设施等两方面软硬兼施以健全文化保障,更要根据不同就业欲望及就业能力施以多维支持,并根据社会效益、经济效益、综合效益进行全面评价以完善主体保障。
It will be helpful to improve the employment of the disabled in our country by learning from the advanced experience of foreign countries and to localize it. After years of development,Boston disabled employment support has gained some successful experience. Implementing the idea of " equality and harmony" to provide strong cultural guarantee; providing a solid institutional guarantee for the employment of the disabled that improving the legal system and strictly enforcing it; government departments fully support provides a reliable mechanism guarantee; multi-subjects,especially social organizations,actively participation provides a diversified organizational guarantee; personal potential stimulation of the disabled provides a feasible subject protection. Through comparative analysis and critical reference,China' s employment support for the disabled has gained useful enlightenment: we should legislate carefully and enforce the law strictly so as to strengthen the system guarantee; improve cultural security from two aspects: concept culture and barrier-free facilities; multidimensional support should be given according to different employment desires and abilities,and comprehensive evaluation should be carried out according to social,economic and comprehensive benefits to improve the subject guarantee.
It will be helpful to improve the employment of the disabled in our country by learning from the advanced experience of foreign countries and to localize it. After years of development,Boston disabled employment support has gained some successful experience. Implementing the idea of " equality and harmony" to provide strong cultural guarantee; providing a solid institutional guarantee for the employment of the disabled that improving the legal system and strictly enforcing it; government departments fully support provides a reliable mechanism guarantee; multi-subjects,especially social organizations,actively participation provides a diversified organizational guarantee; personal potential stimulation of the disabled provides a feasible subject protection. Through comparative analysis and critical reference,China' s employment support for the disabled has gained useful enlightenment: we should legislate carefully and enforce the law strictly so as to strengthen the system guarantee; improve cultural security from two aspects: concept culture and barrier-free facilities; multidimensional support should be given according to different employment desires and abilities,and comprehensive evaluation should be carried out according to social,economic and comprehensive benefits to improve the subject guarantee.
引文
[1]韩正.在中国残疾人联合会第七次全国代表大会上的致辞[EB/OL].http:∥www.cdpf.org.cn/gcgz/201809/t20180914-637051.shtml.
[2]李静.多中心治理视域下农村残疾人就业创业支持主体研究[J].南京大学学报:哲学人文科学社会科学,2016,(5):66-72.
[3]托克维尔.论美国的民主[下卷][M].董果良,译.北京:商务出版社,1997:623-624.
[4]波尔.美国平等的历程[M].张聚国,译.北京:商务印书馆,2007:1.
[5]Massachusetts Office on Disability.Disability Rights Laws in Massachusetts[R].January,2012.
[6]贾迎军.国外残疾人就业立法实践对我国的启示[J].河北经贸大学学报:综合版,2015,15(1):47-55.
[7]SUSANNE M.Bruyere,William Erickson and Sara Vanlooy.“Comparative Study of Workplace Policy and Practices Contributing to Disability Nondiscrimination”[R].Employment and Disability Institute Collection,Cornell University,Year 2004.
[8]MELVIN B.Employment Programs for Disabled Youth:An International View[J].Monthly Labor Review,1990,(12):15-24.
[9]PAGAN-RODRIGUEZ R.Transitions to and from self-employment among older people with disabilities in Europe[J].Journal of Disability Policy Studies,2011,23(2):69-81.
[10]李静.合作治理视域下社会企业介入社会服务的路径研究:逻辑、优势及选择[J].人文杂志,2016,(6):120-125.
[11]李静,周沛.发展型社会政策视域下的残疾人非正规就业:分析框架、支持困囿与政策耦合[J].云南行政学院学报,2017,(1):108-113.
(1)注:相关信息来源于课题组2018年1月26日与麻省残疾人发展服务部前部长Elin Howe、波士顿残疾人委员会Jessica Doonan等人的访谈。
(1)注:本文主要研究残疾人就业支持,对于完全不具备劳动能力的这部分残疾人不在本文讨论范围之内。
(1)注:鉴于残疾人的特殊性,此处所谓“经济效益优先”仅为相对而言,即适度考虑残疾人的经济产出,但绝不是以追求利润最大化作为目标取向。
[2]李静.多中心治理视域下农村残疾人就业创业支持主体研究[J].南京大学学报:哲学人文科学社会科学,2016,(5):66-72.
[3]托克维尔.论美国的民主[下卷][M].董果良,译.北京:商务出版社,1997:623-624.
[4]波尔.美国平等的历程[M].张聚国,译.北京:商务印书馆,2007:1.
[5]Massachusetts Office on Disability.Disability Rights Laws in Massachusetts[R].January,2012.
[6]贾迎军.国外残疾人就业立法实践对我国的启示[J].河北经贸大学学报:综合版,2015,15(1):47-55.
[7]SUSANNE M.Bruyere,William Erickson and Sara Vanlooy.“Comparative Study of Workplace Policy and Practices Contributing to Disability Nondiscrimination”[R].Employment and Disability Institute Collection,Cornell University,Year 2004.
[8]MELVIN B.Employment Programs for Disabled Youth:An International View[J].Monthly Labor Review,1990,(12):15-24.
[9]PAGAN-RODRIGUEZ R.Transitions to and from self-employment among older people with disabilities in Europe[J].Journal of Disability Policy Studies,2011,23(2):69-81.
[10]李静.合作治理视域下社会企业介入社会服务的路径研究:逻辑、优势及选择[J].人文杂志,2016,(6):120-125.
[11]李静,周沛.发展型社会政策视域下的残疾人非正规就业:分析框架、支持困囿与政策耦合[J].云南行政学院学报,2017,(1):108-113.
(1)注:相关信息来源于课题组2018年1月26日与麻省残疾人发展服务部前部长Elin Howe、波士顿残疾人委员会Jessica Doonan等人的访谈。
(1)注:本文主要研究残疾人就业支持,对于完全不具备劳动能力的这部分残疾人不在本文讨论范围之内。
(1)注:鉴于残疾人的特殊性,此处所谓“经济效益优先”仅为相对而言,即适度考虑残疾人的经济产出,但绝不是以追求利润最大化作为目标取向。