多条海岸线协同化简的层次化三角网分区法
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摘要
针对当前海岸线自动综合方法仅考虑单条线要素,未有效考虑其与附近海岸线之间的空间邻近关系,提出一种用于多条海岸线协同化简的层次化三角网分区法。首先,利用约束Delaunay三角网对能否化简的区域进行划分和标识;然后,利用二叉树构建层次关系模型,对各区域实体进行有序组织;最后,有序地对可化简的标识区域进行渐进式化简,并对局部狭窄区域进行自适应夸大,从而实现多海岸线的协同化简。试验结果表明:本文方法可克服复杂区域海岸线化简产生的图理性问题,可明显提高海岸线的化简质量。
The current automatic coastline generalization method only consideres one-line element, yet the relationship between the nearby elements is not effectively considered. Aiming at this, a synergistic simplification method for multiple coastlines based on the hierarchical triangulation network partition is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the constrained Delaunay triangulation is constructed to partition the regions that can be simplified. Then, a hierarchical binary tree model to structure the morphological characteristics of the above several coastlines and the spatial proximity between different coastlines is constructed. Finally, the small curved and curved invisible parts of the coastline are deleted according to the visual constraints, and the narrow part between the coastline itself or the different coastlines is exaggerated appropriately, and the automatic simplification of the coastline is realized. The experimental results show that relationships between the different coastline are considered, and the shortcomings of considering the coastline separately are overcome. Furthermore, under the condition of the multiple coastline in complex sea areas, the problem of collaborative simplification is solved, and the quality of the coastlines is improved obviously. The proposed method can be applied into more types of coastlines.
The current automatic coastline generalization method only consideres one-line element, yet the relationship between the nearby elements is not effectively considered. Aiming at this, a synergistic simplification method for multiple coastlines based on the hierarchical triangulation network partition is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the constrained Delaunay triangulation is constructed to partition the regions that can be simplified. Then, a hierarchical binary tree model to structure the morphological characteristics of the above several coastlines and the spatial proximity between different coastlines is constructed. Finally, the small curved and curved invisible parts of the coastline are deleted according to the visual constraints, and the narrow part between the coastline itself or the different coastlines is exaggerated appropriately, and the automatic simplification of the coastline is realized. The experimental results show that relationships between the different coastline are considered, and the shortcomings of considering the coastline separately are overcome. Furthermore, under the condition of the multiple coastline in complex sea areas, the problem of collaborative simplification is solved, and the quality of the coastlines is improved obviously. The proposed method can be applied into more types of coastlines.
引文
[1]王厚祥,李进杰.海图制图综合[M].北京:测绘出版社,1999.WANG Houxiang,LI Jinjie.Generalization of nautical charts[M].Beijing:Surveying and Mapping Press,1999.
[2]国家质量技术监督局.GB 12320-1998中国航海图编绘规范[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1999.The State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision.GB 12320-1998Specifications for Chinese nautical charts[S].Beijing:China Standard Press,1999.
[3]高王军,彭认灿,陈轶,等.双向缓冲区算法及其在海图线状要素综合中的应用研究[J].测绘科学,2009,34(2):187-190.GAO Wangjun,PENG Rencan,CHEN Yi,et al.The research of the double direction buffering algorithm and its application on the generalizing of chart linear feature[J].Science of Surveying and Mapping,2009,34(2):187-190.
[4]王亮,吴艳兰,汤军,等.改进的双向缓冲海岸线综合方法研究[J].测绘科学,2015,40(1):18-21,13.WANG Liang,WU Yanlan,TANG Jun,et al.A coastline generalization method for marine delimitation[J].Science of Surveying and Mapping,2015,40(1):18-21,13.
[5]CHRISTENSEN A H J.Cartographic line generalization with waterlines and medial-axes[J].Cartography and Geographic Information Science,1999,26(1):19-32.DOI:10.1559/152304099782424893.
[6]董箭,彭认灿,张立华,等.顾及“保真性”原则的双向滚动球变换DDM多尺度表达算法[J].测绘学报,2017,46(6):789-801.DOI:10.11947/j.AGCS.2017.20160558.DONG Jian,PENG Rencan,ZHANG Lihua,et al.Multi-scale representation of digital depth model based on double direction rolling ball transform according to the reality principle[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2017,46(6):789-801.DOI:10.11947/j.AGCS.2017.20160558.
[7]董箭,彭认灿,张立华,等.利用滚动圆变换的多波束测深数据滤波算法[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2016,41(1):86-92.DONG Jian,PENG Rencan,ZHANG Lihua,et al.An algorithm of filtering noises in multi-beam data based on rolling circle transform[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2016,41(1):86-92.
[8]董箭,彭认灿,张立华,等.滚动球变换的数字水深模型多尺度表达[J].地球信息科学学报,2012,14(6):704-711.DONG Jian,PENG Rencan,ZHANG Lihua,et al.Multiscale representation of digital depth model based on rolling ball transform[J].Journal of Geo-information Science,2012,14(6):704-711.
[9]陈惠荣,彭认灿,郑义东,等.以弯曲骨架线为化简指标的海岸线综合方法[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2011,36(12):1418-1422.CHEN Huirong,PENG Rencan,ZHENG Yidong,et al.Coastline generalization based on skeleton line of curve bends[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2011,36(12):1418-1422.
[10]刘欢,谢三德,王芳.海岸线自动综合方法综述[J].测绘科学技术学报,2010,27(3):225-228.LIU Huan,XIE Sande,WANG Fang.Study on the method of automatic cartographic generalization of coastline[J].Journal of Geomatics Science and Technology,2010,27(3):225-228.
[11]刘颖,翟京生.海岸线形态的表达与自动综合[J].测绘与空间地理信息,2005,28(4):78-81.LIU Ying,ZHAI Jingsheng.The research on pattern presentation and automatic generalization of coastlines[J].Geomatics&Spatial Information Technology,2005,28(4):78-81.
[12]陈惠荣,郑义东,关海波,等.基于骨架线的DouglasPeucker算法改进[J].海洋测绘,2011,31(5):18-20.CHEN Huirong,ZHENG Yidong,GUAN Haibo,et al.Improvement of Douglas-Peucker algorithm based on skeleton line[J].Hydrographic Surveying and Charting,2011,31(5):18-20.
[13]VISVALINGAM M,WHELAN J C.Implications of weighting metrics for line generalization with visvalingam’s algorithm[J].The Cartographic Journal,2016,53(3):253-267.DOI:10.1080/00087041.2016.1149906.
[14]AI Tinghua,ZHOU Qi,ZHANG Xiang,et al.A simplification of ria coastline with geomorphologic characteristics preserved[J].Marine Geodesy,2014,37(2):167-186.
[15]黄亚锋,艾廷华,刘耀林,等.顾及地理特征保持的溺谷海岸线化简算法[J].测绘学报,2013,42(4):595-601.HUANG Yafeng,AI Tinghua,LIU Yaolin,et al.Geographic-feature oriented ria coastline simplification[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2013,42(4):595-601.
[16]杜佳威,武芳,李靖涵,等.一种河口湾海岸线渐进化简方法[J].测绘学报,2018,47(4):547-556.DOI:10.11947/j.AGCS.2018.20170440.DU Jiawei,WU Fang,LI Jinghan,et al.A progressive simplification method for the estuary coastline[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2018,47(4):547-556.DOI:10.11947/j.AGCS.2018.20170440.
[17]艾廷华,郭仁忠,陈晓东.Delaunay三角网支持下的多边形化简与合并[J].中国图象图形学报,2001,6(7):703-709.AI Tinghua,GUO Renzhong,CHEN Xiaodong.Simplification and aggregation of polygon object supported by Delaunay triangulation structure[J].Journal of Image and Graphics,2001,6(7):703-709.
[18]艾廷华,郭仁忠,刘耀林.曲线弯曲深度层次结构的二叉树表达[J].测绘学报,2001,30(4):343-348.AI Tinghua,GUO Renzhong,LIU Yaolin.A binary tree representation of curve hierarchical structure in depth[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2001,30(4):343-348.
[19]VAN DER POORTEN P M,JONES C B.Characterisation and generalisation of cartographic lines using Delaunay triangulation[J].International Journal of Geographical Information Science,2002,16(8):773-794.DOI:10.1080/13658810210149434.
[20]ZHENG Xianwei,XIONG Hanjiang,GONG Jianya,et al.Arobust channel network extraction method combining discrete curve evolution and the skeleton construction technique[J].Advances in Water Resources,2015(83):17-27.
[21]翟仁建,武芳,朱丽,等.利用地理特征约束进行曲线化简[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2009,34(9):1021-1024,1089.ZHAI Renjian,WU Fang,ZHU Li,et al.Line simplification method based on geographic-feature constraint[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2009,34(9):1021-1024,1089.
[22]高朝.顾及地理特征的复杂形态湖泊地图综合研究[D].南京:南京师范大学,2016.GAO Zhao.Geographic-feature oriented map generalization of complex lake[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Normal University,2016.
[23]艾廷华,郭仁忠.支持地图综合的面状目标约束Delaunay三角网剖分[J].武汉测绘科技大学学报,2000,25(1):35-41.AI Tinghua,GUO Renzhong.A constrained Delaunay partitioning of areal objects to support map generalization[J].Journal of Wuhan Technical University of Surveying and Mapping,2000,25(1):35-41.
[24]艾廷华,郭仁忠.基于约束Delaunay结构的街道中轴线提取及网络模型建立[J].测绘学报,2000,29(4):348-354.AI Tinghua,GUO Renzhong.Extracting center-lines and building street network based on constrained Delaunay triangulation[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2000,29(4):348-354.
[25]SELVI H Z,BILDIRICI I O,YERCI M.Triangulation method for area-line geometry-type changes in map generalisation[J].The Cartographic Journal,2010,47(2):157-163.DOI:10.1179/000870409x12584524218965.
[26]李宁,彭认灿,张俊杰.矢量海图上线状要素间最短距离求解与应用[J].测绘科学,2010,35(S1):75-76,194.DOI:10.16251/j.cnki.1009-2307.2010.s1.027.LI Ning,PENG Rencan,ZHANG Junjie.Research on arithmetic of the shortest distance between lines on vector digital chart[J].Science of Surveying and Mapping,2010,35(S1):75-76,194.DOI:10.16251/j.cnki.1009-2307.2010.s1.027.
[2]国家质量技术监督局.GB 12320-1998中国航海图编绘规范[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1999.The State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision.GB 12320-1998Specifications for Chinese nautical charts[S].Beijing:China Standard Press,1999.
[3]高王军,彭认灿,陈轶,等.双向缓冲区算法及其在海图线状要素综合中的应用研究[J].测绘科学,2009,34(2):187-190.GAO Wangjun,PENG Rencan,CHEN Yi,et al.The research of the double direction buffering algorithm and its application on the generalizing of chart linear feature[J].Science of Surveying and Mapping,2009,34(2):187-190.
[4]王亮,吴艳兰,汤军,等.改进的双向缓冲海岸线综合方法研究[J].测绘科学,2015,40(1):18-21,13.WANG Liang,WU Yanlan,TANG Jun,et al.A coastline generalization method for marine delimitation[J].Science of Surveying and Mapping,2015,40(1):18-21,13.
[5]CHRISTENSEN A H J.Cartographic line generalization with waterlines and medial-axes[J].Cartography and Geographic Information Science,1999,26(1):19-32.DOI:10.1559/152304099782424893.
[6]董箭,彭认灿,张立华,等.顾及“保真性”原则的双向滚动球变换DDM多尺度表达算法[J].测绘学报,2017,46(6):789-801.DOI:10.11947/j.AGCS.2017.20160558.DONG Jian,PENG Rencan,ZHANG Lihua,et al.Multi-scale representation of digital depth model based on double direction rolling ball transform according to the reality principle[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2017,46(6):789-801.DOI:10.11947/j.AGCS.2017.20160558.
[7]董箭,彭认灿,张立华,等.利用滚动圆变换的多波束测深数据滤波算法[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2016,41(1):86-92.DONG Jian,PENG Rencan,ZHANG Lihua,et al.An algorithm of filtering noises in multi-beam data based on rolling circle transform[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2016,41(1):86-92.
[8]董箭,彭认灿,张立华,等.滚动球变换的数字水深模型多尺度表达[J].地球信息科学学报,2012,14(6):704-711.DONG Jian,PENG Rencan,ZHANG Lihua,et al.Multiscale representation of digital depth model based on rolling ball transform[J].Journal of Geo-information Science,2012,14(6):704-711.
[9]陈惠荣,彭认灿,郑义东,等.以弯曲骨架线为化简指标的海岸线综合方法[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2011,36(12):1418-1422.CHEN Huirong,PENG Rencan,ZHENG Yidong,et al.Coastline generalization based on skeleton line of curve bends[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2011,36(12):1418-1422.
[10]刘欢,谢三德,王芳.海岸线自动综合方法综述[J].测绘科学技术学报,2010,27(3):225-228.LIU Huan,XIE Sande,WANG Fang.Study on the method of automatic cartographic generalization of coastline[J].Journal of Geomatics Science and Technology,2010,27(3):225-228.
[11]刘颖,翟京生.海岸线形态的表达与自动综合[J].测绘与空间地理信息,2005,28(4):78-81.LIU Ying,ZHAI Jingsheng.The research on pattern presentation and automatic generalization of coastlines[J].Geomatics&Spatial Information Technology,2005,28(4):78-81.
[12]陈惠荣,郑义东,关海波,等.基于骨架线的DouglasPeucker算法改进[J].海洋测绘,2011,31(5):18-20.CHEN Huirong,ZHENG Yidong,GUAN Haibo,et al.Improvement of Douglas-Peucker algorithm based on skeleton line[J].Hydrographic Surveying and Charting,2011,31(5):18-20.
[13]VISVALINGAM M,WHELAN J C.Implications of weighting metrics for line generalization with visvalingam’s algorithm[J].The Cartographic Journal,2016,53(3):253-267.DOI:10.1080/00087041.2016.1149906.
[14]AI Tinghua,ZHOU Qi,ZHANG Xiang,et al.A simplification of ria coastline with geomorphologic characteristics preserved[J].Marine Geodesy,2014,37(2):167-186.
[15]黄亚锋,艾廷华,刘耀林,等.顾及地理特征保持的溺谷海岸线化简算法[J].测绘学报,2013,42(4):595-601.HUANG Yafeng,AI Tinghua,LIU Yaolin,et al.Geographic-feature oriented ria coastline simplification[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2013,42(4):595-601.
[16]杜佳威,武芳,李靖涵,等.一种河口湾海岸线渐进化简方法[J].测绘学报,2018,47(4):547-556.DOI:10.11947/j.AGCS.2018.20170440.DU Jiawei,WU Fang,LI Jinghan,et al.A progressive simplification method for the estuary coastline[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2018,47(4):547-556.DOI:10.11947/j.AGCS.2018.20170440.
[17]艾廷华,郭仁忠,陈晓东.Delaunay三角网支持下的多边形化简与合并[J].中国图象图形学报,2001,6(7):703-709.AI Tinghua,GUO Renzhong,CHEN Xiaodong.Simplification and aggregation of polygon object supported by Delaunay triangulation structure[J].Journal of Image and Graphics,2001,6(7):703-709.
[18]艾廷华,郭仁忠,刘耀林.曲线弯曲深度层次结构的二叉树表达[J].测绘学报,2001,30(4):343-348.AI Tinghua,GUO Renzhong,LIU Yaolin.A binary tree representation of curve hierarchical structure in depth[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2001,30(4):343-348.
[19]VAN DER POORTEN P M,JONES C B.Characterisation and generalisation of cartographic lines using Delaunay triangulation[J].International Journal of Geographical Information Science,2002,16(8):773-794.DOI:10.1080/13658810210149434.
[20]ZHENG Xianwei,XIONG Hanjiang,GONG Jianya,et al.Arobust channel network extraction method combining discrete curve evolution and the skeleton construction technique[J].Advances in Water Resources,2015(83):17-27.
[21]翟仁建,武芳,朱丽,等.利用地理特征约束进行曲线化简[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2009,34(9):1021-1024,1089.ZHAI Renjian,WU Fang,ZHU Li,et al.Line simplification method based on geographic-feature constraint[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2009,34(9):1021-1024,1089.
[22]高朝.顾及地理特征的复杂形态湖泊地图综合研究[D].南京:南京师范大学,2016.GAO Zhao.Geographic-feature oriented map generalization of complex lake[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Normal University,2016.
[23]艾廷华,郭仁忠.支持地图综合的面状目标约束Delaunay三角网剖分[J].武汉测绘科技大学学报,2000,25(1):35-41.AI Tinghua,GUO Renzhong.A constrained Delaunay partitioning of areal objects to support map generalization[J].Journal of Wuhan Technical University of Surveying and Mapping,2000,25(1):35-41.
[24]艾廷华,郭仁忠.基于约束Delaunay结构的街道中轴线提取及网络模型建立[J].测绘学报,2000,29(4):348-354.AI Tinghua,GUO Renzhong.Extracting center-lines and building street network based on constrained Delaunay triangulation[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2000,29(4):348-354.
[25]SELVI H Z,BILDIRICI I O,YERCI M.Triangulation method for area-line geometry-type changes in map generalisation[J].The Cartographic Journal,2010,47(2):157-163.DOI:10.1179/000870409x12584524218965.
[26]李宁,彭认灿,张俊杰.矢量海图上线状要素间最短距离求解与应用[J].测绘科学,2010,35(S1):75-76,194.DOI:10.16251/j.cnki.1009-2307.2010.s1.027.LI Ning,PENG Rencan,ZHANG Junjie.Research on arithmetic of the shortest distance between lines on vector digital chart[J].Science of Surveying and Mapping,2010,35(S1):75-76,194.DOI:10.16251/j.cnki.1009-2307.2010.s1.027.