基于粗糙海面的最小二乘残差法变深度缆接收点鬼波压制技术
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摘要
鬼波压制是提高海上地震勘探精度的重要环节。常规的鬼波压制技术通常假设海面是水平的且反射系数为-1,但真实的海水表面是粗糙界面,因此这种假设条件难以保证鬼波压制的精度。本文提出了一种基于粗糙海面的接收点鬼波压制技术,首先利用蒙特卡洛方法对粗糙海面进行建模,并求取海面反射系数;然后应用粗糙海面反射系数在τ-p域构建拖缆观测总波场与上行到海水表面的反射波场的线性方程组,并利用最小二乘残差迭代算法求解,由此实现上下行波波场分离;最后将分离得到的上行波场从粗糙海面延拓回变深缆处,以消除海面起伏的影响,最终得到基于水平海面的去鬼波记录。合成数据测试结果表明,本文方法能在粗糙海面条件下对接收点鬼波波场实现准确压制,更符合野外采集中的实际情况。
Ghost wave suppression is an important step to improve the accuracy of offshore seismic exploration.The conventional ghost wave suppression techniques usually assume that the sea surface is horizontal and has a reflection coefficient of -1.However,the true seawater surface is a rough interface,and therefore,this assumption is difficult to guarantee the accuracy of ghost wave suppression.In this paper,a rough sea surface-based ghost wave suppression technique was proposed.Firstly,the Monte Carlo method was used to establish the rough sea surface model,and obtain the sea surface reflection coefficient;then the rough sea surface reflection coefficient was used to construct the linear equations of total wave field observed by streamer and the reflected wave field rising up to the sea surface in the τ-p domain.The linear equations were further solved with the least squares residuals iterative algorithm,thereby realizing the separation of the upward/downward wave fields;finally,the separated upward wave field was extended from the rough sea surface to the variable depth cable to eliminate the impact of sea surface fluctuations,and obtain a de-ghost wave record based on the horizontal sea surface.The synthetic data test results suggest that the proposed method can accurately suppress the ghost wave field at the receiving point under rough sea conditions,and it tallies with the field data acquisition properly.
Ghost wave suppression is an important step to improve the accuracy of offshore seismic exploration.The conventional ghost wave suppression techniques usually assume that the sea surface is horizontal and has a reflection coefficient of -1.However,the true seawater surface is a rough interface,and therefore,this assumption is difficult to guarantee the accuracy of ghost wave suppression.In this paper,a rough sea surface-based ghost wave suppression technique was proposed.Firstly,the Monte Carlo method was used to establish the rough sea surface model,and obtain the sea surface reflection coefficient;then the rough sea surface reflection coefficient was used to construct the linear equations of total wave field observed by streamer and the reflected wave field rising up to the sea surface in the τ-p domain.The linear equations were further solved with the least squares residuals iterative algorithm,thereby realizing the separation of the upward/downward wave fields;finally,the separated upward wave field was extended from the rough sea surface to the variable depth cable to eliminate the impact of sea surface fluctuations,and obtain a de-ghost wave record based on the horizontal sea surface.The synthetic data test results suggest that the proposed method can accurately suppress the ghost wave field at the receiving point under rough sea conditions,and it tallies with the field data acquisition properly.
引文
[1]AMUNDSEN L,ZHOU H.Low-frequency seismic deghosting[J].Geophysics,2013,78(2):15-20.
[2]JOVANOVICH D B.Ghosting and marine signature deconvolution:aprerequisite for detailed seismic interpretation[J].Geophysics,1983,48(11):1468-1485.
[3]王建花,李绪宣.海上多子阵立体组合气枪震源优化设计[J].地质科技情报,2012,31(2):136-141.WANG Jianhua,LI Xuxuan.The optimal design of 3D air-gun arrays combination in marine seismic exploration[J].Geological Science and Technology Information,2012,31(2):136-141.
[4]韦成龙,杨蜀冀,关晓春,等.立体延迟气枪震源分析[J].石油地球物理勘探,2014,49(6):1027-1033.WEI Chenlong,YANG Shuji,GUAN Xiaochun,et al.A delayed up-down sub-array airgun source[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2014,49(6):1027-1033.
[5]BARR F J,SANDERS J I.Attenuation of water-column reverberations using pressure and velocity detectors in a waterbottom cable[J].SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts,1949,8(1):1375.
[6]POSTHUMUS B J.Deghosting using a twin streamer configuration[J].Geophysical Prospecting,1993,41(3):267-286.
[7]SOUBARAS R,DOWLE R.Variable-depth streamer:A broadband marine solution[J].First Break,2010,28(12):89-96.
[8]SOUBARAS R,LAFET Y,WHITING P.Variable-depth streamer acquisition:broadband data for imaging,post and pre-stack inversion[J].SEG Extended Abstracts,2012,2012(1):1-4.
[9]ZHANG Z,WANG S,LI D,et al.First variable-depth streamer seismic survey offshore China[C].SEG Technical Program Expanded,2013:221-225.
[10]TABTI H,DAY A,SCHADE T,et al.Conventional versus dual-sensor streamer data de-ghosting:a case study from the Haltenbanken dual-streamer acquisition[C].SEG Technical Program Expanded,2009:137-141.
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[12]?ZDEMIR,CAPRIOLI Z.Optimized deghosting of over/under towed-streamer data in the presence of noise[J].Leading Edge,2008,27(2):190-199.
[13]SOUBARAS R.Deghosting by joint deconvolution of a migration and a mirror migration[C].SEG Technical Program Expanded,2010:3406-3410.
[14]XU Z,FANG Z,GU H,et al.The application of optimal deghosting algorithm on marine variable-depth streamer data[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2015,13(5):538-544.
[15]王冲,顾汉明,许自强,等.最小二乘反演迭代算法在压制海上变深度缆采集数据虚反射中的应用[J].地球物理学报,2016,59(5):1790-1803.WANG Chong,GU Hanming,XU Ziqiang,et al.The application of least-squares inversion iteration algorithm to deghost for marine variable-depth streamer data[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2016,59(5):1790-1803.
[16]余本善,孙乃达.海上宽频地震采集技术新进展[J].石油科技论坛,2015(1):41-45.YU Benshan,SUN Naida.Latest development of marine braodband seismic acquisition technology[J].Oil Forum,2015(1):41-45.
[17]CHARRON P,ZAMBONI E,PALOMS P,et al.Can variable-depth streamer be used for 4D purposes—with timelapse conventional or variable depth streamer acquisition?[C].SEG Technical Program Expanded,2017:5791-5796.
[18]GONG T,WANG Z,GU X,et al.Broadband seismic data matching processing[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2016.
[19]ORJI O C,SOLLNER W,GELIUS L J.Sea surface reflection coefficient estimation[C].SEG Technical Program Expanded,1949:51-55.
[20]MOUSAVI M R,KARIMI M,JAMSHIDI A.Approximation of spherical wave reflection coefficient from rough sea surface[C].Electrical Engineering,IEEE,2012:1274-1279.
[21]李冰,陈美远,雷明珠,等.海面等效统计学参数的提出及海面仿真分析[J].计算机仿真,2016,33(3):216-220.LI Bing,CHEN Meiyuan,LEI Mingzhu,et al.Simulation analysis of equivalent statistical parameters of sea surface[J].Computer Simulation,2016,33(3):216-220.
[22]HASTINGS F D,SCHNEIDER J B,BROSCHAT S L.A Monte-Carlo FDTD technique for rough surface scattering[J].IEEE Transactions on Antennas&Propagation,1995,43(11):1183.
[23]TSANG L,CHAN C H,PAK K,et al.Monte-Carlo simulations of large-scale problems of random rough surface scattering and applications to grazing incidence with the BMIA/canonical grid method[J].IEEE Transactions on Antennas&Propagation,1995,43(8):851-859.
[24]OHNUKI S,CHEW W C,HINATA T.Monte Carlo simulation of 1-D rough surface scattering in 2-D space[J].Journal of Electromagnetic Waves&Applications,2005,19(8):1085-1102.
[25]WU W.A method to find out the optimal value of mixed model by the additive model[J].Systems Enging-Therory Methodology Application,1999.
[26]温东阳,察豪,孟路稳.随机粗糙海面的建模与仿真[J].兵器装备工程学报,2015(1):145-147.WEN Dongyang,CHA Hao,MENG Luwen.Modeling and simulation of random rough sea[J].Journal of Sichuan Ordnance,2015(1):145-147.
[27]陈辉,胡元中,王慧,等.粗糙表面分形特征的模拟及其表征[J].机械工程学报,2006,42(9):219-223.CHEN Hui,HU Yuanzhong,WANG Hui,et al.Simulation and characterization of fractal rough surfaces[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2006,42(9):219-223.
[28]刘明.粗糙海面声散射特性研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工程大学,2011.LIU Ming.Acoustic scattering from rough sea surface[D].Harbin:Harbin Engineering University,2011.
[29]BOURLIER C,BERGINC G,SAILLARD J.Theoretical study on two-dimensional Gaussian rough sea surface emission and reflection in the infrared frequencies with shadowing effect[J].2001,39(2):379-392.
[30]李晓飞,许小剑.时变海面复反射系数建模[J].北京航空航天大学学报,2011,37(2):197-201.LI Xiaofei,XU Xiaojian.Modeling of complex reflection coefficient for time-evolving sea surfaces[J].Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,2011,37(2):197-201.
[31]ZHANG Xingyan,PAN Dongming,SHI Wenying,et al.Deghosting towed streamer data inτ/p domain based on rough sea surface reflectivity[J].Applied Geophysics,2015,12(4):573-584.
[32]许自强,方中于,顾汉明,等.海上变深度缆数据最优化压制鬼波方法及其应用[J].石油物探,2015,54(4):404-413.XU Ziqiang,FANG Zhongyu,GU Hanming,et al.The application of optimal deghosting algorithm on marine variabledepth streamer data[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2015,54(4):404-413.
[33]张威,韩立国,李洪建,等.基于LSMR算法的斜缆数据鬼波压制方法[J].石油地球物理勘探,2017,52(3):434-441.ZHANG Wei,HAN Liguo,LI Hongjiang,et al.De-ghosting of variable-depth streamer data based on LSMR[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2017,52(3):434-441.
[34]LIVERANCE,ERIC,PITSENBERGER,et al.Diagonalization of the binomial matrix[J].Fibonacci Quarterly,1996,34(1):55-67.
[35]FONG C L,SAUNDERS M.LSMR:an iterative algorithm for sparse least-squares problems[J].Siam Journal on Scientific Computing,2010,33(5):2950-2971.
[36]刘素芹,何潮观,仝兆岐.在频率-波数域实现波动方程基准面校正[J].石油地球物理勘探,2009,44(1):49-52.LIU Suqin,HE Chaoguan,TONG Zhaoqi.Wave equation datum correction in frequency-wavenumber(f-k)domain[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2009,44(1):49-52.
[37]WHITE M J,ISKANDER M F,HUANG Z.Development of a multigrid FDTD code for three-dimensional applications[J].Antennas&Propagation IEEE Transactions on,1997,45(10):1512-1517.
[38]张慧,李振春.基于双变网格算法的地震波正演模拟[J].地球物理学报,2011,54(1):77-86.ZHANG Hui,LI Zhenchun.Seismic wave simulation method based on dual-variable grid[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2011,54(1):77-86.
[2]JOVANOVICH D B.Ghosting and marine signature deconvolution:aprerequisite for detailed seismic interpretation[J].Geophysics,1983,48(11):1468-1485.
[3]王建花,李绪宣.海上多子阵立体组合气枪震源优化设计[J].地质科技情报,2012,31(2):136-141.WANG Jianhua,LI Xuxuan.The optimal design of 3D air-gun arrays combination in marine seismic exploration[J].Geological Science and Technology Information,2012,31(2):136-141.
[4]韦成龙,杨蜀冀,关晓春,等.立体延迟气枪震源分析[J].石油地球物理勘探,2014,49(6):1027-1033.WEI Chenlong,YANG Shuji,GUAN Xiaochun,et al.A delayed up-down sub-array airgun source[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2014,49(6):1027-1033.
[5]BARR F J,SANDERS J I.Attenuation of water-column reverberations using pressure and velocity detectors in a waterbottom cable[J].SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts,1949,8(1):1375.
[6]POSTHUMUS B J.Deghosting using a twin streamer configuration[J].Geophysical Prospecting,1993,41(3):267-286.
[7]SOUBARAS R,DOWLE R.Variable-depth streamer:A broadband marine solution[J].First Break,2010,28(12):89-96.
[8]SOUBARAS R,LAFET Y,WHITING P.Variable-depth streamer acquisition:broadband data for imaging,post and pre-stack inversion[J].SEG Extended Abstracts,2012,2012(1):1-4.
[9]ZHANG Z,WANG S,LI D,et al.First variable-depth streamer seismic survey offshore China[C].SEG Technical Program Expanded,2013:221-225.
[10]TABTI H,DAY A,SCHADE T,et al.Conventional versus dual-sensor streamer data de-ghosting:a case study from the Haltenbanken dual-streamer acquisition[C].SEG Technical Program Expanded,2009:137-141.
[11]POSTHUMUS B J.Deghosting of twin streamer configuration[J].Geophysical Prospecting,1993,41(3):267-286.
[12]?ZDEMIR,CAPRIOLI Z.Optimized deghosting of over/under towed-streamer data in the presence of noise[J].Leading Edge,2008,27(2):190-199.
[13]SOUBARAS R.Deghosting by joint deconvolution of a migration and a mirror migration[C].SEG Technical Program Expanded,2010:3406-3410.
[14]XU Z,FANG Z,GU H,et al.The application of optimal deghosting algorithm on marine variable-depth streamer data[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2015,13(5):538-544.
[15]王冲,顾汉明,许自强,等.最小二乘反演迭代算法在压制海上变深度缆采集数据虚反射中的应用[J].地球物理学报,2016,59(5):1790-1803.WANG Chong,GU Hanming,XU Ziqiang,et al.The application of least-squares inversion iteration algorithm to deghost for marine variable-depth streamer data[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2016,59(5):1790-1803.
[16]余本善,孙乃达.海上宽频地震采集技术新进展[J].石油科技论坛,2015(1):41-45.YU Benshan,SUN Naida.Latest development of marine braodband seismic acquisition technology[J].Oil Forum,2015(1):41-45.
[17]CHARRON P,ZAMBONI E,PALOMS P,et al.Can variable-depth streamer be used for 4D purposes—with timelapse conventional or variable depth streamer acquisition?[C].SEG Technical Program Expanded,2017:5791-5796.
[18]GONG T,WANG Z,GU X,et al.Broadband seismic data matching processing[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2016.
[19]ORJI O C,SOLLNER W,GELIUS L J.Sea surface reflection coefficient estimation[C].SEG Technical Program Expanded,1949:51-55.
[20]MOUSAVI M R,KARIMI M,JAMSHIDI A.Approximation of spherical wave reflection coefficient from rough sea surface[C].Electrical Engineering,IEEE,2012:1274-1279.
[21]李冰,陈美远,雷明珠,等.海面等效统计学参数的提出及海面仿真分析[J].计算机仿真,2016,33(3):216-220.LI Bing,CHEN Meiyuan,LEI Mingzhu,et al.Simulation analysis of equivalent statistical parameters of sea surface[J].Computer Simulation,2016,33(3):216-220.
[22]HASTINGS F D,SCHNEIDER J B,BROSCHAT S L.A Monte-Carlo FDTD technique for rough surface scattering[J].IEEE Transactions on Antennas&Propagation,1995,43(11):1183.
[23]TSANG L,CHAN C H,PAK K,et al.Monte-Carlo simulations of large-scale problems of random rough surface scattering and applications to grazing incidence with the BMIA/canonical grid method[J].IEEE Transactions on Antennas&Propagation,1995,43(8):851-859.
[24]OHNUKI S,CHEW W C,HINATA T.Monte Carlo simulation of 1-D rough surface scattering in 2-D space[J].Journal of Electromagnetic Waves&Applications,2005,19(8):1085-1102.
[25]WU W.A method to find out the optimal value of mixed model by the additive model[J].Systems Enging-Therory Methodology Application,1999.
[26]温东阳,察豪,孟路稳.随机粗糙海面的建模与仿真[J].兵器装备工程学报,2015(1):145-147.WEN Dongyang,CHA Hao,MENG Luwen.Modeling and simulation of random rough sea[J].Journal of Sichuan Ordnance,2015(1):145-147.
[27]陈辉,胡元中,王慧,等.粗糙表面分形特征的模拟及其表征[J].机械工程学报,2006,42(9):219-223.CHEN Hui,HU Yuanzhong,WANG Hui,et al.Simulation and characterization of fractal rough surfaces[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2006,42(9):219-223.
[28]刘明.粗糙海面声散射特性研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工程大学,2011.LIU Ming.Acoustic scattering from rough sea surface[D].Harbin:Harbin Engineering University,2011.
[29]BOURLIER C,BERGINC G,SAILLARD J.Theoretical study on two-dimensional Gaussian rough sea surface emission and reflection in the infrared frequencies with shadowing effect[J].2001,39(2):379-392.
[30]李晓飞,许小剑.时变海面复反射系数建模[J].北京航空航天大学学报,2011,37(2):197-201.LI Xiaofei,XU Xiaojian.Modeling of complex reflection coefficient for time-evolving sea surfaces[J].Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,2011,37(2):197-201.
[31]ZHANG Xingyan,PAN Dongming,SHI Wenying,et al.Deghosting towed streamer data inτ/p domain based on rough sea surface reflectivity[J].Applied Geophysics,2015,12(4):573-584.
[32]许自强,方中于,顾汉明,等.海上变深度缆数据最优化压制鬼波方法及其应用[J].石油物探,2015,54(4):404-413.XU Ziqiang,FANG Zhongyu,GU Hanming,et al.The application of optimal deghosting algorithm on marine variabledepth streamer data[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2015,54(4):404-413.
[33]张威,韩立国,李洪建,等.基于LSMR算法的斜缆数据鬼波压制方法[J].石油地球物理勘探,2017,52(3):434-441.ZHANG Wei,HAN Liguo,LI Hongjiang,et al.De-ghosting of variable-depth streamer data based on LSMR[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2017,52(3):434-441.
[34]LIVERANCE,ERIC,PITSENBERGER,et al.Diagonalization of the binomial matrix[J].Fibonacci Quarterly,1996,34(1):55-67.
[35]FONG C L,SAUNDERS M.LSMR:an iterative algorithm for sparse least-squares problems[J].Siam Journal on Scientific Computing,2010,33(5):2950-2971.
[36]刘素芹,何潮观,仝兆岐.在频率-波数域实现波动方程基准面校正[J].石油地球物理勘探,2009,44(1):49-52.LIU Suqin,HE Chaoguan,TONG Zhaoqi.Wave equation datum correction in frequency-wavenumber(f-k)domain[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2009,44(1):49-52.
[37]WHITE M J,ISKANDER M F,HUANG Z.Development of a multigrid FDTD code for three-dimensional applications[J].Antennas&Propagation IEEE Transactions on,1997,45(10):1512-1517.
[38]张慧,李振春.基于双变网格算法的地震波正演模拟[J].地球物理学报,2011,54(1):77-86.ZHANG Hui,LI Zhenchun.Seismic wave simulation method based on dual-variable grid[J].Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2011,54(1):77-86.