论保护人道主义救援人员的国际法规范的有效性
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摘要
尽管受到国际法的保护,人道主义救援人员遭到攻击的事件在当代的武装冲突中仍频繁发生。文章梳理了保护人道主义救援人员的现有国际法规范,指出国际法为救援人员提供了一般性和特殊性两个层面的保护,且不同种类的救援人员所适用的法律框架是有所差异的。但是目前保护人道主义救援人员的国际法规范存在三个问题:其一,对不同种类的平民人道主义救援人员的保护不平等;其二,在攻击人道主义救援人员事件多发的国家,有关条约往往不适用;最后,这些规范总体而言缺乏威慑力,反过来诱发了更多对人道主义救援人员肆无忌惮的攻击。因此,国际社会应对这一困境应主要着眼于推动条约签署与法律改革以及采取有效的法律实施措施。
Despite the protection offered by international law, incidents of attacking humanitarian aid personnel occur frequently during the course of contemporary armed conflicts. This article first summarizes the current international law norms protecting humanitarian aid personnel, indicating that international law provides aid personnel with a two-tier protection with generality and speciality, and that there are different applicable legal frameworks to different types of aid personnel. This article argues that three problems exist in the current international law norms protecting humanitarian aid personnel: first, different types of aid personnel enjoy unequal protective strength; second, in the countries where incidents of attacking aid personnel occur most frequently, relevant treaties are often inapplicable; last, these norms lack overall deterrence, which in turn induces more unscrupulous attacks targeting aid personnel. Accordingly, in response to this predicament, attention of international community shall be paid to the promotion of ratification of treaties and legal reform as well as the adoption of effective law implementation measures.
Despite the protection offered by international law, incidents of attacking humanitarian aid personnel occur frequently during the course of contemporary armed conflicts. This article first summarizes the current international law norms protecting humanitarian aid personnel, indicating that international law provides aid personnel with a two-tier protection with generality and speciality, and that there are different applicable legal frameworks to different types of aid personnel. This article argues that three problems exist in the current international law norms protecting humanitarian aid personnel: first, different types of aid personnel enjoy unequal protective strength; second, in the countries where incidents of attacking aid personnel occur most frequently, relevant treaties are often inapplicable; last, these norms lack overall deterrence, which in turn induces more unscrupulous attacks targeting aid personnel. Accordingly, in response to this predicament, attention of international community shall be paid to the promotion of ratification of treaties and legal reform as well as the adoption of effective law implementation measures.
引文
[1]Andrea Janku.The North-China Famine of 1876–79–Performance and Impact of a Non-Event[M]//Roderick McFarquhar.Measuring Historical Heat Event:Performance and Impact in China and the West.Heidelberg:Institute of Chinese Studies, 2001.
[2]The Aid Worker Security Database.Number of victims by incident type[EB/OL].https://aidworkersecurity.org/incidents/report/victims.
[3]Humanitarian Outcomes.Aid Worker Security Report 2017-Behind the Attacks:A Look at the Perpetrators of Violence against Aid Workers[EB/OL].https://www.humanitarianoutcomes. org/sites/default/files/publications/awsr_2017.pdf
[4]中国新闻网.国际人道救援遭袭创纪录:去年救援工作者155人罹难[EB/OL].http://www.chinanews.com/gj/2014/08-20/6509514.shtml.
[5]Yves Sandoz.Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949[M].Geneva:MartinusNijhoff Publishers, 1987.
[6]International Committee of the Red Cross.Customary International Humanitarian Law[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2005.
[7]Claude Emanuelli.The Protection Afforded to Humanitarian Assistance Personnel under the Convention on the Safety of Un ited Nations and Associated Personnel[J].Humanita咬resVo咬lkerrecht, 1997(9):67-83.
[8]Larissa Fast.Aid in Danger:The Perils and Promise of Humanitarianism[M].Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.
[9]International Committee of the Red Cross.Respect for and Protection of the Personnel of Humanitarian Organizations[EB/OL]. https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/resources/documents/report/57jp85.htm
[10]Rebecca Barber.Facilitating Humanitarian Assistance in International Humanitarian and Human Rights Law[J].International Review of the Red Cross, 2009(91):371-397.
[11]Ruth Abril Stoffels.Legal Regulation of Humanitarian Assistance in Armed Conflict:Achievements and Gaps[J].International Review of the Red Cross, 2004(86):515-546.
(1)此文件发布在欧盟第2008/C 25/01号官方杂志上。
(2)此表格系笔者根据联合国条约集(https://treaties.un.org/)整理而成,信息截至2018年8月1日。
(3)桑多(Sandoz)博士在《习惯国际人道法》中坦言道,“尽管它代表了对现实最真实的可能的反映,(《习惯国际人道法》)研究并没有声称要一锤定音。它并不是包罗万象的---必须做出选择---而且没有谁是不会犯错的。”
(4)截至2018年8月1日,《安全公约》共有94个缔约国,《安全公约任择议定书》共有32个缔约国。
[2]The Aid Worker Security Database.Number of victims by incident type[EB/OL].https://aidworkersecurity.org/incidents/report/victims.
[3]Humanitarian Outcomes.Aid Worker Security Report 2017-Behind the Attacks:A Look at the Perpetrators of Violence against Aid Workers[EB/OL].https://www.humanitarianoutcomes. org/sites/default/files/publications/awsr_2017.pdf
[4]中国新闻网.国际人道救援遭袭创纪录:去年救援工作者155人罹难[EB/OL].http://www.chinanews.com/gj/2014/08-20/6509514.shtml.
[5]Yves Sandoz.Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949[M].Geneva:MartinusNijhoff Publishers, 1987.
[6]International Committee of the Red Cross.Customary International Humanitarian Law[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2005.
[7]Claude Emanuelli.The Protection Afforded to Humanitarian Assistance Personnel under the Convention on the Safety of Un ited Nations and Associated Personnel[J].Humanita咬resVo咬lkerrecht, 1997(9):67-83.
[8]Larissa Fast.Aid in Danger:The Perils and Promise of Humanitarianism[M].Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014.
[9]International Committee of the Red Cross.Respect for and Protection of the Personnel of Humanitarian Organizations[EB/OL]. https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/resources/documents/report/57jp85.htm
[10]Rebecca Barber.Facilitating Humanitarian Assistance in International Humanitarian and Human Rights Law[J].International Review of the Red Cross, 2009(91):371-397.
[11]Ruth Abril Stoffels.Legal Regulation of Humanitarian Assistance in Armed Conflict:Achievements and Gaps[J].International Review of the Red Cross, 2004(86):515-546.
(1)此文件发布在欧盟第2008/C 25/01号官方杂志上。
(2)此表格系笔者根据联合国条约集(https://treaties.un.org/)整理而成,信息截至2018年8月1日。
(3)桑多(Sandoz)博士在《习惯国际人道法》中坦言道,“尽管它代表了对现实最真实的可能的反映,(《习惯国际人道法》)研究并没有声称要一锤定音。它并不是包罗万象的---必须做出选择---而且没有谁是不会犯错的。”
(4)截至2018年8月1日,《安全公约》共有94个缔约国,《安全公约任择议定书》共有32个缔约国。