汉英会话自我修补的重复和替换策略对比研究
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摘要
本文采用汉语本族语者口语语料库(Corpus of Native Chinese Conversation)和英语本族语者口语语料库(Louvain Corpus of Native English Conversation),探讨了汉语和英语本族语者在自我修补的两种常用策略——重复和替换使用上的异同,重点分析在功能词和实义词各词类上重复起始词和替换词的使用情况。结果显示:二者对策略的使用共性与差异并存。共性主要表现在:汉英本族语者均倾向于将限定词作为重复起始词;倾向于将名词和限定词作为替换词。差异性则主要体现在:英语本族语者比汉语本族语者使用更多的功能词(如主格人称代词)作为重复起始词;而汉语本族语者比英语本族语者使用更多的实义词(尤其是动词和副词)作为重复起始词和替换词。本文从语序松紧度、句法投射性以及词组内部结构复杂度等视角对研究发现进行了讨论。
Based on data extracted from Corpus of Native Chinese Conversation(CNCC) and Louvain Corpus of Native English Conversation(LOCNEC), this paper examines the similarities and differences between Chinese and English native speakers in their use of recycling and replacement,two very common forms of self-repair. The data were analyzed with a special focus on the syntactic classes of words that both Chinese and English native speakers tended to employ when initiating recycling and replacement. It is found that Chinese and English native speakers were similar in tendency to use determiners as recycling starts and nouns as well as determiners as replaced items,and they differed in that English native speakers tended to use more subject pronouns as recycling starts while their Chinese counterparts were more likely to use content words(especially verbs and adverbs) as recycling starts and replaced items. The findings are also discussed from three perspectives: looseness/rigidity of word order, syntactic projectability, and morpho-syntactic structure.
Based on data extracted from Corpus of Native Chinese Conversation(CNCC) and Louvain Corpus of Native English Conversation(LOCNEC), this paper examines the similarities and differences between Chinese and English native speakers in their use of recycling and replacement,two very common forms of self-repair. The data were analyzed with a special focus on the syntactic classes of words that both Chinese and English native speakers tended to employ when initiating recycling and replacement. It is found that Chinese and English native speakers were similar in tendency to use determiners as recycling starts and nouns as well as determiners as replaced items,and they differed in that English native speakers tended to use more subject pronouns as recycling starts while their Chinese counterparts were more likely to use content words(especially verbs and adverbs) as recycling starts and replaced items. The findings are also discussed from three perspectives: looseness/rigidity of word order, syntactic projectability, and morpho-syntactic structure.
引文
Bada,E.2010.Repetitions as vocalized fillers and self-repairs in English and French interlanguages[J].Journal of Pragmatics 42:1680-1688.
Biber,D.,S.Johansson,G.Leech,S.Concord&E.Finegan.2000.Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English[M].Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Birkner,K.,H.Sofie,L.Camilla&P.Martin.2012.Grammar and self-repair:Retraction patterns in German and Swedish prepositional phrases[J].Journal of Pragmatics 44:1313-1433.
Clark,H.H.&T.Wasow.1998.Repeating words in spontaneous speech[J].Cognitive Psychology37:201-242.
Chui,K.1996.Organization of repair in Chinese conversation[J].Text 16:343-372.
Fox,B.,M.Hayashi&R.Jasperson.1996.Resources and repair:A cross-linguistic study of syntax and repair[A].In E.Ochs,E.A.Schegloff&S.A.Thompson(eds.).Interaction and Grammar[C].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,185-237.
Fox,B.,F.Wouk,M.Hayashi,S.Fincke.,L.Tao,M-L.Sorjonen,M.Laakso&W.Hernandez.2009.A cross-linguistic investigation of the site of initiation in same-turn self-repair[A].In J.Sidnell(ed.).Conversation Analysis:Comparative Perspectives[C].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,60-103.
Fox,B.,Y.Maschler&S.Uhmann.2010.A cross-linguistic study of self-repair:Evidence from English,German and Hebrew[J].Journal of Pragmatics 42:2487-2505.
Gilquin,G.,S.De Cock&S.Granger.2010.Louvain International Database of Spoken English Interlanguage[M].Belgium:Presses Universitaires de Louvain.
Hayashi,M.,G.Raymond&J.Sidnell.2013.Conversational repair and human understanding:An introduction[A].In M.Hayashi,G.Raymond&J.Sidnell(eds.).Conversational Repair and Human Understanding[C].Cambridge University Press,1-40.
Huang,H.&M.Tanangkingsing.2005.Repair in verb-initial languages[J].Language and Linguistics6(4):575-597.
Li,C.N.&S.A.Thompson.1981.Mandarin Chinese:A Functional Reference Grammar[M].University of California Press.
Lickley,R.J.1994.Detecting Disfluency in Spontaneous Speech[D].Doctoral dissertation,University of Edinburgh.
Maclay,H.&C.E.Osgood.1959.Hesitation phenomena in spontaneous English speech[J].Word15:19-44.
Nemeth,Z.2012.Recycling and replacement repairs as self-initiated same-turn self-repair strategies in Hungarian[J].Journal of Pragmatics 44:2022-2034.
Quan,Lihong&M.Weisser.2015.A study of‘self-repair’operations in English conversation by Chinese English learners[J].System 49:39-49.
Rieger,C.L.2003.Repetitions as self-repair strategies in English and German conversations[J].Journal of Pragmatics 35:47-68.
Schegloff,E.A.,G.Jefferson&H.Sacks.1977.The preference for self-correction in the organization of repair in conversation[J].Language 53:361-382.
Schegloff,E.A.2009.Ten operations in self-initiated,same-turn repair[Z].Manuscript March 18th.University of California,Los Angeles.
Sidnell,J.2008.Alternative and complementary perspectives on language and social life:The organization of repair in two Caribbean communities[J].Journal of Sociolinguistics 12(4):77-503.
Tao,L.1995.Repair in natural conversation of Beijing Mandarin[A].In D.Banner(ed.).Yuen Ren Treasury[A].Seattle:University of Washington Press.
Wouk,F.2005.The syntax of repair in Indonesian[J].Discourse Studies 7:237-258.
Zhang,Wei.1998.Repair in Chinese Conversation[D].Doctoral dissertation,University of Hong Kong.
郭富强,2007,意合形合的汉英对比研究[M]。青岛:中国海洋大学出版社。
刘丹青,2010,汉语是一种动词型语言--试说动词型语言和名词型语言的差异[J]。世界汉语教学(1):3-17。
刘丹青,2012,汉语的若干显赫范畴:语言库藏类型学视角[J]。世界汉语教学(3):291-305。
许家金,2009,青少年汉语口语中话语标记语功能研究[M]。北京:外语教学与研究出版社。
杨军,2004,口语非流利产出研究书述评[J]。外语教学与研究(4):278-284。
姚剑鹏,2012,大学英语会话自我修补能力研究[M]。上海:上海交通大学出版社。
张谊生,2014,现代汉语副词研究[M]。北京:商务印书馆。
周志培,2003,汉英对比与翻译中的转换[M]。上海:华东理工大学出版社。
1Foxet al.(2010)的研究将发起重复的词汇称为destination of recycling;Bada(2010)则称为initiator of repetition。Quan&Weisser(2015)的研究认为recycling start更能反映这一使用特征,故本研究采用这一英语表述,并译为重复起始词。
2 根据Wouk(2005),句法投射性(projectability)是指句子中较早出现的成分会对后面的成分以及完成情况进行投射,这为听者预测何时承接话轮提供了可能性。
3CNCC借鉴了LINDSEI的语料标注标准,其中:“”表示话轮B的开始,“<\B>”表示话轮B的结束。“.”表示少于一秒的停顿,较长时间的停顿用“…”表示。单词之后出现“:”表示该词的最后一个音节被延长。表示文本转写者无法辨别该单词。“[[”表示重叠的话轮。另外,本文例句之后括弧内的“CH”表示语料来自CNCC“;E”表示语料来自LOCNEC。
4Schegloff(2004)(转引自Sidnell 2010)使用了回指(framing)来描述自我修补中的这种特殊模式。回指表示话者在实施修补时回到修补成分开始处,而不是直截了当地在错词后实行修补。Schegloff(2004)根据回指发生在错误源(trouble source)的位置将其分为前回指(pre-framing)和后回指(post-framing)。
5本研究中英语的付缀化形式也叫缩略形式(contracted form),有It’s、we’re、we’ve、you’re和I’m等。
6鉴于自我修补启动位置不是本研究的范围,故本文在此不做赘述。在宾语位置的副词重复起始词上,一个典型例子为:这是我人生中一个比较比较重要的经历(CH001)。
7 本研究重点观察简单重复和简单替换,而Chu(i1996)的研究没有作此区分,故该研究结果只能为本研究提供部分借鉴价值。
8在本汉语语料中,我们区分了重复起始词和填充词(filler)。例如:“最严重的时候尝试.就就.就.我不知道当时.小孩子嘛可能不太懂事”(CH 0026)。“就”在此例中不具有具体的语义功能,作为填充词,具有拖延时间以提取后续词项、赢得听者的注意或守住话轮的功能。在汉语语料中,还有“就是”作为填充词的例子,它们是“就”的缩略形式(Zhang 1998)。我们在统计中排除了这类词,不计为重复起始词。在英语语料中,我们也排除话者重复使用的“um/uh”、“I mean”等填充词和话语标记语。
9 例如:“我是在想如果那个.那个:我去实习的时候也算是社会实践的话”(CH0015)。在本例中,“那个”没有具体的语义功能,作为话语标记语,仅具有填充作用,话者在言语计划中通过使用“那个”来赢得思考时间,以便守住话轮。我们在统计中将其排除。
Biber,D.,S.Johansson,G.Leech,S.Concord&E.Finegan.2000.Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English[M].Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Birkner,K.,H.Sofie,L.Camilla&P.Martin.2012.Grammar and self-repair:Retraction patterns in German and Swedish prepositional phrases[J].Journal of Pragmatics 44:1313-1433.
Clark,H.H.&T.Wasow.1998.Repeating words in spontaneous speech[J].Cognitive Psychology37:201-242.
Chui,K.1996.Organization of repair in Chinese conversation[J].Text 16:343-372.
Fox,B.,M.Hayashi&R.Jasperson.1996.Resources and repair:A cross-linguistic study of syntax and repair[A].In E.Ochs,E.A.Schegloff&S.A.Thompson(eds.).Interaction and Grammar[C].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,185-237.
Fox,B.,F.Wouk,M.Hayashi,S.Fincke.,L.Tao,M-L.Sorjonen,M.Laakso&W.Hernandez.2009.A cross-linguistic investigation of the site of initiation in same-turn self-repair[A].In J.Sidnell(ed.).Conversation Analysis:Comparative Perspectives[C].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,60-103.
Fox,B.,Y.Maschler&S.Uhmann.2010.A cross-linguistic study of self-repair:Evidence from English,German and Hebrew[J].Journal of Pragmatics 42:2487-2505.
Gilquin,G.,S.De Cock&S.Granger.2010.Louvain International Database of Spoken English Interlanguage[M].Belgium:Presses Universitaires de Louvain.
Hayashi,M.,G.Raymond&J.Sidnell.2013.Conversational repair and human understanding:An introduction[A].In M.Hayashi,G.Raymond&J.Sidnell(eds.).Conversational Repair and Human Understanding[C].Cambridge University Press,1-40.
Huang,H.&M.Tanangkingsing.2005.Repair in verb-initial languages[J].Language and Linguistics6(4):575-597.
Li,C.N.&S.A.Thompson.1981.Mandarin Chinese:A Functional Reference Grammar[M].University of California Press.
Lickley,R.J.1994.Detecting Disfluency in Spontaneous Speech[D].Doctoral dissertation,University of Edinburgh.
Maclay,H.&C.E.Osgood.1959.Hesitation phenomena in spontaneous English speech[J].Word15:19-44.
Nemeth,Z.2012.Recycling and replacement repairs as self-initiated same-turn self-repair strategies in Hungarian[J].Journal of Pragmatics 44:2022-2034.
Quan,Lihong&M.Weisser.2015.A study of‘self-repair’operations in English conversation by Chinese English learners[J].System 49:39-49.
Rieger,C.L.2003.Repetitions as self-repair strategies in English and German conversations[J].Journal of Pragmatics 35:47-68.
Schegloff,E.A.,G.Jefferson&H.Sacks.1977.The preference for self-correction in the organization of repair in conversation[J].Language 53:361-382.
Schegloff,E.A.2009.Ten operations in self-initiated,same-turn repair[Z].Manuscript March 18th.University of California,Los Angeles.
Sidnell,J.2008.Alternative and complementary perspectives on language and social life:The organization of repair in two Caribbean communities[J].Journal of Sociolinguistics 12(4):77-503.
Tao,L.1995.Repair in natural conversation of Beijing Mandarin[A].In D.Banner(ed.).Yuen Ren Treasury[A].Seattle:University of Washington Press.
Wouk,F.2005.The syntax of repair in Indonesian[J].Discourse Studies 7:237-258.
Zhang,Wei.1998.Repair in Chinese Conversation[D].Doctoral dissertation,University of Hong Kong.
郭富强,2007,意合形合的汉英对比研究[M]。青岛:中国海洋大学出版社。
刘丹青,2010,汉语是一种动词型语言--试说动词型语言和名词型语言的差异[J]。世界汉语教学(1):3-17。
刘丹青,2012,汉语的若干显赫范畴:语言库藏类型学视角[J]。世界汉语教学(3):291-305。
许家金,2009,青少年汉语口语中话语标记语功能研究[M]。北京:外语教学与研究出版社。
杨军,2004,口语非流利产出研究书述评[J]。外语教学与研究(4):278-284。
姚剑鹏,2012,大学英语会话自我修补能力研究[M]。上海:上海交通大学出版社。
张谊生,2014,现代汉语副词研究[M]。北京:商务印书馆。
周志培,2003,汉英对比与翻译中的转换[M]。上海:华东理工大学出版社。
1Foxet al.(2010)的研究将发起重复的词汇称为destination of recycling;Bada(2010)则称为initiator of repetition。Quan&Weisser(2015)的研究认为recycling start更能反映这一使用特征,故本研究采用这一英语表述,并译为重复起始词。
2 根据Wouk(2005),句法投射性(projectability)是指句子中较早出现的成分会对后面的成分以及完成情况进行投射,这为听者预测何时承接话轮提供了可能性。
3CNCC借鉴了LINDSEI的语料标注标准,其中:“”表示话轮B的开始,“<\B>”表示话轮B的结束。“.”表示少于一秒的停顿,较长时间的停顿用“…”表示。单词之后出现“:”表示该词的最后一个音节被延长。表示文本转写者无法辨别该单词。“[[”表示重叠的话轮。另外,本文例句之后括弧内的“CH”表示语料来自CNCC“;E”表示语料来自LOCNEC。
4Schegloff(2004)(转引自Sidnell 2010)使用了回指(framing)来描述自我修补中的这种特殊模式。回指表示话者在实施修补时回到修补成分开始处,而不是直截了当地在错词后实行修补。Schegloff(2004)根据回指发生在错误源(trouble source)的位置将其分为前回指(pre-framing)和后回指(post-framing)。
5本研究中英语的付缀化形式也叫缩略形式(contracted form),有It’s、we’re、we’ve、you’re和I’m等。
6鉴于自我修补启动位置不是本研究的范围,故本文在此不做赘述。在宾语位置的副词重复起始词上,一个典型例子为:这是我人生中一个比较比较重要的经历(CH001)。
7 本研究重点观察简单重复和简单替换,而Chu(i1996)的研究没有作此区分,故该研究结果只能为本研究提供部分借鉴价值。
8在本汉语语料中,我们区分了重复起始词和填充词(filler)。例如:“最严重的时候尝试.就就.就.我不知道当时.小孩子嘛可能不太懂事”(CH 0026)。“就”在此例中不具有具体的语义功能,作为填充词,具有拖延时间以提取后续词项、赢得听者的注意或守住话轮的功能。在汉语语料中,还有“就是”作为填充词的例子,它们是“就”的缩略形式(Zhang 1998)。我们在统计中排除了这类词,不计为重复起始词。在英语语料中,我们也排除话者重复使用的“um/uh”、“I mean”等填充词和话语标记语。
9 例如:“我是在想如果那个.那个:我去实习的时候也算是社会实践的话”(CH0015)。在本例中,“那个”没有具体的语义功能,作为话语标记语,仅具有填充作用,话者在言语计划中通过使用“那个”来赢得思考时间,以便守住话轮。我们在统计中将其排除。