富士苹果幼树生长与氮素积累和利用动态
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摘要
以6年生烟富3/SH6/平邑甜茶为试材,用整株破坏性解析的方法,研究了萌芽期至果实成熟期7个时期下的树体生长和氮素积累动态,并借助(15)N同位素示踪技术研究了树体对肥料氮的吸收利用和分配特性,以期阐明苹果树的氮积累动态和肥料氮的最大效率期,从而为科学施氮提供理论依据.结果表明:萌芽期(3月25日)至果实成熟期(萌芽后210 d)红富士苹果幼树整株干物质净积累量为4.51 kg,其中果实占66.5%,叶梢(叶片与新梢,下同)占20.2%,多年生器官占13.3%;叶梢干物质积累量在萌芽后30~60 d增长幅度较大,占其整个处理时期的42.9%;果实干物质积累量在萌芽后120~180 d增长幅度大,占整个处理时期的70%.整株氮素净积累量为29.1 g,在萌芽后30~60 d和120~180 d增长较快,分别为7.2和12.8 g,占整个处理时期的24.7%和44%;叶梢在萌芽后0~60 d氮积累速率较快,占其整个时期的69.1%;果实的氮积累量在萌芽后120~180 d最快,占其整个时期的60.8%;多年生器官的氮积累量在处理周期内呈先下降后上升的趋势,并在萌芽后60 d到达最低水平.树体在不同时期的(15)N利用率差异显著,分别在萌芽后30~60、120~150和150~180 d处于较高水平,(15)N利用率分别为2.3%、4.1%和4.0%;多年生器官在各个时期的(15)N分配率均呈现较高水平,新生器官的(15)N分配率均为先上升后下降的趋势,其中叶片新梢在萌芽后30~60 d达到最高水平,为38.4%;果实在萌芽后120~150 d和150~180 d到达最高水平,分别为15.0%和16.6%.因此,叶片和新梢氮素积累的关键时期为萌芽后30~60 d;果实氮素积累的关键时期为萌芽后120~180 d;树体对肥料氮的最大效率期为萌芽后30~60 d和120~180 d.
Taking 6-year-old Yanfu3/SH6/Malus hupehensis Rehd. as the test material,the dynamics of plant growth and nitrogen( N) accumulation under seven periods from germination stage to fruit maturity stage were examined by destructive analysis. The absorption,utilization,and distribution of fertilizer N were studied by~(15)N isotope tracer technique to clarify the N accumulation dynamics of apple trees and the maximum efficiency period of fertilizer N,and to provide theoretical basis for scientific application of N fertilizer. The results showed that the net accumulation of dry matter was 4.51 kg in germination stage( March 25) to fruit maturity stage( 210 d after budbreak),with fruit accounting for 66. 5%,the leaves and new shoots accounting for 20. 2%,and the perennial organs accounting for 13.3%. The dry matter accumulation in 30-60 d after budbreak was the fastest,accounting for 42. 9% of the whole treatment period. The fruit dry matter accumulation in120-180 d after budbreak was the fastest,which accounted for 70% of the whole treatment period.The total N accumulation of the plant was 29.1 g,which increased rapidly in the 30-60 d and 120-180 d after budbreak by 7. 2 g and 12. 8 g,respectively accounting for 24. 7% and 44% of the whole treatment period. The N accumulation of leaves and new shoots was the fastest in 0-60 d after budbreak,which accounted for 69.1% of the whole period. The N accumulation of fruit was the fastest in 120-180 d after budbreak,accounting for 60.8% of the whole period. The N accumulation of the perennial organ decreased first and then increased,and reached the lowest level at 60 d after budbreak. The~(15)N utilization rate of plant differed significantly in different periods which was at a high level in 30-60 d,120-150 d and 150-180 d after budbreak with 2. 3%,4. 1% and 4. 0% respectively. The~(15)N distribution rate in perennial organs in each period showed a high level,that of the new born organ increased first and then decreased which reached the highest level of 38.4%in 30-60 d after budbreak. The fruit reached the highest in 120-150 d and 150-180 d after budbreak by 15.0% and 16.6% respectively. Therefore,the key period of N accumulation in leaves and shoots was 30-60 d after budbreak,and that in fruit was 120-180 d after budbreak. The period with maximum efficiency for fertilizer N was at 30-60 d and 120-180 d after budbreak.
Taking 6-year-old Yanfu3/SH6/Malus hupehensis Rehd. as the test material,the dynamics of plant growth and nitrogen( N) accumulation under seven periods from germination stage to fruit maturity stage were examined by destructive analysis. The absorption,utilization,and distribution of fertilizer N were studied by~(15)N isotope tracer technique to clarify the N accumulation dynamics of apple trees and the maximum efficiency period of fertilizer N,and to provide theoretical basis for scientific application of N fertilizer. The results showed that the net accumulation of dry matter was 4.51 kg in germination stage( March 25) to fruit maturity stage( 210 d after budbreak),with fruit accounting for 66. 5%,the leaves and new shoots accounting for 20. 2%,and the perennial organs accounting for 13.3%. The dry matter accumulation in 30-60 d after budbreak was the fastest,accounting for 42. 9% of the whole treatment period. The fruit dry matter accumulation in120-180 d after budbreak was the fastest,which accounted for 70% of the whole treatment period.The total N accumulation of the plant was 29.1 g,which increased rapidly in the 30-60 d and 120-180 d after budbreak by 7. 2 g and 12. 8 g,respectively accounting for 24. 7% and 44% of the whole treatment period. The N accumulation of leaves and new shoots was the fastest in 0-60 d after budbreak,which accounted for 69.1% of the whole period. The N accumulation of fruit was the fastest in 120-180 d after budbreak,accounting for 60.8% of the whole period. The N accumulation of the perennial organ decreased first and then increased,and reached the lowest level at 60 d after budbreak. The~(15)N utilization rate of plant differed significantly in different periods which was at a high level in 30-60 d,120-150 d and 150-180 d after budbreak with 2. 3%,4. 1% and 4. 0% respectively. The~(15)N distribution rate in perennial organs in each period showed a high level,that of the new born organ increased first and then decreased which reached the highest level of 38.4%in 30-60 d after budbreak. The fruit reached the highest in 120-150 d and 150-180 d after budbreak by 15.0% and 16.6% respectively. Therefore,the key period of N accumulation in leaves and shoots was 30-60 d after budbreak,and that in fruit was 120-180 d after budbreak. The period with maximum efficiency for fertilizer N was at 30-60 d and 120-180 d after budbreak.
引文
[1] Peng F-T(彭福田),Jiang Y-M(姜远茂),Gu M-R(顾曼如),et al. Effects of nitrogen on apple fruit hormone changing trends and development. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science(植物营养与肥料学报),2003,9(2):208-213(in Chinese)
[2] Li H-B(李红波),Jiang Y-M(姜远茂),Wei S-C(魏绍冲),et al. Effect of once and split fertilization on characteristics of absorption,distribution and utilization of15N-urea for Gala/Malus hupehensis. Acta Horticulturae Sinica(园艺学报),2011,38(9):1727-1732(in Chinese)
[3] Raese JT,Drake SR,Curry EA. Nitrogen fertilizer influences fruit quality,soil nutrients and cover crops,leaf color and nitrogen content,biennial bearing and cold hardiness of ‘Golden Delicious’. Journal of Plant Nutrition,2007,30:1585-1604
[4] Warner J,Zhang TQ,Hao X. Effects of nitrogen fertilization on fruit yield and quality of processing tomatoes.Canadian Journal of Plant Science,2004,84:865-871
[5] Ge S-F(葛顺峰). Effects of Soil C/N Ratio on Nitrogen Balance of Plant-Soil System in Apple Orchard. PhD Thesis. Tai’an:Shandong Agricultural University,2014(in Chinese)
[6] Ge S-F(葛顺峰),Jing Y-M(姜远茂). Technical approach and research prospect of saving and improving efficiency of chemical fertilizers and pesticides for apple.Plant Physiology Journal(植物生理学报),2016,52(12):1768-1770(in Chinese)
[7] Liu X,Zhang Y,Han W,et al. Enhanced nitrogen deposition over China. Nature,2013,494:459-462
[8] Zhang XF,Dou ZX,He P,et al. New technologies reduce greenhouse gas emissions from nitrogenous fertilizer in China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2013,110:8375-8380
[9] Guo JH,Liu XJ,Zhang Y,et al. Significant acidification in major Chinese croplands. Science,2010,327:1008-1010
[10] Lian G(连纲),Wang D-J(王德建),Lin J-H(林静慧),et al. Characteristics of nutrient leaching from paddy field in Taihu area. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2003,14(11):1879-1883(in Chinese)
[11] Zhao S-X(赵帅翔),Zhang W-F(张卫峰),Jiang YM(姜远茂),et al. Factors leading to excessive nitrogen fertilization on apple in the Loess Plateau. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer(植物营养与肥料学报),2017,23(2):484-491(in Chinese)
[12] Wang H-Y(王海云),Jiang Y-M(姜远茂),Peng FT(彭福田),et al. Study on the relationship between the soil available nutrition and yield in apple orchard of Jiaodong. Journal of Shandong Agricultural University(山东农业大学学报),2008,39(1):31-38(in Chinese)
[13] Ma W-J(马文娟),Tong Y-A(同延安),Gao Y-M(高义民). Study on nitrogen absorption,utilization and accumulation in grape tree. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science(植物营养与肥料学报),2010,16(2):504-509(in Chinese)
[14] Wang J(王建),Tong Y-A(同延安). Study on absorption,utilization and storage of nitrogen of kiwifruit tree. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science(植物营养与肥料学报),2008,14(6):1170-1177(in Chinese)
[15] Chai Z-P(柴仲平),Wang X-M(王雪梅),Chen B-L(陈波浪),et al. Annual biomass and nutrient accumulation of Korla fragrant pear. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer(植物营养与肥料学报),2013,19(3):656-663(in Chinese)
[16] Chen B-L(陈波浪),Sheng J-D(盛建东),Li J-G(李建贵),et al. Study on N,P,K absorption and accumulation in Zizvphus jujube tree. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science(植物营养与肥料学报),2011,17(2):445-450(in Chinese)
[17] Zhao L(赵林),Jiang Y-M(姜远茂),Peng F-T(彭福田),et al. Studies on utilization and accumulation dynamics of spring soil15N-urea application in apple orchard. Acta Horticulturae Sinica(园艺学报),2009,36(12):1805-1809(in Chinese)
[18] Marlow GC. Watercore. Horticultural Reviews,1984,6:189-251
[19] Dong SF,Li YT. Conjugate of natural convection and conduction in a complicated enclosure. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,2004,47:2233-2239
[20] Peryea FJ,Neilsen GH. Influence of 6-benzyladenine tank-mixed with boron,followed by mid-summer calcium plus copper sprays,on ‘Gala’splitting and firmness.Acta Horticulturae,2013,984:393-400
[21] Feng M(冯美). Study on nitrogen nutrition of deciduous fruit tree. Ningxia Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology(宁夏农林科技),2005(1):33-35(in Chinese)
[22] Wang R(王蓉),He W-S(何文寿). Study on the characteristics of dry matter accumulation and distribution of sunflower. Northern Horticulture(北方园艺),2014(5):1-6(in Chinese)
[23] Fallahi E,Mohan SK. Influence of nitrogen and rootstock on tree growth,precocity,fruit quality,leaf mineral nutrients,and fire blight in ‘Scarlet Gala’apple.Hort Technology,2000,10:589-592
[24] Mili B,abilovski R,Keserovi Z,et al. Nitrogen fertilization and chemical thinning with 6-benzyladenine affect fruit set and quality of golden delicious apples. Scientia Horticulturae,2012,140:81-86
[25] Liu X-C(刘秀春),Chen L-N(陈丽楠),Wang B-H(王炳华),et al. Year-round accumulation of dry matter and NPK of‘Nanguo’pear trees. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer(植物营养与肥料学报),2016,22(3):786-793(in Chinese)
[26] Ding N(丁宁),Peng L(彭玲),An X(安欣),et al. Absorption,distribution and utilization of dwarf apple trees to15N applied in different growth stages. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer(植物营养与肥料学报),2016,22(2):572-578(in Chinese)
[27] Frak E,Millard P,Roux XL,et al. Coupling sap flow velocity and amino acid concentrations as an alternative method to15N labeling for quantifying nitrogen remobilization by walnut trees. Plant Physiology,2002,130:1043-1053
[28] Guak S,Neilsen D,Millard P,et al. Leaf absorption,withdrawal and remobilization of autumn-applied urea-N in apple. Canadian Journal of Plant Science,2004,84:259-264
[29] Marschner H. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. 2nd Ed. London:Academic Press,1995
[30] Cheng LL,Raba R. Accumulation of macro-and micronutrients and nitrogen demand-supply relationship of‘Gala’/‘Malling 26’apple trees grown in sand culture.Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science,2009,134:3-13
[31] Ding N(丁宁),Sha J-C(沙建川),Feng Y-G(丰艳广),et al. Foliage application of urea in late autumn will improve growth in the following spring and fruit quality of dwarfed apple. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer(植物营养与肥料学报),2016,22(6):1665-1671(in Chinese)
[2] Li H-B(李红波),Jiang Y-M(姜远茂),Wei S-C(魏绍冲),et al. Effect of once and split fertilization on characteristics of absorption,distribution and utilization of15N-urea for Gala/Malus hupehensis. Acta Horticulturae Sinica(园艺学报),2011,38(9):1727-1732(in Chinese)
[3] Raese JT,Drake SR,Curry EA. Nitrogen fertilizer influences fruit quality,soil nutrients and cover crops,leaf color and nitrogen content,biennial bearing and cold hardiness of ‘Golden Delicious’. Journal of Plant Nutrition,2007,30:1585-1604
[4] Warner J,Zhang TQ,Hao X. Effects of nitrogen fertilization on fruit yield and quality of processing tomatoes.Canadian Journal of Plant Science,2004,84:865-871
[5] Ge S-F(葛顺峰). Effects of Soil C/N Ratio on Nitrogen Balance of Plant-Soil System in Apple Orchard. PhD Thesis. Tai’an:Shandong Agricultural University,2014(in Chinese)
[6] Ge S-F(葛顺峰),Jing Y-M(姜远茂). Technical approach and research prospect of saving and improving efficiency of chemical fertilizers and pesticides for apple.Plant Physiology Journal(植物生理学报),2016,52(12):1768-1770(in Chinese)
[7] Liu X,Zhang Y,Han W,et al. Enhanced nitrogen deposition over China. Nature,2013,494:459-462
[8] Zhang XF,Dou ZX,He P,et al. New technologies reduce greenhouse gas emissions from nitrogenous fertilizer in China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2013,110:8375-8380
[9] Guo JH,Liu XJ,Zhang Y,et al. Significant acidification in major Chinese croplands. Science,2010,327:1008-1010
[10] Lian G(连纲),Wang D-J(王德建),Lin J-H(林静慧),et al. Characteristics of nutrient leaching from paddy field in Taihu area. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2003,14(11):1879-1883(in Chinese)
[11] Zhao S-X(赵帅翔),Zhang W-F(张卫峰),Jiang YM(姜远茂),et al. Factors leading to excessive nitrogen fertilization on apple in the Loess Plateau. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer(植物营养与肥料学报),2017,23(2):484-491(in Chinese)
[12] Wang H-Y(王海云),Jiang Y-M(姜远茂),Peng FT(彭福田),et al. Study on the relationship between the soil available nutrition and yield in apple orchard of Jiaodong. Journal of Shandong Agricultural University(山东农业大学学报),2008,39(1):31-38(in Chinese)
[13] Ma W-J(马文娟),Tong Y-A(同延安),Gao Y-M(高义民). Study on nitrogen absorption,utilization and accumulation in grape tree. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science(植物营养与肥料学报),2010,16(2):504-509(in Chinese)
[14] Wang J(王建),Tong Y-A(同延安). Study on absorption,utilization and storage of nitrogen of kiwifruit tree. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science(植物营养与肥料学报),2008,14(6):1170-1177(in Chinese)
[15] Chai Z-P(柴仲平),Wang X-M(王雪梅),Chen B-L(陈波浪),et al. Annual biomass and nutrient accumulation of Korla fragrant pear. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer(植物营养与肥料学报),2013,19(3):656-663(in Chinese)
[16] Chen B-L(陈波浪),Sheng J-D(盛建东),Li J-G(李建贵),et al. Study on N,P,K absorption and accumulation in Zizvphus jujube tree. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science(植物营养与肥料学报),2011,17(2):445-450(in Chinese)
[17] Zhao L(赵林),Jiang Y-M(姜远茂),Peng F-T(彭福田),et al. Studies on utilization and accumulation dynamics of spring soil15N-urea application in apple orchard. Acta Horticulturae Sinica(园艺学报),2009,36(12):1805-1809(in Chinese)
[18] Marlow GC. Watercore. Horticultural Reviews,1984,6:189-251
[19] Dong SF,Li YT. Conjugate of natural convection and conduction in a complicated enclosure. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,2004,47:2233-2239
[20] Peryea FJ,Neilsen GH. Influence of 6-benzyladenine tank-mixed with boron,followed by mid-summer calcium plus copper sprays,on ‘Gala’splitting and firmness.Acta Horticulturae,2013,984:393-400
[21] Feng M(冯美). Study on nitrogen nutrition of deciduous fruit tree. Ningxia Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology(宁夏农林科技),2005(1):33-35(in Chinese)
[22] Wang R(王蓉),He W-S(何文寿). Study on the characteristics of dry matter accumulation and distribution of sunflower. Northern Horticulture(北方园艺),2014(5):1-6(in Chinese)
[23] Fallahi E,Mohan SK. Influence of nitrogen and rootstock on tree growth,precocity,fruit quality,leaf mineral nutrients,and fire blight in ‘Scarlet Gala’apple.Hort Technology,2000,10:589-592
[24] Mili B,abilovski R,Keserovi Z,et al. Nitrogen fertilization and chemical thinning with 6-benzyladenine affect fruit set and quality of golden delicious apples. Scientia Horticulturae,2012,140:81-86
[25] Liu X-C(刘秀春),Chen L-N(陈丽楠),Wang B-H(王炳华),et al. Year-round accumulation of dry matter and NPK of‘Nanguo’pear trees. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer(植物营养与肥料学报),2016,22(3):786-793(in Chinese)
[26] Ding N(丁宁),Peng L(彭玲),An X(安欣),et al. Absorption,distribution and utilization of dwarf apple trees to15N applied in different growth stages. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer(植物营养与肥料学报),2016,22(2):572-578(in Chinese)
[27] Frak E,Millard P,Roux XL,et al. Coupling sap flow velocity and amino acid concentrations as an alternative method to15N labeling for quantifying nitrogen remobilization by walnut trees. Plant Physiology,2002,130:1043-1053
[28] Guak S,Neilsen D,Millard P,et al. Leaf absorption,withdrawal and remobilization of autumn-applied urea-N in apple. Canadian Journal of Plant Science,2004,84:259-264
[29] Marschner H. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. 2nd Ed. London:Academic Press,1995
[30] Cheng LL,Raba R. Accumulation of macro-and micronutrients and nitrogen demand-supply relationship of‘Gala’/‘Malling 26’apple trees grown in sand culture.Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science,2009,134:3-13
[31] Ding N(丁宁),Sha J-C(沙建川),Feng Y-G(丰艳广),et al. Foliage application of urea in late autumn will improve growth in the following spring and fruit quality of dwarfed apple. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer(植物营养与肥料学报),2016,22(6):1665-1671(in Chinese)