杨凌地区冬小麦-夏玉米水分供需适配性分析
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摘要
采用1984—2015年气象观测站逐日气温、降水等资料,计算冬小麦-夏玉米各生育期阶段的需水量和有效降水,采用趋势分析及数理统计方法分析近32 a陕西杨凌示范区冬小麦和夏玉米生育期的降水特征,并结合作物需水特征分析其水分供需的适配性。结果表明:冬小麦和夏玉米生育期的有效降水都表现出不稳定性,除个别年份外,大多年份降水不能满足作物的需水要求。冬小麦播种~返青阶段有效降水量仅为18.9 mm,需水量在126.5 mm左右;返青~拔节阶段有效降水13.5 mm,且变异系数达130%,而需水量为81.2 mm;拔节~孕穗阶段有效降水为37.6 mm,但小麦在此阶段需水量达206.6 mm;根据小麦生理需水规律,一般年份在冬前灌水45~50 mm,拔节期灌水50 mm左右,孕穗期视情况而定。夏玉米播种~出苗阶段有效降水变异系数最大,其次是拔节~抽雄阶段,各生育阶段有效降水均表现出不稳定性。出苗~抽雄阶段平均有效降水量为126.8 mm,此阶段玉米需水量为157.2 mm;玉米抽雄~灌浆阶段平均有效降水73.9 mm,而需水量为166.6 mm;根据玉米生理需水规律,一般年份可在夏玉米大喇叭口期灌水50 mm左右,抽雄灌浆期灌水60 mm。
Basing on daily precipitation from meteorological observation station of Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University in 1984—2015,the effective precipitation during growth stages of winter wheat and summer maize was calculated. The precipitation characteristics during the growing period of winter wheat and summer maize in Yangling demonstration area in recent 32 years were quantified by trend analysis and mathematical statistics. The results showed that the effective precipitation for winter wheat and summer maize was unstable. Winter wheat had the largest variation of effective precipitation during the emergence and winter stage with a coefficient of variation of 140%,followed by reviving jointing stage. The precipitation in this area is difficult to meet the requirement of wheat before winter and the jointing stage. The biggest variation was indentified at sowing and seedling stage. At jointing and grain filling stage,it is difficult to meet the water demand of maize.
Basing on daily precipitation from meteorological observation station of Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University in 1984—2015,the effective precipitation during growth stages of winter wheat and summer maize was calculated. The precipitation characteristics during the growing period of winter wheat and summer maize in Yangling demonstration area in recent 32 years were quantified by trend analysis and mathematical statistics. The results showed that the effective precipitation for winter wheat and summer maize was unstable. Winter wheat had the largest variation of effective precipitation during the emergence and winter stage with a coefficient of variation of 140%,followed by reviving jointing stage. The precipitation in this area is difficult to meet the requirement of wheat before winter and the jointing stage. The biggest variation was indentified at sowing and seedling stage. At jointing and grain filling stage,it is difficult to meet the water demand of maize.
引文
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[31]张英普,何武全,韩健.玉米不同生育期水分胁迫指标[J].灌溉排水,2001,20(4):18-20.
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[33]王辛未.谈玉米灌溉[J].陕西水利,1989,(4):28-30.
[34]吕军杰,王聪慧,丁志强,等.豫西夏玉米不同灌水方式研究[J].河南农业科学,2006,(11):31-32.
[35]陈丹,钟思强.农业气象[M].北京:气象出版社,2009:180-182.
[2]李红梅,范建忠.关中夏玉米生育期气象干旱特征分析[J].陕西气象,2015,(4):1-4.
[3]王雅,金晓团,孙文雅.陕西关中平原水浇地冬小麦高产栽培技术[J].现代农业科技,2012,(3):122-123.
[4]高瑞景,孟继宏,康建恩.关中夏玉米区陕308高产栽培技术研究[J].西北农业学报,2007,16(5):84-88.
[5]武继承,杨永辉,郑惠玲,等.水肥互作对小麦-玉米周年产量及水分利用率的影响[J].河南农业科学,2015,44(7):67-72.
[6]刘芬,同延安,王小英,等.陕西关中灌区冬小麦施肥指标研究[J].土壤学报,2013,50(3):556-562.
[7]焦艳平,孟祥琴,马香玲,等.不同施氮量对小麦、玉米产量和土壤养分分布的影响[J].南水北调与水利科技,2012,10(3):103-108.
[8]王少杰,高鹏程,林文,等.氮肥与秸秆还田对陕西关中灌区冬小麦农田CO2排放的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2013,31(1):117-121.
[9]李兆元,陈建文,王秀琴.关中地区冬小麦生育期气象条件分析[J].陕西气象,1995,(6):36-38.
[10]徐凤琴.有效降水量浅析[J].气象水文海洋仪器,2009,(1):96-97.
[11]王文玉,张强,阳伏林.半干旱榆中地区最小有效降水量及降水转化率的研究[J].气象学报,2013,71(5):953-961.
[12]王晓东,马晓群,许莹,等.淮河流域主要农作物全生育期水分盈亏时空变化分析[J].资源科学,2013,35(3):665-672.
[13]刘战东,段爱旺,肖俊夫,等.旱作物生育期有效降水量计算模拟研究进展[J].灌溉排水学报,2007,26(3):27-30.
[14]Allen R G,Pruitt W O,Wright J L,et al.A recommendation on standardized surface resistance for hourly calculation of reference ET0,by the FAO56 Penman-Monteith method[J].Agricultural Water Management,2006,81(1-2):1-22.
[15]Allan R G,Pereira L S,Raes D,et al.Crop Evapotranspiration:Guidelines for Computing Crop Water Requirements[C]//FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No.56.Rome:Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,1998:19-24.
[16]Grismer M E,Orang M,Snyder R,et al.Pan evaporation to reference evapotranspiration conversion methods[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering,2002,128(3):180-184.
[17]Pauwels V R N,Samson R.Comparison of different methods to measure and model actual evapotranspiration rates for a wet sloping grassland[J].Agricultural Water Management,2006,82(1):1-24.
[18]Doorenbos J,Kassam A H.Yield response to water[C]//FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper(33).Rome:Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,1979.
[19]汪志农.灌溉排水工程学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2010:33-34.
[20]郑冬燕,夏军,黄友波.生态需水量估算问题的初步探讨[J].水电能源科学,2002,(3):1-5.
[21]李丁仁,张振海,王永宏,等.宁夏小麦、水稻、玉米高产栽培技术[M].银川:宁夏人民出版社,2012:19.
[22]刘涛,周广胜,谭凯炎,等.华北地区冬小麦灌溉制度机器环境效应研究进展[J].生态学报,2016,36(19):1-8.
[23]赵丽英,邓西平,山仑.水分亏缺下作物补偿效应类型及机制研究概述[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(3):523-526.
[24]杨静敬,卢振广,潘国强,等.亏缺灌溉对冬小麦耗水规律及产量的影响[J].节水灌溉,2013,(4):8-11.
[25]李红梅,李志宏,韩湘玲.冬小麦降水年型与补水灌溉动态管理[J].灌溉排水,2001,20(1):60-64.
[26]张建军,唐小明,党翼.灌水量及其分配方式对冬小麦水分李龙效率、光合特性和产量的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2008,28(1):85-90.
[27]肖俊夫,刘战东,段爱旺,等.不同灌水处理对冬小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2006,25(2):20-23.
[28]张崇智.西安市主要作物节水灌溉制度研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2005,23(3):150-153.
[29]韩绍林.旱作农业与河南旱地小麦栽培[M].郑州:河南水利出版社,2010:171.
[30]王文佳,冯浩.基于CROPWAT-DSSAT关中地区冬小麦需水规律及灌溉制度研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2012,20(6):795-802.
[31]张英普,何武全,韩健.玉米不同生育期水分胁迫指标[J].灌溉排水,2001,20(4):18-20.
[32]东先旺,刘培利,刘树堂,等.夏玉米耗水特性与灌水指标的研究[J].玉米科学,1997,2(16):55-57.
[33]王辛未.谈玉米灌溉[J].陕西水利,1989,(4):28-30.
[34]吕军杰,王聪慧,丁志强,等.豫西夏玉米不同灌水方式研究[J].河南农业科学,2006,(11):31-32.
[35]陈丹,钟思强.农业气象[M].北京:气象出版社,2009:180-182.