族际冲突的社会表征:词汇网络分析视角
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摘要
为探索族际冲突的社会表征及其核心要素,以"族际冲突"为激发词,采用词汇联想测试对220名大学生进行自由联想反应,然后应用可视化网络图、K-核解析的复杂网络分析技术解析激发词汇网络结构,并比较了彝汉两民族的表征差异。结果表明:"族际冲突"社会表征是一个以"战争"和"打架"为中心内核组织起来的5-核多层复杂网络,其整体意义产生于"矛盾、战争、斗争、冲突、和平、民族、团结、种族歧视、和谐、打架、歧视、文化、流血、利益"14个中心核元素及其关联性。除了两族有着相似的整体网络特征外,彝族被试主要使用因果论思维,强调"民族"元素,表征为以"死亡(纠纷)→打架(内乱)→战争(矛盾)"为核心轴的层级模型。汉族使用目的论思维,强调"流血"元素,以"语言(分争)→利益(打斗)→战争(和谐)"为分类主轴进行社会表征。结论认为族际冲突的社会表征是一个多层级网络结构,存在民族差异。
To explore social representations of interethnic conflict and its core elements,this article used a word-association test with interethnic conflict as stimulus to collect 220 college students' free association responses.Then complex network analysis techniques including network visualization,k-core decomposition were used for analyzing the structures of the evoked words networks,and comparing the representational differences between Yi and Han ethnic groups.Results indicated that the social representations of interethnic conflict was a 5-core multilayer network organized by the two core nuclei:war and fight,and its global meaning generated from the following 14 shared core elements and their connections:Contradiction,war,struggle,conflict,peace,ethnicity,solidarity,racial discrimination,harmony,fight,discrimination,culture,bleeding,and profit.Apart from the similar structure properties in the two groups,Yimainly represented the interethnic conflict as a nested hierarchical network model constructed on the core axis of the death(dispute)→fight(civil strife)→ war(contradiction),emphasizing a causal associations among these levels,and focused on the ethnicity element.Whilst based on the category axis of the language(strife)→interest(tussle)→ war(harmony),Han socially represented the interethnic conflict from the angle of teleology,stressing on the bleeding element.The conclusion suggested that the social representation of interethnic conflict is a multi-level network structure,existing discrepancy in ethno-culture context.
To explore social representations of interethnic conflict and its core elements,this article used a word-association test with interethnic conflict as stimulus to collect 220 college students' free association responses.Then complex network analysis techniques including network visualization,k-core decomposition were used for analyzing the structures of the evoked words networks,and comparing the representational differences between Yi and Han ethnic groups.Results indicated that the social representations of interethnic conflict was a 5-core multilayer network organized by the two core nuclei:war and fight,and its global meaning generated from the following 14 shared core elements and their connections:Contradiction,war,struggle,conflict,peace,ethnicity,solidarity,racial discrimination,harmony,fight,discrimination,culture,bleeding,and profit.Apart from the similar structure properties in the two groups,Yimainly represented the interethnic conflict as a nested hierarchical network model constructed on the core axis of the death(dispute)→fight(civil strife)→ war(contradiction),emphasizing a causal associations among these levels,and focused on the ethnicity element.Whilst based on the category axis of the language(strife)→interest(tussle)→ war(harmony),Han socially represented the interethnic conflict from the angle of teleology,stressing on the bleeding element.The conclusion suggested that the social representation of interethnic conflict is a multi-level network structure,existing discrepancy in ethno-culture context.
引文
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[2]英国DK公司.DK·牛津英汉双解大词典(插图版)[Z].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2005.Dorling Kindersley.DK Oxford illustrated English-Chinese dictionary[Z].Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2005.
[3] Guibernau M,Rex J.The Ethnicity Reader:Nationalism,Multiculturalism and Migration[M].Cambridge:Polity Press,2010.
[4]杨仁厚.论民族冲突的影响、原因和消除[J].贵州民族研究,1996,(1):22-29.Yang Renhou.On the influence,cause and elimination of ethnic conflicts[J].Guizhou Ethnic Studies,1996,(1):22-29.
[5] Yamskov A N.Ethnic conflict in the transcausasus[J].Theory and Society,1991,20(5):631-660.
[6] Leone G,Sarrica M.Challenging the myth of Italians as‘good fellows’:is clarity about in-group crimes the best choice when narrating a war to its perpetrators’descendants?[J].Papers on Social Representations,2012,21(2):11.1-11.28.
[7] Roland-Lévy C,Berjot S.Social representations of retirement in France:a descriptive study[J].Applied Psychology,2009,58(3):418-434.
[8]塞尔日·莫斯科维奇.社会表征[M].1版.管健,高文珺,俞容龄,译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2011.
[9] Abric J C.A theoretical and experimental approach to the study of social representations in a situation of interaction[C]//Farr R,Moscovici S.Social Representations.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1984:169-194.
[10]Guimelli C.Differentiation between the central core elements of social representations:normative vs.functional elements[J].Swiss Journal of Psychology,1998,57(4):209-224.
[11]Moliner P.From central core theory to matrix nucleus theory[J].Papers on Social Representations,2016,(2):1-12.
[12]林枫,江钟立.网络思维:基于点线符号的认知图式和复杂性范式[J].自然辩证法通讯,2011,33(1):29-35+126.Lin Feng,Jiang Zhongli.Network thinking:cognitive schemas and complexity paradigm based on symbols of points and lines[J].Journal of Dialectics of Nature,2011,33(1):29-35+126.
[13]Wachelke J.Representations and social knowledge:an integrative effort through a normative structural perspective[J].New Ideas in Psychology,2012,30(2):259-269.
[14]de Nooy W,Mrvar A,Batagelj V.Exploratory Social Network Analysis with Pajek[M].New York,USA:Cambridge University Press,2005.
[15]Lin F,He D,Jin Y,et al.Mapping the central structure core in social representation of pain[J].Journal of Applied Social Psychology,2013,43(9):1931-1945.
[16]林聚任.社会网络分析:理论、方法与应用[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2009.
[17]林枫.蜘蛛:社会网络分析技术[M].北京:世界图书出版公司北京公司,2012.
[18]曹震宇,林枫,王蓓蓓.不同性别对“残疾”的社会表征[J].中国康复,2012,27(5):397-400.Cao Zhenyu,Lin Feng,Wang Beibei.Gender difference in social representation of disability[J].Chinese Journal of Rehabilitation,2012,27(5):397-400.
[19]Sislin J,Pearson F S.Arms and Ethnic Conflict[M].Lanham MD:Rowman&Littlefield,2001.
[20]Wachelke J.Social representations:a review of theory and research from the structural approach[J].Universitas Psychologica,2011,11(3):729-741.
[21]Wachelke J.Relationship between response evocation rank in social representation associative tasks and personal symbolic value[J].International Review of Social Psychology,2008,21(3):113-126.
[22]Huotilainen A,Tuorila H.Social representation of new foods has a stable structure based on suspicion and trust[J].Food Quality and Preference,2005,16(7):565-572.
[23]Flament C.L′analyse de similitude:une technique pour les recherches sur les représentations sociales[J].Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive/Current Psychology of Cognition,1981,1(4):375-395.
[24]Coronges K A,Stacy A W,Valente T W.Structural comparison of cognitive associative networks in two populations[J].Journal of Applied Social Psychology,2007,37(9):2097-2129.
[25]Abric J C.Central system,peripheral system:their functions and roles in the dynamic of social representations[J].Papers on Social Representations,1993,(2):75-78.
[26]Abric J C.L′organisation interne des representations sociales:système central et système périphérique[C]//Guimelli C.Structures Ettransformations des Représentations Sociales.Lausanne:Delachaux et Niestlé,1994.