摘要
为了探明硅和钙对黄瓜生长发育的调控机理,以'津优35号'黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.'Jinyou35')为试材,用盆栽基质培养方法,以不添加硅、钙为对照,研究单施硅(Si)、单施钙(Ca)和硅钙配施(Si+Ca)对黄瓜光合特性、产量及品质的影响。结果表明:Si、Ca和Si+Ca处理均能提高黄瓜叶片的净光合速率(P_n); Si处理的气孔导度(G_s)和蒸腾速率(T_r)显著小于对照,Ca处理显著大于对照,Si+Ca处理与对照差异不显著;Ca和Si+Ca处理可使胞间CO_2浓度(C_i)明显升高,而Si处理与对照差异不显著。与对照相比,Si、Ca和Si+Ca处理Rubisco活化酶(RCA)、果糖-1,6-二磷酸酶(FBPase)、景天庚酮糖-1,7-二磷酸酶(SBPase)、果糖-1,6-二磷酸醛缩酶(FBA)和转酮醇酶(TK)活性显著升高;Si+Ca处理的核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶(RuBPCase)活性也明显升高,Si、Ca处理无显著变化。Si、Ca和Si+Ca处理的Rubisco大亚基(rbcL)和小亚基(rbcS)、RCA、FBP、SBP、FBA和TK mRNA相对表达量均显著大于对照。Si、Ca和Si+Ca处理叶片的暗适应下PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)无显著变化,但光下PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)均明显高于对照。Si、Ca和Si+Ca均可促进黄瓜植株生长,产量分别比对照增加11.75%、14.23%和21.28%,黄瓜果实的可溶性糖、蛋白质、游离氨基酸、维生素C含量显著升高,亚硝酸盐和单宁含量明显降低。可见,Si、Ca和Si+Ca可提高黄瓜叶片的Calvin循环关键酶活性与基因表达,增强光合碳同化能力,提高光化学效率,从而促进植株生长,产量和品质显著提高。3个处理相比,Si+Ca处理的光合能力最强,生长量最大,提质增产效果最佳。
The purpose of this study is to elucidate the regulating mechanism of silicon and calcium on the growth and development of cucumber(Cucumis sativus L.). ' Jinyou 35' cucumbers were used as experimental materials. We investigated the effect of single silicon( Si), calcium( Ca) and silicon combined with calcium(Si + Ca) on the photosynthetic characteristics,yield and quality of cucumber cultivated by substrate in pot, using the non-treated plants as the control. The results showed that Si,Ca and Si + Ca all increased the net photosynthetic rate(P_n) of cucumber leaves. We noticed that the stomatal conductance(G_s) and transpiration rate(T_r) of Si-treated leaves were significantly lower than the control, while Ca treatments were significantly higher than the control. However, there were no significant differences in G_s and T_r between the plants treated with Si + Ca and the control. Ca and Si + Ca led to an increase in the intercellular CO_2 concentration(C_i),but Si-treated plants showed no obvious difference in Ci compared with the control. Si,Ca and Si + Ca improved the activities of Rubisco activase(RCA),fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase( FBPase),sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase( SBPase),fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase(FBA) and transketolase(TK). Si + Ca also increased the activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase(RuBPCase),whereas Si and Ca did not affect it. Si, Ca and Si + Ca treated plants also showed a distinct increase in mRNA abundance of Rubisco large-subunit(rbcL) and small-subunit(rbcS), RCA, FBP, SBP, FBA and TK, compared with the control. There was no significant differences in the maximum photochemical efficiency of PS Ⅱ(F_v/F_m) under dark adaptation in Si,Ca and Si + Ca treated leaves, but they showed significantly higher actual photochemical efficiency of PS Ⅱ(ΦPSⅡ) than the control. Si,Ca and Si + Ca promoted plant growth, and their yield increased by 11.75%,14.23% and 21.28% respectively compared with the control, increased the content of soluble sugars,proteins,free amino acids and vitamin C,whereas decreased the nitrite and tannin contents significantly.These data suggest that Si,Ca and Si + Ca can improve the activities and mRNA expression of key enzymes in Calvin-cycle of cucumber leaves,strengthen the photosynthetic carbon assimilation capacity,and enhance the photochemical efficiency, consequently promote plant growth,yield and quality. Si + Ca treatment revealed the highest photosynthetic capacity, maximum growth,and the optimal quality and yield among treatments.
引文
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