特高压直流SF_6气体绝缘穿墙套管绝缘结构设计研究进展
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摘要
特高压直流穿墙套管作为换流站中连接阀厅和直流场的唯一通道,是承载系统全电压、全电流的核心设备。本文综述了特高压直流SF_6气体绝缘穿墙套管的研发和应用进展,讨论了该类套管的绝缘特性和绝缘结构设计方法,以及国产套管的组成、外绝缘设计和结构形式,并提出了当前绝缘结构设计中需要解决的问题。
UHVDC wall bushing is a key equipment which connects valve hall and DC yard in converter station, and it loads total voltage and current. In this paper, the research and application progress of UHVDC SF_6 gas-insulated wall bushing was reviewed. The insulation characteristics and insulation structure design mehods of these bushings, and the components, outdoor insulation design and layout of domestic bushings were discussed. The problems need to solved in the design of insulation structure at present were proposed.
UHVDC wall bushing is a key equipment which connects valve hall and DC yard in converter station, and it loads total voltage and current. In this paper, the research and application progress of UHVDC SF_6 gas-insulated wall bushing was reviewed. The insulation characteristics and insulation structure design mehods of these bushings, and the components, outdoor insulation design and layout of domestic bushings were discussed. The problems need to solved in the design of insulation structure at present were proposed.
引文
[1]LAMPE W,ERIKSSON K A,PEIXOTO C A O.Operating experience of HVDC stations with regard to natural pollution[C]//CIGRE International Colloquim on HVDC Power Transmission.Paris,France:CIGRE,1984.
[2]谢超,何平.800kV特高压直流穿墙套管故障分析[J].中国电力,2015,48(7):27-30.
[3]CRUSIUS R L,NIGRI A I.600kV System external insulation performance-Four years in operation[C]//CIGRE International Colloquim on HVDC Power Transmission.Recife,Brazil:CIGRE,1989.
[4]LOW S S.Operating and test experience with 500kV DCwall bushings[C]//CIGRE International Colloquim on HVDCPower Transmission.Recife,Brazil:CIGRE,1989.
[5]LAMPE W.Pollution and rain flashovers on HVDC wall bushings[C]//IEEE 2nd International Conference on Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials.Beijing,China:IEEE,1988:29-32.
[6]LAMPE W,HOGLUND T,NELLIS C,et al.Long-term tests of HVDC insulators under natural pollution conditions at the big eddy test center[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1989,4(1):248-259.
[7]LAMPE W,WIKSTR?M D,JACOBSON B.Field distribution on an HVDC wall bushing during laboratory rain tests[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1991,6(4):1531-1540.
[8]NAITO K,MATSUOKA R,ITO S,et al.An investigation of the horizontally mounted insulators for HVDC stations[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1989,4(1):653-666.
[9]LAMBETH P J.Laboratory tests to evaluate HVDC wall bushing performance in wet weather[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1990,5(4):1782-1793.
[10]SCHNEIDER H M,LUX A E.Mechanism of HVDC wall bushing flashover in nonuniform rain[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1991,6(1):448-455.
[11]RIZK F,KAMEL S.Modelling of HVDC wall bushing flashover in nonuniform rain[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1991,6(4):1650-1662.
[12]TANG L,RAGHUVEER M R.Modelling of HVDC wall bushing flashover due to uneven wetting[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1999,14(1):194-199.
[13]孙昭英,宿志一.解决高压直流穿墙套管非均匀淋雨闪络的措施和途径[J].中国电力,1994,27(4):36-39.
[14]BORTNIK I M,COOKE C M.Electrical breakdown and the similarity law in SF6at extra-high-voltages[J].IEEETransactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1972,PAS-91(5):2196-2203.
[15]MORNI K,YAMASHITA Y,HARUMOTO Y,et al.Development of 500kV gas insulated switchgear and its application[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1973,PAS-92(6):1945-1957.
[16]NITTA T,YAMADA N,FUJIWARA Y.Area effect of electrical breakdown in compressed SF6[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1974,PAS-93(2):623-629.
[17]MENJU S,AOYAGI H,TAKAHASHI K,et al.Dielectric breakdown of high pressure SF6in sphere and coaxial cylinder gaps[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1974,PAS-93(5):1706-1712.
[18]COOKE C M,VELAZQUEZ R.Insulation of ultra-high-voltage in coaxial systems using compressed SF6gas[J].IEEETransactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1977,PAS-96(5):1491-1497.
[19]HONDA M,OKUBO H,AOYAGI H,et al.Impulse breakdown characteristics of coated electrodes in SF6gas[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1987,2(3):699-708.
[20]COOKE C M,NAKATA R,OUYANG M.Compressed gas insulation for advanced HVDC transmission equipment[C]//CIGRE International Colloquim on HVDC Power Transmission.Paris,France:CIGRE,1982:15.14.
[21]NAKANISHI K,YOSHIOKA A,ARAHATA Y,et al.Surface charging on epoxy spacer at DC stress in compressed SF6gas[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1983,PAS-102(12):3919-3927.
[22]穆海宝,张冠军,铃木祥太.交流电压下聚合物材料表面的电荷分布特性[J].中国电机工程学报,2010,30(31):130-136.
[23]AL-BAWY I,FARISH O.Charge deposition on an insulating spacer under impulse-voltage conditions[J].IEE Proceedings A-Science Measurement and Technology,1991,138(3):145-152.
[24]MENJU S,TAKAHASHI K.DC dielectric strength of a SF6gas insulated system[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1978,PAS-97(1):217-224.
[25]Trek,Inc.Electrostatic voltmeter technology[EB/OL].[2018-06-04].http://www.trekinc.com/products/esvm_inst.asp#tech.
[26]王新新,刘微粒,王强,等.绝缘子表面电场及电荷的测量[J].高电压技术,2011,37(3):732-738.
[27]SCHUELLER M,STRAUMANN U,FRANCK C M.Role of ion sources for spacer charging in SF6gas insulated HVDC systems[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2014,21(1):352-359.
[28]SCHUELLER M,GREMAUD R,DOIRON C B,et al.Micro discharges in HVDC gas insulated systems[J].IEEETransactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2015,22(5):2879-2888.
[29]ZAVATTONI L.Conduction phenomena through gas and insulating solids in HVDC gas insulated substations,and consequences on electric field distribution[D].Grenoble:Doctoral Dissertation of Universitéde Grenoble,2015.
[30]王强,张贵新,王新新.直流电压下气固交界面表面电荷积聚现象的实验分析[J].高电压技术,2011,37(3):594-598.
[31]COOKE C M.Charging of insulator surfaces by ionization and transport in gases[J].IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation,1982,EI-17(2):172-178.
[32]FUJINAMI H,TAKUMA T,YASHIMA M,et al.Mechanism and effect of DC charge accumulation on SF6gas insulated spacers[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1989,4(3):1765-1772.
[33]刘志民,邱毓昌,冯允平.对绝缘子表面电荷积聚机理的讨论[J].电工技术学报,1999,14(2):65-68.
[34]OKABE S.Phenomena and mechanism of electric charges on spacers in gas insulated switchgears[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2007,14(1):46-52.
[35]VOLPOV E.Electric field modeling and field formation mechanism in HVDC SF6gas insulated systems[J].IEEETransactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2003,10(2):204-215.
[36]LORENZI A D,GRANDO L,PESCE A,et al.Modeling of epoxy resin spacers for the 1 MV DC gas insulated line of ITER neutral beam injector system[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2009,16(1):77-87.
[37]LUTZ B,KINDERSBERGER J.Surface charge accumulation on cylindrical polymeric model insulators in air:Simulation and measurement[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2011,18(6):2040-2048.
[38]WINTER A,KINDERSBERGER J.Stationary resistive field distribution along epoxy resin insulators in air under DCvoltage[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2012,19(5):1732-1739.
[39]STRAUMANN U,SCHULLER M,FRANCK C M.Theoretical investigation of HVDC disc spacer charging in SF6gas insulated systems[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2012,19(6):2196-2205.
[40]WINTER A,KINDERSBERGER J.Transient field distribution in gas-solid insulation systems under DC voltages[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2014,21(1):116-128.
[41]KUMADA A,YOSHIDA R,HIDAKA K.Charge accumulation on a truncated cone spacer under DC electric field[C]//14th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering.Beijing,China,2005.
[42]MURASE H,OKABE S,KUMAI T,et al.Systematization of insulation design technology for various electric power apparatus[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2006,13(2):400-407.
[43]KAWAGUCHI Y,SAKATA K,MENJU S.Dielectriic breakdown of sulphur hexafluoride in nearly uniform fields[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1971,PAS-90(3):1072-1078.
[44]OKABE S,HAYAKAWA N,MURASE H,et al.Common insulating properties in insulating materials[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2006,13(2):327-335.
[45]VOLPOV E.Dielectric strength coordination and generalized spacer design rules for HVAC/DC SF6gas insulated systems[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2004,11(6):949-963.
[46]ABDEL-SALAM M,STANEK E K.Field optimization of high-voltage insulators[J].IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications,1986,IA-22(4):594-601.
[47]李乃一,王明胜,杨仁毅.400kV换流变压器阀侧套管内绝缘计算[J].变压器,2015,52(1):24-28.
[48]STIH Z.High voltage insulating system design by application of electrode and insulator contour optimization[J].IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation,1986,EI-21(4):579-584.
[49]CHAKRAVORTI S,MUKHERJEE P K.Application of artificial neural networks for optimization of electrode contour[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,1994,1(2):254-264.
[50]OKUBO H,OTSUKA T,KATO K,et al.Electric field optimization of high voltage electrode based on neural network[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1997,12(4):1413-1418.
[51]ZHANG G Q,ZHANG Y L,CUI X.Optimal design of high voltage bushing electrode in transformer with evolution strategy[J].IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,1999,35(3):1690-1693.
[52]JEMSI M K,VAHIDI B,NAGHIZADEH R,et al.Optimum design of high voltage bushings by rational Bézier curves[J].The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering,2012,31(6):1901-1916.
[53]许佐明.特高压直流套管关键技术研究可行性研究报告[R].武汉:中国电力科学研究院,2012.
[54]彭宗仁,李乃一,刘鹏,等.一种用于特高压直流工程的气体绝缘式穿墙套管:CN205724746U[P].2016-11-2.
[2]谢超,何平.800kV特高压直流穿墙套管故障分析[J].中国电力,2015,48(7):27-30.
[3]CRUSIUS R L,NIGRI A I.600kV System external insulation performance-Four years in operation[C]//CIGRE International Colloquim on HVDC Power Transmission.Recife,Brazil:CIGRE,1989.
[4]LOW S S.Operating and test experience with 500kV DCwall bushings[C]//CIGRE International Colloquim on HVDCPower Transmission.Recife,Brazil:CIGRE,1989.
[5]LAMPE W.Pollution and rain flashovers on HVDC wall bushings[C]//IEEE 2nd International Conference on Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials.Beijing,China:IEEE,1988:29-32.
[6]LAMPE W,HOGLUND T,NELLIS C,et al.Long-term tests of HVDC insulators under natural pollution conditions at the big eddy test center[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1989,4(1):248-259.
[7]LAMPE W,WIKSTR?M D,JACOBSON B.Field distribution on an HVDC wall bushing during laboratory rain tests[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1991,6(4):1531-1540.
[8]NAITO K,MATSUOKA R,ITO S,et al.An investigation of the horizontally mounted insulators for HVDC stations[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1989,4(1):653-666.
[9]LAMBETH P J.Laboratory tests to evaluate HVDC wall bushing performance in wet weather[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1990,5(4):1782-1793.
[10]SCHNEIDER H M,LUX A E.Mechanism of HVDC wall bushing flashover in nonuniform rain[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1991,6(1):448-455.
[11]RIZK F,KAMEL S.Modelling of HVDC wall bushing flashover in nonuniform rain[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1991,6(4):1650-1662.
[12]TANG L,RAGHUVEER M R.Modelling of HVDC wall bushing flashover due to uneven wetting[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1999,14(1):194-199.
[13]孙昭英,宿志一.解决高压直流穿墙套管非均匀淋雨闪络的措施和途径[J].中国电力,1994,27(4):36-39.
[14]BORTNIK I M,COOKE C M.Electrical breakdown and the similarity law in SF6at extra-high-voltages[J].IEEETransactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1972,PAS-91(5):2196-2203.
[15]MORNI K,YAMASHITA Y,HARUMOTO Y,et al.Development of 500kV gas insulated switchgear and its application[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1973,PAS-92(6):1945-1957.
[16]NITTA T,YAMADA N,FUJIWARA Y.Area effect of electrical breakdown in compressed SF6[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1974,PAS-93(2):623-629.
[17]MENJU S,AOYAGI H,TAKAHASHI K,et al.Dielectric breakdown of high pressure SF6in sphere and coaxial cylinder gaps[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1974,PAS-93(5):1706-1712.
[18]COOKE C M,VELAZQUEZ R.Insulation of ultra-high-voltage in coaxial systems using compressed SF6gas[J].IEEETransactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1977,PAS-96(5):1491-1497.
[19]HONDA M,OKUBO H,AOYAGI H,et al.Impulse breakdown characteristics of coated electrodes in SF6gas[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1987,2(3):699-708.
[20]COOKE C M,NAKATA R,OUYANG M.Compressed gas insulation for advanced HVDC transmission equipment[C]//CIGRE International Colloquim on HVDC Power Transmission.Paris,France:CIGRE,1982:15.14.
[21]NAKANISHI K,YOSHIOKA A,ARAHATA Y,et al.Surface charging on epoxy spacer at DC stress in compressed SF6gas[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1983,PAS-102(12):3919-3927.
[22]穆海宝,张冠军,铃木祥太.交流电压下聚合物材料表面的电荷分布特性[J].中国电机工程学报,2010,30(31):130-136.
[23]AL-BAWY I,FARISH O.Charge deposition on an insulating spacer under impulse-voltage conditions[J].IEE Proceedings A-Science Measurement and Technology,1991,138(3):145-152.
[24]MENJU S,TAKAHASHI K.DC dielectric strength of a SF6gas insulated system[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1978,PAS-97(1):217-224.
[25]Trek,Inc.Electrostatic voltmeter technology[EB/OL].[2018-06-04].http://www.trekinc.com/products/esvm_inst.asp#tech.
[26]王新新,刘微粒,王强,等.绝缘子表面电场及电荷的测量[J].高电压技术,2011,37(3):732-738.
[27]SCHUELLER M,STRAUMANN U,FRANCK C M.Role of ion sources for spacer charging in SF6gas insulated HVDC systems[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2014,21(1):352-359.
[28]SCHUELLER M,GREMAUD R,DOIRON C B,et al.Micro discharges in HVDC gas insulated systems[J].IEEETransactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2015,22(5):2879-2888.
[29]ZAVATTONI L.Conduction phenomena through gas and insulating solids in HVDC gas insulated substations,and consequences on electric field distribution[D].Grenoble:Doctoral Dissertation of Universitéde Grenoble,2015.
[30]王强,张贵新,王新新.直流电压下气固交界面表面电荷积聚现象的实验分析[J].高电压技术,2011,37(3):594-598.
[31]COOKE C M.Charging of insulator surfaces by ionization and transport in gases[J].IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation,1982,EI-17(2):172-178.
[32]FUJINAMI H,TAKUMA T,YASHIMA M,et al.Mechanism and effect of DC charge accumulation on SF6gas insulated spacers[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1989,4(3):1765-1772.
[33]刘志民,邱毓昌,冯允平.对绝缘子表面电荷积聚机理的讨论[J].电工技术学报,1999,14(2):65-68.
[34]OKABE S.Phenomena and mechanism of electric charges on spacers in gas insulated switchgears[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2007,14(1):46-52.
[35]VOLPOV E.Electric field modeling and field formation mechanism in HVDC SF6gas insulated systems[J].IEEETransactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2003,10(2):204-215.
[36]LORENZI A D,GRANDO L,PESCE A,et al.Modeling of epoxy resin spacers for the 1 MV DC gas insulated line of ITER neutral beam injector system[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2009,16(1):77-87.
[37]LUTZ B,KINDERSBERGER J.Surface charge accumulation on cylindrical polymeric model insulators in air:Simulation and measurement[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2011,18(6):2040-2048.
[38]WINTER A,KINDERSBERGER J.Stationary resistive field distribution along epoxy resin insulators in air under DCvoltage[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2012,19(5):1732-1739.
[39]STRAUMANN U,SCHULLER M,FRANCK C M.Theoretical investigation of HVDC disc spacer charging in SF6gas insulated systems[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2012,19(6):2196-2205.
[40]WINTER A,KINDERSBERGER J.Transient field distribution in gas-solid insulation systems under DC voltages[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2014,21(1):116-128.
[41]KUMADA A,YOSHIDA R,HIDAKA K.Charge accumulation on a truncated cone spacer under DC electric field[C]//14th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering.Beijing,China,2005.
[42]MURASE H,OKABE S,KUMAI T,et al.Systematization of insulation design technology for various electric power apparatus[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2006,13(2):400-407.
[43]KAWAGUCHI Y,SAKATA K,MENJU S.Dielectriic breakdown of sulphur hexafluoride in nearly uniform fields[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1971,PAS-90(3):1072-1078.
[44]OKABE S,HAYAKAWA N,MURASE H,et al.Common insulating properties in insulating materials[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2006,13(2):327-335.
[45]VOLPOV E.Dielectric strength coordination and generalized spacer design rules for HVAC/DC SF6gas insulated systems[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2004,11(6):949-963.
[46]ABDEL-SALAM M,STANEK E K.Field optimization of high-voltage insulators[J].IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications,1986,IA-22(4):594-601.
[47]李乃一,王明胜,杨仁毅.400kV换流变压器阀侧套管内绝缘计算[J].变压器,2015,52(1):24-28.
[48]STIH Z.High voltage insulating system design by application of electrode and insulator contour optimization[J].IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation,1986,EI-21(4):579-584.
[49]CHAKRAVORTI S,MUKHERJEE P K.Application of artificial neural networks for optimization of electrode contour[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,1994,1(2):254-264.
[50]OKUBO H,OTSUKA T,KATO K,et al.Electric field optimization of high voltage electrode based on neural network[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1997,12(4):1413-1418.
[51]ZHANG G Q,ZHANG Y L,CUI X.Optimal design of high voltage bushing electrode in transformer with evolution strategy[J].IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,1999,35(3):1690-1693.
[52]JEMSI M K,VAHIDI B,NAGHIZADEH R,et al.Optimum design of high voltage bushings by rational Bézier curves[J].The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering,2012,31(6):1901-1916.
[53]许佐明.特高压直流套管关键技术研究可行性研究报告[R].武汉:中国电力科学研究院,2012.
[54]彭宗仁,李乃一,刘鹏,等.一种用于特高压直流工程的气体绝缘式穿墙套管:CN205724746U[P].2016-11-2.