木材功能化研究新进展
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摘要
木材不仅仅是一种具有可持续、可再生、可生物降解的环境友好型材料,同时具有多级的层次结构、优良的各向异性、多样的化学性能等优点。随着纳米技术及其他先进技术的发展,通过简单的设计制备方法,直接对木材进行自上而下的组装,得到具有功能性的木质材料,打破了木材在实际应用上的局限性,并有希望替代传统的玻璃、塑料等难降解材料。笔者综述了在原木基础上通过对木材成分去除、孔道修饰以及高温碳化等方法处理,赋予木材在不同领域以新应用的相关研究成果;介绍了近年来功能性木材在污水处理、太阳能海水淡化、储能元件、电子器件以及建筑上的应用,并对在应用过程中亟待解决的问题进行了分析;最后对木材科学的发展提出了自己的观点,认为虽然木材在应用上取得了较大突破,但在基础研究上还需要更加深入,木质功能材料走向商业化还面临很大挑战。
With the ever-increasing world population and continuous depletion of fossil fuel reserves,people have turned research interests to sustainable materials. Having some excellent properties,such as low-toxic,renewable and high strength,wood plays a vital role in people's daily life,providing convenient living circumstances for our daily livelihood and work. However,as a structural,accumulation energy starting material,wood has many potentially applied fields which never were paid enough attentions by human. As a new method to make renovation in materials,nanotechnologies may change material utilization patterns. Combining eminent raw materials with advanced nanotechnologies will alter people's way of living. Apart from being sustainable,renewable,and biodegradable,wood has numerous advantages including mesoporous and hierarchical structure,excellent anisotropy,and multiple chemistries.Recently,many researchers from all over the world have been using diverse methods to modify pristine wood and attempt making it useful in many newly developed fields,such as transparent wood,battery,seawater desalination,etc.With the developing of nanotechnology and other advanced technologies,strategies for designing functional woodbased materials via the simple preparation method,including the top-down assembly approaches directly from wood,breaking the limitation of traditional wood in practical application. Wood-based materials are promising to replace the man-made traditional nonrenewable materials such as plastic and glass. In this review,the synthetic method and novel application for wood-based materials in the various fields are summarized,including both synthetic method for functional wood-based materials by removing the some components of wood,modifying the mesoporous of wood and carbonizing the wood block in high temperatures,and the novel applications in the areas of oily wastewater treatment,solar-steam-assisted desalination,energy storage,and electronic devices. Authors analyze the unsolved problems and challenges of functional wood in practical applications and provides some opinions upon the development of woodbased materials. Although,wood-based materials had a breakthrough in practical applications,it is necessary to go deep to proceed fundamental research theoretically. Wood-based materials are facing a huge challenge to commercialization.In this review,the wood-base material,research progress and extrusive work in improving wood composite material are summarized at first. Then the theories of several references in modifying wood-base material and specific application areas are illuminated. The existing issues and developing direction in wood composite materials in the future are forecasted at last.
With the ever-increasing world population and continuous depletion of fossil fuel reserves,people have turned research interests to sustainable materials. Having some excellent properties,such as low-toxic,renewable and high strength,wood plays a vital role in people's daily life,providing convenient living circumstances for our daily livelihood and work. However,as a structural,accumulation energy starting material,wood has many potentially applied fields which never were paid enough attentions by human. As a new method to make renovation in materials,nanotechnologies may change material utilization patterns. Combining eminent raw materials with advanced nanotechnologies will alter people's way of living. Apart from being sustainable,renewable,and biodegradable,wood has numerous advantages including mesoporous and hierarchical structure,excellent anisotropy,and multiple chemistries.Recently,many researchers from all over the world have been using diverse methods to modify pristine wood and attempt making it useful in many newly developed fields,such as transparent wood,battery,seawater desalination,etc.With the developing of nanotechnology and other advanced technologies,strategies for designing functional woodbased materials via the simple preparation method,including the top-down assembly approaches directly from wood,breaking the limitation of traditional wood in practical application. Wood-based materials are promising to replace the man-made traditional nonrenewable materials such as plastic and glass. In this review,the synthetic method and novel application for wood-based materials in the various fields are summarized,including both synthetic method for functional wood-based materials by removing the some components of wood,modifying the mesoporous of wood and carbonizing the wood block in high temperatures,and the novel applications in the areas of oily wastewater treatment,solar-steam-assisted desalination,energy storage,and electronic devices. Authors analyze the unsolved problems and challenges of functional wood in practical applications and provides some opinions upon the development of woodbased materials. Although,wood-based materials had a breakthrough in practical applications,it is necessary to go deep to proceed fundamental research theoretically. Wood-based materials are facing a huge challenge to commercialization.In this review,the wood-base material,research progress and extrusive work in improving wood composite material are summarized at first. Then the theories of several references in modifying wood-base material and specific application areas are illuminated. The existing issues and developing direction in wood composite materials in the future are forecasted at last.
引文
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[19]LEWIS N S,NOCERA D G.Powering the planet:chemical challenges in solar energy utilization[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2006,103(43):15729-15735.DOI:10.1073/pnas.0603395103.
[20]马建新,陈亚宁,李卫红,等.荒漠防护林典型树种液流特征及其对环境因子的响应[J].生态学报,2010,30(3):579-586.MA J X,CHEN Y N,LI W H,et al.Characteristics of sap flow of typical shelter-belt trees pecies and it's relationships with environmental factors in the desert region of Northwest China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(3):579-586.
[21]ZHU M,LI Y,CHEN G,et al.Tree-inspired design for high-efficiency water extraction[J].Advanced Materials,2017,29(44):1704107.DOI:/10.1002/adma.201704107.
[22]XUE G,LIU K,CHEN Q,et al.Robust and low-cost flame-treated wood for a high-performance solar steam generation[J].ACSApplied Materials&Interfaces,2017,9(17):15052-15057.DOI:10.1021/acsami.7b01992.
[23]VAY O,de BORST K,HANSMANN C,et al.Thermal conductivity of wood at angles to the principal anatomical directions[J].Wood Science and Technology,2015,49(3):577-589.DOI:10.1007/s00226-015-0716-x.
[24]LIU K K,JIANG Q,TADEPALLI S,et al.Wood-graphene oxide composite for highly efficient solar steam generation and desalination[J].ACS Applied Materials&Interfaces,2017,9(8):7675-7681.DOI:10.1021/acsami.7b01307.
[25]CABANE E,KEPLINGER T,MERK V,et al.Renewable and functional wood materials by grafting polymerization within cell walls[J].ChemSusChem,2014,7(4):1020-1025.DOI:10.1002/cssc.201301107.
[26]LI Y,FU Q,YU S,et al.Optically transparent wood from a nanoporous cellulosic template:combining functional and structural performance[J].Biomacromolecules,2016,17(4):1358-1364.DOI:10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00145.
[27]ZHU M,SONG J,LI T,et al.Highly anisotropic,highly transparent wood composites[J].Advanced Materials,2016,28(26):5181-5187.DOI:10.1002/adma.201600427.
[28]LI Y,FU Q,ROJAS R,et al.Lignin-retaining transparent wood[J].ChemSusChem,2017,10(17):3445-3451.DOI:10.1002/cssc.201701089.
[29]吴燕.透明木材的制备方法:CN 106243391A[P].2016-12-21.WU Y.Preparation of transparent wood:CN 106243391A[P].2016-12-21.
[30]YU Z,YAO Y,YAO J,et al.Transparent wood containing CsxWO3 nanoparticles for heat-shielding window applications[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2017,5(13):6019-6024.DOI:10.1039/C7TA00261K.
[31]KALNAES S E,JELLE B P.Phase change materials and products for building applications:a state-of-the-art review and future research opportunities[J].Energy and Buildings,2015,94:150-176.DOI:10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.02.023.
[32]SONG J,CHEN C,ZHU S,et al.Processing bulk natural wood into a high-performance structural material[J].Nature,2018,554(7691):224-228.DOI:10.1038/nature25476.
[33]XU B,LI P,CHAN C.Application of phase change materials for thermal energy storage in concentrated solar thermal power plants:a review to recent developments[J].Applied Energy,2015,160:286-307.DOI:10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.09.016.
[34]SHARIF M K A,AL-ABIDI A A,MAT S,et al.Review of the application of phase change material for heating and domestic hot water systems[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2015,42:557-568.DOI:10.1016/j.rser.2014.09.034.
[35]KIBRIA M A,ANISUR M R,MAHFUZ M H,et al.A review on thermophysical properties of nanoparticle dispersed phase change materials[J].Energy Conversion and Management,2015,95:69-89.DOI:10.1016/j.enconman.2015.02.028.
[36]SU W,DARKWA J,KOKOGIANNAKIS G.Review of solidliquid phase change materials and their encapsulation technologies[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2015,48:373-391.DOI:10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.044.
[37]YANG H,WANG Y,YU Q,et al.Composite phase change materials with good reversible thermochromic ability in delignified wood substrate for thermal energy storage[J].Applied Energy,2018,212:455-464.DOI:10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.12.006.
[38]CHEN C,SONG J,ZHU S,et al.Scalable and sustainable approach toward highly compressible,anisotropic,lamellar carbon sponge[J].Chem,2018,4(3):544-554.DOI:10.1016/j.chempr.2017.12.028.
[39]TANG Q,FANG L,WANG Y,et al.Anisotropic flexible transparent films from remaining wood microstructures for screen protection and AgNW conductive substrate[J].Nanoscale,2018,10(9):4344-4353.DOI:10.1039/c7nr08367j.
[40]LANG A W,LI Y,de KEERSMAECKER M,et al.Transparent wood smart windows:polymer electrochromic devices based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate)electrodes[J].ChemSusChem,2018,11(5):854-863.DOI:10.1002cssc.201702026.
[41]ZHU M,LI T,DAVIS C S,et al.Transparent and haze wood composites for highly efficient broadband light management in solar cells[J].Nano Energy,2016,26:332-339.DOI:10.1016j.nanoen.2016.05.020.
[42]张金龙,佟微,漆汉宏.锂电池发展浅谈[J].电源技术,2017,41(9):1377-1379.ZHANG J L,TONG W,QI H H,Discussion of lithium battery development[J].Chinese Journal of Power Sources,2017,41(9):1377-1379.
[43]SANDER J S,ERB R M,LI L,et al.High-performance battery electrodes via magnetic templating[J].Nature Energy,2016,1(8):16099.DOI:10.1038/nenergy.2016.99.
[44]CHEN C,ZHANG Y,LI Y,et al.Highly conductive,lightweight,low-tortuosity carbon frameworks as ultrathick 3D current collectors[J].Advanced Energy Materials,2017,7(17):1700595.DOI:10.1002/aenm.201700595.
[45]LUO W,ZHANG Y,XU S,et al.Encapsulation of metallic Na in an electrically conductive host with porous channels as a highly stable Na metal anode[J].Nano Letters,2017,17(6):3792-3797.DOI:10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b01138.
[46]YANG C P,YIN Y X,ZHANG S F,et al.Accommodating lithium into 3D current collectors with a submicron skeleton towards long-life lithium metal anodes[J].Nature Communications,2015,6:8058.DOI:10.1038/ncomms9058.
[47]ZHANG Y,LUO W,WANG C,et al.High-capacity,low-tortuosity,and channel-guided lithium metal anode[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2017,114(14):3584-3589.DOI:10.1073pnas.1618871114.
[2]de NOOY A E J,BESEMER A C,van BEKKUM H.Highly selectivenitroxyl radical-mediated oxidation of primary alcohol groups in water-soluble glucans[J].Carbohydrate Research,1995,269(1):89-98.DOI:10.1016/0008-6215(94)00343-e.
[3]ISOGAI A.Wood nanocelluloses:fundamentals and applications as new bio-based nanomaterials[J].Journal of Wood Science,2013,59(6):449-459.DOI:10.1007/s10086-013-1365-z.
[4]JENEKHE S A,CHEN X L.Self-assembly of ordered microporous materials from rod-coil block copolymers[J].Science,1999,283(5400):372-375.DOI:10.1126/science.283.5400.372.
[5]SAI H,TAN K W,HUR K,et al.Hierarchical porous polymer scaffolds from block copolymers[J].Science,2013,341(6145):530-534.DOI:10.1126/science.1238159.
[6]CHU Z,FENG Y,SEEGER S.Oil/water separation with selective superantiwetting/superwetting surface materials[J].Angewandte Chemie International Edition,2015,54(8):2328-2338.DOI:10.1002/anie.201405785.
[7]ZHANG W,LIU N,CAO Y,et al.Superwetting porous materials for wastewater treatment:from immiscible oil/water mixture to emulsion separation[J].Advanced Materials Interfaces,2017,4(10):1600029.DOI:10.1002/admi.201700029.
[8]CHEN F,GONG A S,ZHU M,et al.Mesoporous,three-dimensional wood membrane decorated with nanoparticles for highly efficient water treatment[J].ACS Nano,2017,11(4):4275-4282.DOI:10.1021/acsnano.7b01350.
[9]FU Q,ANSARI F,ZHOU Q,et al.Wood nanotechnology for strong,mesoporous,and hydrophobic biocomposites for selective separation of oil/water mixtures[J].ACS Nano,2018,12(3):2222-2230.DOI:10.1021/acsnano.8b00005.
[10]GUAN H,CHENG Z,WANG X.Highly compressible wood sponges with a spring-like lamellar structure as effective and reusable oil absorbents[J].ACS Nano,2018,12(10):10365-10373.DOI:10.1021/acsnano.8b05763.
[11]NI G,LI G,BORISKINA S V,et al.Steam generation under one sun enabled by a floating structure with thermal concentration[J].Nature Energy,2016,1(9):16126.DOI:10.1038/nenergy.2016.126.
[12]KRAEMER D,POUDEL B,FENG H P,et al.Highperformance flat-panel solar thermoelectric generators with high thermal concentration[J].Nature Materials,2011,10(7):532-538.DOI:10.1038/nmat3013.
[13]ZHOU L,TAN Y,WANG J,et al.3D self-assembly of aluminium nanoparticles for plasmon-enhanced solar desalination[J].Nature Photonics,2016,10(6):393-398.DOI:10.1038/nphoton.2016.75.
[14]ZHOU L,TAN Y,JI D,et al.Self-assembly of highly efficient,broadband plasmonic absorbers for solar steam generation[J].Science Advances,2016,2(4):e1501227.DOI:10.1126/sciadv.1501227.
[15]SURWADE S P,SMIRNOV S N,VLASSIOUK I V,et al.Water desalination using nanoporous single-layer graphene[J].Nature Nanotechnology,2015,10(5):459-464.DOI:10.1038/nnano.2015.37.
[16]NI G,LI G,BORISKINA S V,et al.Steam generation under one sun enabled by a floating structure with thermal concentration[J].Nature Energy,2016,1(9):16126.DOI:10.1038/NENERGY.2016.126.
[17]DENG Z,ZHOU J,MIAO L,et al.The emergence of solar thermal utilization:solar-driven steam generation[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2017,5(17):7691-7709.DOI:10.1039/c7ta01361b.
[18]LEWIS N S.Toward cost-effective solar energy use[J].Science,2007,315(5813):798-801.DOI:10.1126/science.1137014.
[19]LEWIS N S,NOCERA D G.Powering the planet:chemical challenges in solar energy utilization[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2006,103(43):15729-15735.DOI:10.1073/pnas.0603395103.
[20]马建新,陈亚宁,李卫红,等.荒漠防护林典型树种液流特征及其对环境因子的响应[J].生态学报,2010,30(3):579-586.MA J X,CHEN Y N,LI W H,et al.Characteristics of sap flow of typical shelter-belt trees pecies and it's relationships with environmental factors in the desert region of Northwest China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(3):579-586.
[21]ZHU M,LI Y,CHEN G,et al.Tree-inspired design for high-efficiency water extraction[J].Advanced Materials,2017,29(44):1704107.DOI:/10.1002/adma.201704107.
[22]XUE G,LIU K,CHEN Q,et al.Robust and low-cost flame-treated wood for a high-performance solar steam generation[J].ACSApplied Materials&Interfaces,2017,9(17):15052-15057.DOI:10.1021/acsami.7b01992.
[23]VAY O,de BORST K,HANSMANN C,et al.Thermal conductivity of wood at angles to the principal anatomical directions[J].Wood Science and Technology,2015,49(3):577-589.DOI:10.1007/s00226-015-0716-x.
[24]LIU K K,JIANG Q,TADEPALLI S,et al.Wood-graphene oxide composite for highly efficient solar steam generation and desalination[J].ACS Applied Materials&Interfaces,2017,9(8):7675-7681.DOI:10.1021/acsami.7b01307.
[25]CABANE E,KEPLINGER T,MERK V,et al.Renewable and functional wood materials by grafting polymerization within cell walls[J].ChemSusChem,2014,7(4):1020-1025.DOI:10.1002/cssc.201301107.
[26]LI Y,FU Q,YU S,et al.Optically transparent wood from a nanoporous cellulosic template:combining functional and structural performance[J].Biomacromolecules,2016,17(4):1358-1364.DOI:10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00145.
[27]ZHU M,SONG J,LI T,et al.Highly anisotropic,highly transparent wood composites[J].Advanced Materials,2016,28(26):5181-5187.DOI:10.1002/adma.201600427.
[28]LI Y,FU Q,ROJAS R,et al.Lignin-retaining transparent wood[J].ChemSusChem,2017,10(17):3445-3451.DOI:10.1002/cssc.201701089.
[29]吴燕.透明木材的制备方法:CN 106243391A[P].2016-12-21.WU Y.Preparation of transparent wood:CN 106243391A[P].2016-12-21.
[30]YU Z,YAO Y,YAO J,et al.Transparent wood containing CsxWO3 nanoparticles for heat-shielding window applications[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2017,5(13):6019-6024.DOI:10.1039/C7TA00261K.
[31]KALNAES S E,JELLE B P.Phase change materials and products for building applications:a state-of-the-art review and future research opportunities[J].Energy and Buildings,2015,94:150-176.DOI:10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.02.023.
[32]SONG J,CHEN C,ZHU S,et al.Processing bulk natural wood into a high-performance structural material[J].Nature,2018,554(7691):224-228.DOI:10.1038/nature25476.
[33]XU B,LI P,CHAN C.Application of phase change materials for thermal energy storage in concentrated solar thermal power plants:a review to recent developments[J].Applied Energy,2015,160:286-307.DOI:10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.09.016.
[34]SHARIF M K A,AL-ABIDI A A,MAT S,et al.Review of the application of phase change material for heating and domestic hot water systems[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2015,42:557-568.DOI:10.1016/j.rser.2014.09.034.
[35]KIBRIA M A,ANISUR M R,MAHFUZ M H,et al.A review on thermophysical properties of nanoparticle dispersed phase change materials[J].Energy Conversion and Management,2015,95:69-89.DOI:10.1016/j.enconman.2015.02.028.
[36]SU W,DARKWA J,KOKOGIANNAKIS G.Review of solidliquid phase change materials and their encapsulation technologies[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2015,48:373-391.DOI:10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.044.
[37]YANG H,WANG Y,YU Q,et al.Composite phase change materials with good reversible thermochromic ability in delignified wood substrate for thermal energy storage[J].Applied Energy,2018,212:455-464.DOI:10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.12.006.
[38]CHEN C,SONG J,ZHU S,et al.Scalable and sustainable approach toward highly compressible,anisotropic,lamellar carbon sponge[J].Chem,2018,4(3):544-554.DOI:10.1016/j.chempr.2017.12.028.
[39]TANG Q,FANG L,WANG Y,et al.Anisotropic flexible transparent films from remaining wood microstructures for screen protection and AgNW conductive substrate[J].Nanoscale,2018,10(9):4344-4353.DOI:10.1039/c7nr08367j.
[40]LANG A W,LI Y,de KEERSMAECKER M,et al.Transparent wood smart windows:polymer electrochromic devices based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate)electrodes[J].ChemSusChem,2018,11(5):854-863.DOI:10.1002cssc.201702026.
[41]ZHU M,LI T,DAVIS C S,et al.Transparent and haze wood composites for highly efficient broadband light management in solar cells[J].Nano Energy,2016,26:332-339.DOI:10.1016j.nanoen.2016.05.020.
[42]张金龙,佟微,漆汉宏.锂电池发展浅谈[J].电源技术,2017,41(9):1377-1379.ZHANG J L,TONG W,QI H H,Discussion of lithium battery development[J].Chinese Journal of Power Sources,2017,41(9):1377-1379.
[43]SANDER J S,ERB R M,LI L,et al.High-performance battery electrodes via magnetic templating[J].Nature Energy,2016,1(8):16099.DOI:10.1038/nenergy.2016.99.
[44]CHEN C,ZHANG Y,LI Y,et al.Highly conductive,lightweight,low-tortuosity carbon frameworks as ultrathick 3D current collectors[J].Advanced Energy Materials,2017,7(17):1700595.DOI:10.1002/aenm.201700595.
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