高寒草原不同量级降水对干旱解除的影响
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摘要
基于2017年3月1日至10月31日逐日每10 min降水量和土壤体积含水率试验数据,分析不同降水量级不同处理对土壤体积含水率的影响,结果表明:(1)小雨仅能提高0～10 cm土壤墒情,且在遮挡率超过30%时,效果明显减弱,同时地表植被覆盖能在一定程度上提高降水利用率。(2)在土壤底墒较差条件下,中雨能改善对照区、遮挡率20%和30%处理下0～10 cm土壤体积含水率;在土壤底墒较好条件下,中雨能有效补充对照区、遮挡率20%、30%和40%处理下0～30 cm土壤水分。(3)大雨条件下,在对照区、遮挡率20%、30%、40%和60%处理下,0～20 cm土壤体积含水率均有明显增加,在20～30 cm土壤层对照区、遮挡率20%、30%、40%处理下增加亦比较明显,大雨能完全解除0～30 cm土壤干旱。(4)短时强降水对土壤水分的补偿十分有限。暴雨对提高0～20 cm土壤体积含水率非常明显,但对提高20～30 cm土壤水分含量不及大雨效果明显。(5)在对照区,0～10 cm、10～20 cm和20～30 cm土层有效降水量阈值分别为2. 5、7. 0和10. 0 mm。(6)特旱、重旱、中旱和轻旱条件下,0～10 cm土层干旱解除所需的最小降水量分别为21. 5、11. 7、5. 0、1. 4 mm,10～20 cm土层所需的最小降水量分别为32. 9、18. 6、8. 6、2. 7 mm。
Based on the data of precipitation and soil volumetric water content per 10 minutes from March 1 to October 31,2017,the effects of different precipitation levels on soil volumetric water content under different treatments were analyzed. The results are as follows:( 1) Under light rain condition,the soil moisture at the 0-10 cm depth increased,and it was obviously weakened when the shielding rate exceeded 30%. The surface vegetation cover could improve the utilization rate of precipitation in a certain degree under light rain.( 2) Moderate rain could improve the soil moisture at the 0-10 cm depth in the contrast area and under the treatments with shielding rate of 20% and 30% and the condition of poor soil moisture. The moderate rain could supplement effectively the soil moisture at the 0-30 cm depth in the contrast area and under the treatments with shielding rate of 20%,30% and 40% under the condition of good soil moisture.( 3) Under heavy rain condition,the soil volumetric water at the 0-20 cm depth increased significantly in the contrast area and under the treatments with shielding rate of 20%,30%,40% and 60%,and that at the 20-30 cm depth also increased obviously in the contrast area and under the treatments with shielding rate of 20%,30% and 40%.( 4) Flash heavy precipitation had very limited effect on improving soil moisture. Rainstorm was very effective in increasing the soil water at the 0-20 cm depth,but it was not as good as heavy rain in increasing soil moisture at the 20-30 cm depth.( 5) The effective precipitation thresholds value were 2. 5,7. 0 and 10. 0 mm at the 0-10 cm,10-20 cm and 20-30 cm depths in the contrast zone,respectively.( 6) Under the conditions of extreme drought,heavy drought,moderate drought and light drought,the minimum precipitation required for the drought relief were 21. 5,11. 7,5. 0,1. 4 mm at the 0-10 cm depth,respectively,and it was 32. 9,18. 6,8. 6,2. 7 mm at the 10-20 cm depth,respectively.
Based on the data of precipitation and soil volumetric water content per 10 minutes from March 1 to October 31,2017,the effects of different precipitation levels on soil volumetric water content under different treatments were analyzed. The results are as follows:( 1) Under light rain condition,the soil moisture at the 0-10 cm depth increased,and it was obviously weakened when the shielding rate exceeded 30%. The surface vegetation cover could improve the utilization rate of precipitation in a certain degree under light rain.( 2) Moderate rain could improve the soil moisture at the 0-10 cm depth in the contrast area and under the treatments with shielding rate of 20% and 30% and the condition of poor soil moisture. The moderate rain could supplement effectively the soil moisture at the 0-30 cm depth in the contrast area and under the treatments with shielding rate of 20%,30% and 40% under the condition of good soil moisture.( 3) Under heavy rain condition,the soil volumetric water at the 0-20 cm depth increased significantly in the contrast area and under the treatments with shielding rate of 20%,30%,40% and 60%,and that at the 20-30 cm depth also increased obviously in the contrast area and under the treatments with shielding rate of 20%,30% and 40%.( 4) Flash heavy precipitation had very limited effect on improving soil moisture. Rainstorm was very effective in increasing the soil water at the 0-20 cm depth,but it was not as good as heavy rain in increasing soil moisture at the 20-30 cm depth.( 5) The effective precipitation thresholds value were 2. 5,7. 0 and 10. 0 mm at the 0-10 cm,10-20 cm and 20-30 cm depths in the contrast zone,respectively.( 6) Under the conditions of extreme drought,heavy drought,moderate drought and light drought,the minimum precipitation required for the drought relief were 21. 5,11. 7,5. 0,1. 4 mm at the 0-10 cm depth,respectively,and it was 32. 9,18. 6,8. 6,2. 7 mm at the 10-20 cm depth,respectively.
引文
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[14]王劲松,李耀辉,王润元,等.我国气象干旱研究进展评述[J].干旱气象,2012,30(4):497-508.
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[16]BROWN J F,WARDLOW B D,TADESSE T,et al. The vegeta-tion drought response index(Veg DRI):a new integrated approachfor monitoring drought stress in vegetation[J]. GISscience&Re-mote Sensing,2008,45(1):16-46.
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[18]FISHER A C,FULLERTON D,HATCH N,et al. Alternatives formanaging drought:a comparative cost analysis[J]. Journal of En-vironmental Economics and Management,1995(3),29:304-320.
[19]XIAO G J,ZHANG Q,YAO Y B,et al. Effects of temperature in-crease on water use and crop yields in a pea-spring wheat-potatorotation[J]. Agricultural Water Management,2007,91(1-3):86-91.
[20]肖国举,李裕.中国西北地区粮食与食品安全对气候变化的响应[M].北京:气象出版社,2012:231-278.
[21]李海红,张国胜,李凤霞,等.气象灾害分级指标:DB63/T372—2011[S].青海:青海省质量技术监督局,2011:8.
[2]张强,姚玉璧,李耀辉,等.中国西北地区干旱气象灾害监测预警与减灾技术研究进展及其展望[J].地球科学进展,2015,30(2):196-213.
[3]张强,韩兰英,郝小翠,等.气候变化对中国农业旱灾损失率的影响及其南北区域差异性[J].气象学报,2016,73(6):1092-1103.
[4]张强,张良,崔显成,等.干旱监测与评价技术的发展及其科学挑战[J].地球科学进展,2011,26(7):763-778.
[5]张强,韩兰英,张立阳,等.论气候变暖背景干旱和干旱灾害风险特征与管理策略[J].地球科学进展,2014,29(1):80-91.
[6]李红梅,李林,李万志.气象干旱监测指标在青海高原适用性分析[J].干旱区研究,2018,35(1):114-121.
[7]IPCC. Climate change 2013:the physical science basis[M]. Cam-bridge:Cambridge University Press,2014.
[8]邹旭恺,张强.近半个世纪我国干旱变化的初步研究[J].应用气象学报,2008,19(6):679-687.
[9]马柱国.华北干旱化趋势及转折性变化与太平洋年代际振荡的关系[J].科学通报,2007,52(10):1199-1206.
[10]谢金南.中国西北干旱气候变化与预测研究[M].北京:气象出版社,2000:128-132.
[11]钱正安,吴统文,宋敏红,等.干旱灾害和我国西北干旱气候的研究进展及问题[J].地球科学进展,2001,16(1):28-38.
[12]WILHITE D A. Drought as a natural hazard:concepts and defini-tions[C]//in drought:a global assessment,London&New York:Routledge,2000:3-18.
[13]叶笃正,黄荣辉.长江黄河流域旱涝规律和成因研究[M].济南:山东科技出版社,1996:387-388.
[14]王劲松,李耀辉,王润元,等.我国气象干旱研究进展评述[J].干旱气象,2012,30(4):497-508.
[15]罗哲贤.西北干旱气候动力学引论[M].北京:气象出版社,2005:7-38.
[16]BROWN J F,WARDLOW B D,TADESSE T,et al. The vegeta-tion drought response index(Veg DRI):a new integrated approachfor monitoring drought stress in vegetation[J]. GISscience&Re-mote Sensing,2008,45(1):16-46.
[17]TADESSE T,WARDLOW B. The vegetation outlook(Veg Out):anew tool for providing outlooks of general vegetation conditions u-sing data mining techniques[C]//Seventh IEEE International Con-ference on Data Mining Workshops. 2007:667-672.
[18]FISHER A C,FULLERTON D,HATCH N,et al. Alternatives formanaging drought:a comparative cost analysis[J]. Journal of En-vironmental Economics and Management,1995(3),29:304-320.
[19]XIAO G J,ZHANG Q,YAO Y B,et al. Effects of temperature in-crease on water use and crop yields in a pea-spring wheat-potatorotation[J]. Agricultural Water Management,2007,91(1-3):86-91.
[20]肖国举,李裕.中国西北地区粮食与食品安全对气候变化的响应[M].北京:气象出版社,2012:231-278.
[21]李海红,张国胜,李凤霞,等.气象灾害分级指标:DB63/T372—2011[S].青海:青海省质量技术监督局,2011:8.