北京城区PM_(2.5)有机碳和元素碳的污染特征及来源分析
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摘要
为研究北京城区PM_(2.5)中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的浓度水平、季节变化特征与主要来源,于2015年4月至2016年3月在北京西三环交通带附近采集4个季节PM_(2.5)有效样品95组,利用热光反射法测定了PM_(2.5)中OC和EC的质量浓度,并对OC/EC值、OC与EC相关性、二次有机碳(SOC)等特征及污染来源进行了分析.结果表明,采样期间PM_(2.5)平均质量浓度为(109.9±7.99)μg·m~(-3). PM_(2.5)中OC的年平均质量浓度为(13.49±4.32)μg·m~(-3),占PM_(2.5)的13.13%; EC的年平均质量浓度为(5.41±1.83)μg·m~(-3),占PM_(2.5)的5.2%.OC和EC平均浓度及OC和EC在PM_(2.5)中所占比例的季节变化特征均为冬季最高,秋季大于春季,夏季最低.4个季节PM_(2.5)中OC/EC比值均大于2.0,表明各季节存在二次有机碳(SOC)的生成,采用OC/EC最小比值法对SOC含量进行了估算,SOC年平均浓度为(6.88±1.10)μg·m~(-3),占OC含量的50.86%,冬秋季节的SOC浓度水平高于春夏季节.夏季SOC对OC的贡献率为62.22%,高于其他季节.相关性分析表明,OC与EC的相关性在春季(R2=0.9046)和秋季(R2=0.8886)高于夏季(R2=0.4472)和冬季(R2=0.6018),表明春秋两季OC与EC来源相似且相对简单.进一步对PM_(2.5)中8个碳组分质量浓度进行分析显示,北京城区大气碳质气溶胶主要来自汽油车排放和燃煤.
To investigate the concentration,seasoned characteristics and main sources of organic carbon( OC) and element carbon( EC) in PM_(2.5) in Beijing urban areas,a total of 95 PM_(2.5) sample were collected seasonally in the traffic belt of West Third Ring of Beijing from April 2015 to March2016. OC and EC were analyzed by thermal optical reflection( TOR),and the characteristics including OC/EC ratios,correlations between OC and EC,secondary organic carbon( SOC) and the source of OC and EC were analyzed in detail. Results showed that the average concentration of PM_(2.5) was( 109. 9 ± 7.99) μg·m~(-3). The average concentrations of OC and EC were( 13. 49 ± 4. 32),( 5.41±1.83) μg·m~(-3),accounting for 13. 13% and 5. 2% of PM_(2.5),respectively. The seasonal characteristics of the average concentration and proportion of OC and EC in PM_(2.5) were ranked by the order of winter>autumn > spring > summer. The ratios of OC/EC in the four seasons were all larger than 2.0,which indicated that the SOC were formed. The minimum OC/EC ratio method was used to estimate the SOC formation. The annual average concentration of SOC was( 6.88 ± 1.10) μg·m~(-3),accounting for 50.86% of OC. The concentrations of SOC during winter and autumn were higher than that in spring and summer. The highest contribution of SOC to OC occurred as 62.22% in summer.The correlation analysis showed that OC and EC were more correlated in spring( R2= 0.9046) and autumn( R2= 0.8886) than in summer( R2= 0.4472) and winter( R2= 0.6018),indicating that the emission sources were similar and relatively simple in spring and autumn. By analyzing the mass concentration of eight carbon components in PM_(2.5),gasoline vehicle emission and coal burning were indicated to be the major sources of atmospheric carbon aerosols in urban Beijing.
To investigate the concentration,seasoned characteristics and main sources of organic carbon( OC) and element carbon( EC) in PM_(2.5) in Beijing urban areas,a total of 95 PM_(2.5) sample were collected seasonally in the traffic belt of West Third Ring of Beijing from April 2015 to March2016. OC and EC were analyzed by thermal optical reflection( TOR),and the characteristics including OC/EC ratios,correlations between OC and EC,secondary organic carbon( SOC) and the source of OC and EC were analyzed in detail. Results showed that the average concentration of PM_(2.5) was( 109. 9 ± 7.99) μg·m~(-3). The average concentrations of OC and EC were( 13. 49 ± 4. 32),( 5.41±1.83) μg·m~(-3),accounting for 13. 13% and 5. 2% of PM_(2.5),respectively. The seasonal characteristics of the average concentration and proportion of OC and EC in PM_(2.5) were ranked by the order of winter>autumn > spring > summer. The ratios of OC/EC in the four seasons were all larger than 2.0,which indicated that the SOC were formed. The minimum OC/EC ratio method was used to estimate the SOC formation. The annual average concentration of SOC was( 6.88 ± 1.10) μg·m~(-3),accounting for 50.86% of OC. The concentrations of SOC during winter and autumn were higher than that in spring and summer. The highest contribution of SOC to OC occurred as 62.22% in summer.The correlation analysis showed that OC and EC were more correlated in spring( R2= 0.9046) and autumn( R2= 0.8886) than in summer( R2= 0.4472) and winter( R2= 0.6018),indicating that the emission sources were similar and relatively simple in spring and autumn. By analyzing the mass concentration of eight carbon components in PM_(2.5),gasoline vehicle emission and coal burning were indicated to be the major sources of atmospheric carbon aerosols in urban Beijing.
引文
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